Ukuqonda Amandla Karhulumente

Ingcamango yolawulo lorhulumente ingundoqo ekusebenzeni kwalo naliphi na ibutho ledemokhrasi. Iquka igunya nempembelelo amaziko karhulumente alawula phezu kwabemi, uqoqosho, kunye nobomi babantu bonke. Kodwa ingqibelelo yedemokhrasi ixhomekeke kwindlela elichazwa ngayo, lasasazwa ngayo, nelithintelwa ngayo. Igunya elinganqandwanga lithobhliswa libe ngumthetho ozimeleyo, ngoxa amandla athintele inkululeko nokukhuthaza ukuthembana. Amandla karhulumente akaphumi kumasebe, imigangatho, nemiqatha, kunye nemiqathango yayo eyahlukileyo.

Izithandi-bulumko zezobupolitika ezisuka kuJohn Locke ukuya kuMontesquieu ziye zaphikisa ngelithi urhulumente osemthethweni ufumaneka ngokuvuma kwabalawulwa yaye kufuneka asebenze kwimithetho eyaziwayo, exelwe kwangaphambili. Kulawulo-zimutho lwedemokhrasi lwale mihla, igunya likarhulumente lidla ngokubekwa ngokweendidi zibe kumaphondo amane:

  • [[UMTHETHO: 0] Amandla asesikweni: Igunya lokwenza, ukutshintsha, kunye nemithetho ephinda-phindiweyo. Kwidemokhrasi emelayo, eli gunya lixhomekeke kwipalamente enyuliweyo okanye kwingqungquthela.
  • Amandla asebenzayo: Igunya lokumisa nokunyanzelisa imithetho, lokuqhuba imicimbi yamanye amazwe, nokuqhuba inkqubo kawonke-wonke. Isebe eliphetheyo likhokelwa ngumongameli okanye umphathi-mikhosi oyintloko kwaye liquka amasebe ahlukeneyo.
  • Amandla e-judicial: Igunya lokuchaza imithetho, ukusombulula iimpikiswano, nokuhlola ubugqeba bezenzo zikarhulumente. Iinkundla ezizimeleyo zilelona siseko lomthetho.
  • Amandla olawulo: Igunya lamasebe alawulayo ukwenza imimiselo enkcubeko, umba ovumela, kunye nokunyanzelisa ukuthobela. La mandla asoloko edibanisa imisebenzi yowiso-mthetho, yegunya, neyobugcisa kwaye afuna ukuqwalasela ngenyameko.

Uhlobo ngalunye lwamandla lunokuba sengozini yokuphangwa. Amaqumrhu agunyazisayo angadlulisela imithetho engekho sikweni, abalawuli bangayihoyi imiqathango ethintelwe ngumGaqo-siseko, iinkundla zinokugqitha kwimigaqo-siseko, kwaye abameli banokusebenza ngaphandle kokuziphendulela. Ucelomngeni lwawo nawuphi na ulawulo-demokhrasi kukuyila iinkqubo ezivumela la mandla ukuba asebenze ngokunempumelelo ngoxa ethintela nayiphi na into ekhoyo ukuba ingalawuli.

Isiseko Sembali Samandla Karhulumente

Umzabalazo wokuchaza imida yegunya likarhulumente udala njengebutho elilungelelanisiweyo. IMagna Carta kaKumkani John ka 1215 yanyanzelisa ukuba avume ukuba ukumkani wayengengaphezu komthetho qha, `ingcamango enkulu eyatyala imbewu yomgaqo-siseko. IBhili yamaNgesi yamaLungelo ka-1689 elona gunya lobukumkani lilinganiselweyo kwaye iqinisekisa ukuba igunya lepalamente likhulu. La maxwebhu aseka imigaqo eyathi kamva yabumba umGaqo-siseko wase-U.S.

Inkcubeko yokukhanyiselwa yenkulungwane ye 17 neyeshumi elinesibhozo yazilungisa ezi ngcamango. iManteusquieu yengcamango yokwahlulwa kwamagunya, ecaciswe ku Umoya woMthetho [, iphikisa ukuba ukwahlula urhulumente ube ngumthetho, umphathi, namasebe ejaji, kunye namasebe omthetho ahlukeneyo, akhusela ubuzwilakhele. UJames Madison wakhele kulo mkhosi wemikhosi yamaphephandaba, echaza ukuba "imfuno kufuneka yenziwe idelelo lenjongo."." Inkqubo ye [[FLT] i-[FLT:] ihlala ingulo-' kunye nomlinganiselo [FLT]

Amava embali abonisa iindleko zokungahoywa kwemida. Ulawulo loozwilakhe lwenkulungwane yama-20/i-Nazi, i-Stalin Russia, iMaoist China/ichaza oko kwenzekayo xa urhulumente enyanzelekile kwaye engalawuleki. Izigidi zatshabalala ngenxa yokupheliswa kwemida engokwasemthethweni, iinkundla zaba zizixhobo zeqela elilawulayo, kwaye abalawuli besebe eliphetheyo babenegunya elipheleleyo. Ezi ngcamango zikhuthaza imfuneko yokuba imida enamandla, enyanzelekayo kuyo nayiphi na idemokhrasi.

