Urhulumente wase-United States usekelwe kumgaqo wokwahlula amagunya, ingcamango esasaza igunya kumacala amathathu ahlukeneyo: uwiso-mthetho, umphathi-mthetho, kunye nekomiti yokugweba. Esi sakhiwo, esenziwe ngocoselelo ngabaLawuli bomGaqo-siseko, siqinisekisa ukuba akukho lungu linokulawula urhulumente wesizwe. Ukuthatyathwa kolwazi lwezithandi-lwazi-lwazi lwezobupolitika njengoMontesquieu kunye namava asebenzayo phantsi kwamanqaku oMgaqo-siseko, abakhi bomGaqo-siseko, abakha inkqubo apho isebe ngalinye lingenazo iimbopheleleko zalo ezingundoqo kodwa likwanendlela yokuhlola ezinye. Oku kulungelelanisa okuntsonkotho kolawulo-melo lwaseMelika, ukukhusela uluntu ngalunye nokukhusela ukunyuka kolawulo-wonke. Ukuqonda indlela ezisebenza ngayo zomasebe omabini nakunye kwikomkhulu afuna ngokunempumelelo ngayo urhulumente wawo.

Isebe Lomthetho: Amandla Okwenza Imithetho

Njengoko isebe lokuqala likarhulumente libala umGaqo-siseko (Article I), isebe lowiso-mthetho, elaziwa ngokuba yiBhunga, linegunya eliyintloko lokuyila imithetho karhulumente. IBhunga linguqumrhu elingumqukumbelo osisigxina, elahlulwe kwiNdlu yabameli neNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNtlalo. Eli candelo lalikulalanisa ngamabomu phakathi kwamazwe amakhulu namancinane, liqinisekisa ukuba omabini asekelwe kubemi kunye nomelo olulinganayo lwesizwe adlala indima ekwenzeni umthetho.

Iindlalo Ezimbini Zeengqungquthela

Indlu yabameli, enamalungu ovota angama-435 ahlulwe ngabantu borhulumente ngamnye, amela abantu ngqo. Abameli basebenzisa amabinzana aneminyaka emibini, abawenza athabatheke kakhulu kuluvo lukawonke-wonke. IBhunga, eliyilwe ngamalungu ali-100 (kurhulumente ngamnye), limele amaphondo alinganayo. Amalungu asebenza iminyaka emithandathu, anika uluvo olude kunye nempembelelo eqinileyo kwinkqubo yesizwe. Iindima ezahlukileyo zegumbi ngalinye . Zifana negunya lendlu lokusungula iindleko zemali kunye negunya elikhethekileyo leBhange lokuqinisekisa ukumiswa komongameli kunye nezivumelwano ze-ravingsss zisebenza inkqubo yokuhlola yangaphakathi evumelana nemithetho yomthetho phambi kokuba kudlule umthetho.

Inkqubo Yokwenza Umthetho

Ukwenza umthetho karhulumente kuyinto ende, eninzi elungiselelwe ukuqinisekisa ukucinga ngocoselelo. Imali ingaziswa nakweliphi na igumbi, apho iqumrhu linikwa ikomiti ukuba lifunde, liphulaphule, liphinde liphawule. Ukuba ikomiti iyamkele, ityala liya kwigumbi elipheleleyo ukuze kuqhutywe ingxoxo kunye nevoti. Xa igqithe kwelinye igumbi, ishukuma ukuya kwelinye, apho inkqubo iphinda khona. Ukuba la magumbi adlula iinguqulelo ezahlukeneyo, ikomiti yokugqibela iyaxolelanisa ukungezwani. Uguqulelo lokugqibela ngoko luya kuMongameli. Ukuntlungwa kolu hlobo lwalo-_ukuqalisa umboniso wekomiti, umgangatho, ingxoxo kunye noxolelwano, i-demodemonite indlela isebe elihamba ngayo ngempazamo, ikhuthaza nokuhlola ngenyameko.