Ukubaluleka Kokuchazwa Kwemida

Ukuseka imida ecacileyo yegunya likarhulumente kunceda iinjongo ezininzi ezibalulekileyo. Okokuqala, ikhusela amalungelo omntu ngamnye . Xa ufikelelo lwesizwe lunyanzelwa, abemi bangathetha, banqule, bahlanganise, kunye nempahla yabo ngaphandle koloyiko lokuphazamisana ngokungekho mthethweni. Umthetho we-U.S. u-Bhili wamalungelo, umzekelo, uyalwalela ngokucacileyo urhulumente kwinkululeko egqwethekileyo yokuthetha, yokushicilela, kunye nonqulo.

Okwesibini, imida [[FLT: 0] yobuzwilakhe. Xa izenzo zikarhulumente ziphantsi kohlolo olusemthethweni nohlalutyo lukawonke-wonke, akukho sebe elinye okanye umphathi ofanele aqokelele amandla aneleyo okuphelisa ukuthanda kwabantu okanye inkcaso. Okwesithathu, imida i-'u-promote'. Xa inyathelo likarhulumente limele liqwalaselwe ngumthetho kunye noxanduva lwaseburhulumenteni, amagosa kufuneka athethelele izigqibo zawo. Okwesine, imida [[[FLT:]] ikhuthaza umanyano lwamaqumrhu [. Abami abathemba ukuba urhulumente wabo usebenza kwimithetho elungileyo banokuba nenxaxheba kuludwe, kwingxoxo kawonke, ingxoxo yoluntu, kunye nolawulo loluntu.

Le mida ayiyonjongo ingekho ngqiqweni. Ifakwe kumthetho osemthethweni, ochaza uhlomelo lwesakhiwo, amandla, kunye nezithintelo zikarhulumente. Iqiniswa [ i-impatho [ echaza indlela abaquququzeleli abanokusebenza ngayo. [[FLT:]] inyanzeliswa ngumzekelo we-[[FLT:]]] we-judiciodia uhlolo [[, oluvumela iinkundla ukuba zibethe imithetho okanye izenzo ezichasene nomgaqo womthetho. Yaye zigcinwa zilawulwa yinkqubo [[FLT] nemilinganiselo [FLD:6] kunye nomlinganiselo, umzekelo we-gconftotototo, umthetho wemithetho-ograckist, uyakwazi ukuchaza umthetho, i-judia, i-gedians, i-gency judians, kwaye i-eadiance, amagosa amagosa algnogne.

Izixhobo Zokulwa Nokufaka Imiyalelo

Imikhosi yoorhulumente ixhomekeke kwisixhobo esinesixhobo sokulawula ukunqanda igunya likarhulumente:

  • [[Ukwahlula-hlula: 0] Ukwahlula amagunya: igunya lokuphelisa uwiso-mthetho, impatho, kunye namasebe okugweba ukuze kungabikho sebe linegunya lonke. Isebe ngalinye linommandla walo kwaye linokuxhathisa ukungenelela kwabanye.
  • IFOLT:0] IFederalism: Amandla okukhupha igeyidi phakathi koorhulumente besizwe kunye namazwe ngamazwe (amaphondo, amaphondo, imimandla). Iinkqubo zomanyano zivumela ukwenza izigqibo zasekuhlaleni kwaye zidala amabala amaninzi ukuze abe nenxaxheba kubemi.
  • ICunistigal Supremacy: Umgaqo-siseko ngowona mthetho uphakamileyo, kwaye zonke izenzo zikarhulumente kufuneka zivumelane nawo. Iziphendu zomGaqo-siseko zifuna izinto ezinkulu, zenza iinguqu ezingundoqo zibe nzima kwaye zibe zezomcimbi.
  • Inkululeko engokwesithethe: Abagwebi bamiselwa ngokweemeko ezinde, bakhuselwe kwingcinezelo yezobupolitika, kwaye banikwe amandla okuhlola imithetho yomgaqo-siseko. Ijaji ezimeleyo yeyona ingummiselo wemida yesiseko.
  • I-RULET yoMthetho: Wonke umntu, kuquka amagosa karhulumente, uphantsi komthetho. Akukho mntu ungaphezulu komthetho, kwaye iinkqubo zomthetho kufuneka zilandelwe ngokungaguqukiyo nangokucace gca.
  • Imithetho ecacileyo kunye nokubonakala ngaphaya: Ivula iirekhodi, iintlanganiso zikawonke-wonke, kunye nenkululeko yolwazi yenza abemi neentatheli bajonge imisebenzi karhulumente kwaye babhence ukuxhatshazwa.
  • Ingxelo eCebethiweyo: Ngokuthe rhoqo, ngokukhululekileyo, kunye nokhetho olulungileyo lwenza abavoti basuse amagosa alophula intembelo. Imida yemithetho yemithetho yesehlo kunye nemimiselo yezehlo ijonge amandla olawulo oluphezulu.