Uhlahlo-lwabiwo-mali kunye

Esinye sezixhobo ezinamandla zeBhunga “amandla ayo emali.” UmGaqo-siseko unika iBhunga igunya elipheleleyo lokuhlawula irhafu kunye nokwabela imali karhulumente. Ngomgaqo-nkqubo wonyaka wesindululo, iNdlu neNdlu yeNdlu yeNdlu yeNdlu yeNtlalo igqiba ngendlela imali echithwa ngayo kuzo zonke izinto ukusuka kukhuseleko lwesizwe ukuya kwiinkqubo zezentlalo-ntle. Oku kulawulo loqingqo lwemali kuvumela iBhunga ukuba liphembelele ngokuphawulekayo imisebenzi yesebe eliphetheyo. Ukwala ukuhlawula inyathelo lesebe eliphetheyo kungumbandela onamandla owenziwe ngegunya likamongameli.

Ukulawula Nophando

IBhunga linembopheleleko ebalulekileyo yokuvelela isebe eliphetheyo nokuqinisekisa ukuba imithetho iphunyezwe ngendlela efunwa ngayo. Ngokuchongwa kweekomiti, ii-poena, kunye nophengululo, iKhomishini ingaphanda izenzo zolawulo, amagosa amasebe okubuza, kwaye ityhile inkunkuma, ubuqhetseba, okanye ukusetyenziswa kakubi. I-Conrever.Gov yewebsite inika ufikelelo lukawonke-wonke kwiimeko ezininzi. Lo msebenzi wobukhokeli unceda ugcine ukubonakala nokuphendula korhulumente worhulumente.

Isalathisi somsebenzi

Ngaphandle kokwenza umthetho, amalungu eBhunga asebenza njengonxulumano olungqalileyo phakathi kwabemi norhulumente wesizwe. Baphatha umsebenzi owenziweyo wetyala ngamnye/uncedo lwamaqumrhu alawula amasebe karhulumente, ukufaka isicelo seengenelo, okanye ukusombulula imicimbi yezobugcisa. Oku kumela ingca kuqinisekisa ukuba amazwi nenkxalabo zasekuhlaleni zivakala kumgangatho wesizwe, ukuqinisekisa isiseko sedemokhrasi sesebe le-wistivotion.

Isebe Elinolawulo Oluphezulu: Amandla Emithetho Enyanzelisayo

IGatya II loMgaqo-siseko onegunya elilawulayo kuMongameli waseUnited States, obekek ’ ityala lokusebenzisa nokuqinisekisa imithetho ebhalwe yiBhunga. Isebe elilawulayo lelona likhulu leesebe likarhulumente wengingqi, liquka izigidi zabasebenzi abangabupolitika kumakhulu-khulu amasebe, amasebe, namasebe.

UMongameli noMongameli onguSizwe

UMongameli usebenza njengentloko yomibini yesizwe nentloko karhulumente. Uphakamiso rhoqo kwiminyaka emine nge-Electoral College, uMongameli umisela ucwangciso lwenkqubo yesizwe, uyalela imikhosi exhobileyo, kwaye umele i-United States phesheya. UMongameli ophetheyo, onyulwe kwithikithi elifanayo, usebenza njengoMongameli weCante (obeka iivoti zeqhina lokwaphula) kwaye uhlala ekulungele ukuthatha i-presidentine ukuba kuyimfuneko. Isebe eliphetheyo likwaquka i-Ofisi yoMongameli, i-ofisi enguMongameli ephetheyo ye-United States (oku kuquka abasebenzi bendlu emhlophe kunye nesitshixo semibutho ye-odolonke enjengeBhunga loKhuselo loLawulo noHwezolawulo noHwemali).