Ezi nkqubo zisebenza ngokudityaniswa. Ngokomzekelo, xa umongameli ekhupha umyalelo ongaphezulu kwegunya elisemthethweni, amaqela achaphazelekayo angamangalela, kwaye iinkundla zingayibetha. Xa indlu yowiso-mthetho ingavumi ukuxhasa inkqubo engamiselwanga, isebe elilawulayo kufuneka lilungise. Xa oorhulumente bechasa ukuphamba korhulumente, inkqubo karhulumente inika i-athomo elungele ukusetyenziswa.

Izisongelo Kulawulo Lwamandla Karhulumente

Phezu kwako nje ukuntsonkotha komgaqo - siseko, oorhulumente bedemokhrasi bajamelana neengxaki ezingapheliyo nezicombulula imida yabo yamandla. Ezi zisongelo zinokuphelisa ukuthembana kwabantu yaye, ukuba azithintelwa, zisehlisa ingqibelelo yedemokhrasi.

Ufikelelo olungaphezulu

Kulawulo-melo oluninzi, abalawuli abaninzi baye bandisa igunya labo ngokusebenzisa igunya labo longxamiseko, imiyalelo elawulayo, kunye neengxelo zokutyikitya ukudlula kuhlolo lwemithetho. Imo yokhuseleko yasemva kwe-9/11 yabangela ukuba kunyuke iinkqubo zokuhlola, ukuvalelwa okungagqibekanga, kunye neenkundla zomkhosi ezavavanya imiqathango yomgaqo-siseko. Kutshanje, ebudeni besifo se-COVID-19, oorhulumente ehlabathini lonke, ii-lockdockings, kunye nokuyalela (ngokufuthi) ngaphandle kokungagunyaziswa kwemithetho. Nangona iingozi zokhuseleko zoluntu zinokuthethelela amanyathelo okwexeshana, ingozi ihlala ikho ekwandiswa kwegunya elilawulayo elingapheliyo elingapheliyo.

Ukupheliswa Kwenkululeko Yogwebo

Iinkundla zingumgca wokugqibela wokuzikhusela kwisenzo sikarhulumente esingavumelaniyo nemithetho-siseko, kodwa zona ngokwazo zingaba ngamaxhoba. Kwamanye amazwe, amaqela alawulayo aqokelela iinkundla nabalawuli abanyanisekileyo, anciphisa uqingqo-mali, okanye atyeshele imiyalelo yenkundla. Isiphumo singumthetho ongenanto apho isigqeba esiphetheyo sinokwenza into ngesohlwayo. Kwanakulawulo-siseko esimiselwe, ukuhlasela abagwebi njenge "activist" okanye "umthetho ophantsi kolawulo-mthetho" unokuba buthathaka ekuhleni kwetyala.

Urhwaphilizo Noxhathiso Lwaseburhulumenteni

Ukunganyaniseki kukusetyenziswa kakubi kwabucala kwegunya likawonke-wonke ukuze kuzuziswe inzuzo yobuqu. Kuquka uqhatho oluncinane ukuya kumaqhinga amakhulu apho izilangazelelo ezityebileyo "ukusetyenziswa" kwawo wonke amasebe okanye iikomiti zowiso-mthetho. Xa igunya likarhulumente lisetyenziselwa ukunceda abambalwa ngokulahlekelwa ngabaninzi, umda phakathi komsebenzi kawonke-wonke nokutyebisa ngasese uyaphela. I- Antiphrayogdog, abatshutshisi abazimelayo, nemithetho engqongqo yemilinganiselo yokuziphatha ibalulekile ukugcina loo mda.

Ukwenziwa Kwenkcazelo Yezobupolitika Nokuxinana

Ulwahlulo olunzulu lungaphazamisa iitsheki kunye nolungelelwano olulungiselelwe ukuthintela amandla. Endaweni yokusebenzisana, amaqela aphikisanayo alwamkelo, angavumi ukuqokelela amasebe, okanye asongele ukuvalwa koorhulumente. Ukwenziwa kwelaphulo kukwabangela ukuba kubekho izikhuseli zexabiso disformation[ amaphulo aphelisa ukuthembana kwamaziko aze enze abavoti babe sengozini yokubhexelelwa kwimpono yedenti. Ukungakwazi kukarhulumente ukulalanisa kwimiqathango okanye inkqubo esetyenziswa ngurhulumente kungadala ikhamkhamkhayibhu enokuthi ihambe iqu yaza emva koko.