IKhabhinethi neZiko loManyano

Ukuphumeza ububanzi bomsebenzi karhulumente, uMongameli uxhomekeke kwiKhabhinethi yeentloko zesebe kunye nothungelwano oluthe chatha lwamaqumrhu azimeleyo. Amasebe aphetheyo alishumi elinesihlanu .Afana namaSebe oKhuselo, oMasipala, noRhulumente, neSizwe (Umsebenzi) okhethekileyo. Ngamnye unazo, amaqumrhu afana ne-Evironmental Protection Agemental Commental Counting, kunye neSebe lezoKhuselo loKhuselo lwezezoburhulumente. Le mibutho iguqulela imiyalelo yomthetho ebanzi kwizenzo zendalo ezichaphazela ubomi bemihla ngemihla bamaMerika. [[FLT:]] Indlu emhlophe yeCamelog.

Ukuphunyezwa Kwemithetho

Umsebenzi ongundoqo wesebe elilawulayo kukunyanzelisa imithetho edluliswa yiBhunga. Oku kubandakanya ukutolika oko loo mithetho ithetha kona ekuqhelisweni kwayo, ukumisela imimiselo yokuzalisa iinkcukacha (inkqubo elawulwa nguMthetho woLawulo oluPhezulu), nokuthatha inyathelo lokunyanzelisa abaphula umthetho. Kwakhona uMongameli unamandla okukhupha imbambano yokuxolelwa nokukhutshwa kwetyala likarhulumente, enika uvavanyo kwigunya lesebe eligwebayo.

Umgaqo-nkqubo wamazwe angaphandle kunye nomyaleli-iNkulumbuso

UMongameli unembopheleleko eyintloko yokuqhuba imicimbi yamanye amazwe. Njengonozakuzaku omkhulu welo lizwe, uMongameli uthethana ngezivumelwano (ezifuna iCamelot yokwandiswa) kunye nezivumelwano zegunya eliphezulu namanye amazwe. NjengoMthetheli-iNkulumbuso wemikhosi exhobileyo, uMongameli angathumela imikhosi kunye nemisebenzi yokulwa engqalileyo, nangona iBhunga ligcina amandla okuvakalisa imfazwe nokuxhasa umkhosi. Olu xinezelelelo phakathi kwamandla olawulo oluphezulu nomthetho kwimithetho yamanye amazwe luye lwaba ngumxholo ophinda-phindene kwimbali yaseMelika.

Imiyalelo yegunya neziphumo

Ukulawula imisebenzi karhulumente karhulumente wesizwe, uMongameli angakhupha imiyalelo elawulayo, enegunya lomthetho kodwa engafuni mvume yombutho. Olu lwalathiso lusetyenziselwa ukwalathisa amagosa aphezulu esebe, ukuzalisekisa imigaqo, okanye ukuchaza imimiselo ekhoyo. Nangona imiyalelo enamandla, ephetheyo iphantsi kovavanyo lwezomthetho kwaye inokupheliswa ngumthetho okanye nguMongameli olandelayo. Isebenza njengesixhobo esithambileyo sokusabela kwiimeko eziguqukayo, kodwa ikwabalaselisa imidlalo eqhubekayo phakathi kwamasebe.

Isebe Lejaji: Ligunya Lokutolika Imithetho

IGatya III lomGaqo-siseko limisa isebe eligwebayo, neNkundla ePhakamileyo kwincopho yalo. Eli sebe lichaza intsingiselo yemithetho kunye nomGaqo-siseko ngokwawo, liqinisekisa ukuba okusesikweni kusetyenziswa ngokungaguquguqukiyo. Abagwebi bamaQela bamiselwa ubomi, bakhuselwe kwiingcinezelo zobupolitika, ngoko bangenza izigqibo zokungakhethi zisekelwe kumthetho nakwimizekelo.