Ukungakhathali nokunganeliseki

Xa abemi beyeka ukuvota, bethabatha inxaxheba kubomi babantu, okanye bebeka ityala kwiinkokeli, imida yegunya likarhulumente ilahlekelwa yeyona miqathango yabo ibalulekileyo: uvoti okhutheleyo: umvoti osebenzayo, ingakumbi phakathi kwabantu abaselula kunye nabantu abaphantsi, uvumela abachopheleyo ukuba bazixhase kwaye bathobe imigaqo yokuphatha. Ukungakhathali kudla ngokuyintsabelo kwimbono yokuba urhulumente uyonakele okanye akasabeli qhayiyo, umjikelo omele wophulwe ngokubonisa ukuba iziphumo zawo zinokuguquka.

Ubugcisa obutsha kunye nokwanda

Utshintsho lwamanani luye lwanika oorhulumente amandla angenakuthelekiswa nanto okulawula abemi, ukuqokelela ugcino-lwazi, nokulawula ulwazi. Ukwaziwa kobuso, ukujongwa kwezentlalo-ntle, kunye nezixhobo zobupolisa ezithelekelelwayo zingasetyenziswa ukuhlasela abavukeli okanye amaqela amancinane ngaphandle kwenkqubo efanelekileyo. Imithetho ekhusela amathuba obuqu nefuna imvume yokuhlola ibalulekile, kodwa isoloko ithe xhaphaka emva kwamandla obugcisa. Ngaphandle kokuhlaziywa kwemithetho, amandla karhulumente anganwe ngokuzolileyo nangokungabonakaliyo.

Amagunya Okukhuthaza Ingqibelelo Yolawulo - melo

Ukukhusela imida yegunya likarhulumente kufuna umgudu oqhubekayo ovela kuzo zonke iinkalo zebutho labantu. La maqhinga alandelayo anokuba negalelo ekuqiniseni ukuthembeka kwedemokhrasi:

Ezi ndlela zokwenziwa kufuneka zihambelane nenkqubo yomthetho nenkcubeko yezobupolitika yelizwe ngalinye. Kodwa umgaqo ongundoqo ungowendalo yonke: igunya likarhulumente kufuneka lithathwe ebantwini, lisetyenziswe ngokwemida eyaziwayo, kwaye liqhubeke lisetyenziswa ngokunjalo. Imikhosi etyeshelayo le migaqo ingena kwigunya lomgaqo; abo bafaka imali ekuzixhamleni kokuzinzisa ingxubevange ngeli xesha ilondoloza inkululeko.

Isiphelo

Ukuchaza imida yamandla karhulumente asiyosenzo somGaqo-siseko sexesha elinye kodwa inkqubo eqhubekayo yokuphaphamela, ukuqhelanisa, nokuganana kwabantu. Ingqibelelo yedemokhrasi ixhomekeke kwisiseko apho amandla asasazwayo, ahlolwayo, nakubucala. Ukusuka kukwahlulwa kwamagunya ukuya kwiinkundla ezizimeleyo, ukusuka kwinkululeko yolwazi ukuya kungenelelo lwezentlalo-ntle, iprojekthi nganye inegalelo kuko konke okungaphezulu kunamalungu ayo.

Lunzima ucelomngeni: ukuphangwa kwabalawuli abaphezulu, ukukhukuliseka kwemithetho, ukonakala, ukungabikho kolawulo kunye nokuphazamiseka kobugcisa, konke kusongela ukuthambeka kumgangatho wedemokhrasi. Kodwa imbali ibonisa ukuba abemi bayakwazi ukukhulula nokuphinda bakhe imida, njengokuba kwenzeka eJamani yasemva kwe-pasteoncommunist East Yurophu, nakumazwe amaninzi aye oyisa ulawulo lobuzwilakhe. Izixhobo zikhona ``````icatutiveution', imithetho, iinkundla, amajelo-ndaba,', intlalo-mathe-ntle'. Okufunekayo kukuzibophelela okungummiselo wegosamfa le mithetho yokuba akukho mphathi rhulumente, nokuba isiphi na isiko esithandwa okanye isibambiso somthetho.

Ekugqibeleni, impilo yedemokhrasi ayilinganiswa ngamandla eqokelelwayo kodwa ngemida eyiyo. Imida ayiyomiqobo ekulawuleni ngokunempumelelo; isisiseko esakhelwe kuso ukuthemba, okusesikweni nenkululeko. Ngokuchaza nokukhusela loo mida, uluntu luqinisekisa ukuba igunya likarhulumente lihlala lingumkhonzi wabantu kunokuba libe ngumnini wabo.