Isakhiwo seeNkundla zoManyano

Ijaji yephondo yesizwe yinkqubo elawulayo. Ezantsi kukho iinkundla zesithili ezingama- 94, apho amatyala karhulumente evela khona apha. Ngaphezu kwazo kukho iiNkundla ezili-13 zezibheno (iinkundla zephondo), eziva izibheno ezivela kwiinkundla zesithili. Inkundla ePhakamileyo yaseUnited States yinkundla egosayo ekhetha ukuva inani elisikelwe umda lamatyala nyaka ngamnye, ngokuqhelekileyo ezibandakanya imibuzo ebalulekileyo okanye iingxabano phakathi kweenkundla ezisezantsi. Esi sakhiwo sifakelweyo sivumela ukuhlaziywa nokuhlaziywa okupheleleyo ekutolikeni okusemthethweni. [[FLT: 0] U.S. Iwebhsayithi yeNkundla ephakamileyo yeNkundla yezo [FLT] inikela izimvo neengxoxo zengxoxo.

INkundla Ephakamileyo Nempinda Yogwebo

Isixhobo sejaji esinamandla kukuhlola okulawulayo, ukuqhuba iBhunga, okanye imithetho karhulumente engekho mgaqo-siseko. Eli gunya alichazwanga ngokucacileyo kumGaqo-siseko kodwa lasekwa yiNkundla ePhakamileyo kwingxelo yonyaka (1803 etyala ] Barbury v. Madison. Ukususela ngoko, iNkundla iye yabetha amakhulukhulu emithetho yomthetho karhulumente nentsingiselo yomgaqo-siseko, isebenza njengomqululeki wenjongo epheleleyo yemithetho engokomGaqo-siseko. Oku kuvavanywa kwityala omabini amasebe owiso-mthetho kunye namasebe aphetheyo aqinisekisa ukuba zonke izenzo zikarhulumente zihlala kusemgaqo-siseko.

Ukutolika UmGaqo-siseko

Abagwebi basebenzisa iindlela ezahlukeneyo ukutolika umGaqo-siseko, ukusuka kwinkqubano yoqobo (ukukhangela kwinjongo yokuqala yabalawuli) ukuya kukuphila ngomgaqo-siseko (ukufumana uxwebhu ngokweemeko zale mihla). Ezi ndlela ezahlukeneyo zobume iNkundla ikhetha ngayo imibandela ephikisanayo enjengokuthetha ngokukhululekileyo, ukuzimela, namandla orhulumente. Nayiphi na indlela, indima yejaji yeyokunikela iinkcazelo ezigunya elibopha onke amasebe nemigangatho karhulumente.

Sukuziyekisa

Iinkundla zomanyano zicombulula iimbambano phakathi kwabantu ngabanye, phakathi korhulumente, kunye naphakathi kwamazwe. Zikwava amatyala abandakanya imithetho karhulumente, izivumelwano, kunye namalungelo omgaqo-siseko. Umgaqo wokuqwalasela (ukuvumela izigqibo zime) unika uzinzo nokuxelwa kwangaphambili komthetho. Noko ke, iNkundla ePhakamileyo inokuwuguqula umzekelo wayo kwiimeko ezinqabileyo, ibonakalisa ukuchaza imilinganiselo yoluntu okanye ilungise ingqiqo engokomthetho. Oku kuqinisekisa ukuba isebe lejaji lihlala liqinile kwaye lilungelelanisa.

Inkqubo yeepeyinti nolungelelwano

Inkcubeko yomGaqo-siseko wase-U.S. ixhomekeke ekudalweni kwayo inkqubo yokuzijonga nokuzilinganisela. Isebe ngalinye linikwa amandla acacileyo okuthintela izenzo zezinye, ukuthintela naliphi na isebe ekuqokeleleni igunya elingathintelwanga. Le nkqubo isebenza ngeendlela ezininzi ezihamba-landelelanayo.

Iingcebiso zoMthetho

IBhunga lingayigqitha iveto engomongameli kunye nenani elizii-3 ezimbini zoninzi kumagumbi omabini. Ingamjikijela uMongameli okanye amanye amagosa aphezulu ngenxa “yokuqiqa, ukunyoba, okanye amanye amatyala aphezulu kunye namatyala angekho mthethweni.” IBhunga kufuneka liqinisekise ukumiswa komongameli omkhulu kunye nezivumelwano ze-razing. IBhunga likwalawula uqingqo-mali, okuthetha ukuba lingaluphelisa ulawulo lwezikomkhulu.

Isalathisi soMgaqo-siseko

UMongameli angakhupha nawuphi na umthetho odluliswa yiBhunga, enyanzela indlu yowiso-mthetho ukuba ihlanganisane imvume ebalaseleyo yokumisela wona. UMongameli ukwanamandla okuhlanganisa iBhunga kwintlanganiso ekhethekileyo. Ngokukhupha imiyalelo yegunya elilawulayo nokubumba ukuphunyezwa kwemithetho, uMongameli angaphembelela iziphumo zenkqubo ngaphandle kokubandakanyeka ngqo kwimithetho-mthetho.

Isalathisi somthetho sihlolisisa uMthetho nolawulo

Iinkundla zikarhulumente, ingakumbi iNkundla Ephakamileyo, zingavakalisa imithetho nezenzo ezilawulayo ezingekho mgaqweni. Olu hlolisiso luthe gqi luchaphazelisa ukufikelela amanyathelo nokukhusela amalungelo omntu ngamnye. Iinkundla zikwachaza nemimiselo edidayo, ekwaziyo ukubumba indlela esetyenziswa ngayo imithetho. Ngaphezu koko, amandla ejaji okuhlola izenzo zolawulo aqinisekisa ukuba abameli abalawuli abalawulayo abagqithi igunya labo lomthetho.

Ingcebiso yeSebe neMithetho eLawulayo

UMongameli umisa abagwebi bephondo, kwaye iNdlu yeeNtlanganiso iyabaqinisekisa, kwaye inkqubo ebumba ulungelelwano lwezeengcali zejaji kangangamashumi eminyaka. IBhunga linokuguqula ubungakanani kunye nolawulo lweenkundla ezisezantsi zephondo, kwaye lisenokucebisa ukuba kulungiswe umGaqo-siseko ukuphelisa izigqibo zeNkundla Ephakamileyo. UMongameli, esebenzisa iSebe Lezobulungisa, unyanzelisa imithetho yenkundla, okuthetha ukuba ekugqibeleni izigqibo zekomiti zixhomekeke kwisebe elilawulayo ukuze liphumeze liphumeze.

Ukuqhelisela intsebenziswano Ezinamandla

Ezi nxibelelwano nolungelelwano azimi ndawonye; zidlala ngaphandle kwiimfazwe zokwenene zobupolitika. Umzekelo, uMongameli angawubeka umthetho, kodwa iKhomishini ingawukhupha umva. Inkundla ePhakamileyo ingabetha umthetho, ikhokelele iKhomishini yokudlulisa uguqulelo oluhlaziyiweyo okanye icebise ukubuyiselwa. Oku kuqinisekisa ukuba onke amasebe amathathu kufuneka asebenzisane (okanye) ukungqubana okulawula ngokunempumelelo. Ukuqonda ezi ntlanganiso kungundoqo ukuyiqonda indlela esebenza ngayo idemokhrasi eMelika phantsi kwengcinezelo.

Isiphelo

Amasebe amathathu karhulumente .... Le ndlela, esekelwe kumGaqo-siseko kwaye ihluziwe ziinkulungwane zokusebenza, ikhusela amalungelo abemi kwaye igcine umthetho. Kubahlali, bayazi ukuba le nkonzo ayiyomfundo nje yemfundo; iyimfuneko yokuba nenxaxheba kwimisebenzi yezakhono. Ngokwazi indlela la masebe asebenzisana ngayo, abantu ngabanye banokukhuthaza izilangazelelo zabo, abameli babo bamele baphendule, kwaye banegalelo ekuqhubekeni ukulinganisa umthetho.