Amandla ayinxalenye esisiseko yebutho labantu, ebumba ulwalamano, ulawulo, kunye nemisebenzi yentlalo. Ukuqonda lowo unegunya nokubaluleka kwawo kubafundi nabafundisi ngokufanayo. Igunya liphembelela yonke into esuka kwimithetho esiyilandelayo ukuya kwinkcubeko esiyifunxayo, liyenza ibe liliso elibalulekileyo ekuhlolisiseni indlela ezisebenza ngayo ibutho labantu nokuziqhelanisa. Eli nqaku lihlolisisa ubunjani begunya, imbonakalo yalo engokwembali neyangoku, kwaye kutheni ukuchukumisa amandla kungundoqo wokuba ngummi kunye nemithetho esesikweni.

Ukuchaza Amandla Ebutho Loluntu

Amandla angachazwa njengobuchule bokuphembelela okanye ukulawula indlela abantu kunye namaziko, kwanangokuchasene nokuthanda kwabo. Isazi ngentlalo yasekuhlaleni uMax Weber sachaza amandla njenge "kunokwenzeka ukuba umntu odlalayo kulwalamano lwentlalo uzakukwazi ukwenza ukuthanda kwakhe naxa echasayo" kodwa, amandla akasoloko ehambisana; anokuba nempembelelo, aphumeze, okanye akhiwe. Ukuqonda iintlobo zawo ezahlukeneyo linyathelo lokuqala ekuqondeni indlela esebenza ngayo ebomini bemihla ngemihla.

Amandla abonakala kwimilinganiso emininzi:

  • Amandla angokwePhondo: igunya elibanjwe ngoorhulumente, iinkokeli zezobupolitika, kunye namaziko karhulumente ukwenza nokunyanzelisa imithetho, ukwabelana ngobuncwane, nokuthobela umyalelo.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Amandla ezoqoqosho: lawula ubuncwane bemali, imveliso, kunye nokusasazwa kweempahla nobutyebi. Imibutho kunye nabantu abazizityebi basebenzisa amandla abalulekileyo ezoqoqosho aguqula iimarike kunye nenkqubo.
  • Impembelelo esekelwe kwimo yentlalo, kwiinethwekhi, nakulwalamano. Oku kubandakanya udumo, uqhagamshelwano, kunye nobuchule bokuhlanganisa amaqela.
  • Amandla obuxhakaxhaka: ubuchule bokubumba iinkolelo, amaxabiso, nezithethe ngomaziko eendaba, imfundo, unqulo, kunye nobugcisa. Amandla enkcubeko alawula oko kuthathwa "ngokuqhelekileyo" okanye "omkelekileyo" kwibutho labantu.
  • Igunya lobuqhophololo: Ligama elaqanjwa nguJoseph Nyange, elibhekiselele kumandla okutsala nokukhupha i-coopt kunokunyanzela, ukusebenzisa inkcubeko, iinjongo zobupolitika, kunye nemigaqo esemthethweni ukuphembelela abanye.

Ezi ndlela zamandla zidla ngokudibana kwaye ziqinisana. Umntu osisityebi angasebenzisa amandla ezoqoqosho ukuze azuze impembelelo yezobupolitika, ngoxa umbutho wezonxibelelwano udibanisa amandla enkcubeko nezoqoqosho ukuze ubumbe intetho yesidlangalala. Ukuqonda le midlalo kubalulekile ukuze kuqondwe impembelelo ecacileyo yentlalo.

Ingcamango Yamandla

Platuralism vs. Elitism

Izazinzulu zezobupolitika zikudala ziphikisana ngokuthi ngubani onegunya kwidemokhrasi. Ngokuchaseneyo, iingcali zezakwalizwi ziphikisa ngelithi amandla asasazwa phakathi kwamaqela amaninzi akhuphisanayo, amashishini, amaqela emekobume, kunye nabemi .__Ingqikelelo yokuba akukho qela lilawulayo. Kule mbono, urhulumente usebenza njengomxhasi wobundilele. Ngokwahlukileyo, abalandeli abaphezulu abafana no-C. Wright Mills kunye nesazi sentlalo-ntlalo G. William Domhoff umin umis umis axhomekeke kwiqela elincinane elilawulayo leenkokeli, amagosa emikhosi, namagosa ezobupolitika. Umsebenzi wabo ubalase indlela emali nezobupolitika ezihambela phambili ngayo izilangazelelo izityebi ezimbalwa.

Ingqiqo yamandla kaFoucault

Michel Foucault waguqula ufundo lwegunya ngokuthi alikho nje phezulu okanye licinezele, kodwa lisasazeke kwaye livelise. Ngokutsho kweFoucault, amandla asebenza kwimibutho yentlalo-ntle/izikolo, izibhedlele, iintolongo, iintolongo, ngokuqeqesha amaqumrhu kunye nokulungisa ulwazi. Amandla axhotyiswe kwimisebenzi neentetho zemihla ngemihla, okwenza kube nzima ukufumana umntu omnye okanye iqela. Le mbono ityhila indlela amandla anokuba nento efihlakeleyo neyantinga ngayo, iphembelela oko sikucingayo, sithetha, size senze nokukwenza.

Imbali Ethetha Ngamandla

Ukutyhubela imbali, igunya belisoloko lijoliswe kubantu abambalwa, ngokufuthi elikhokelela ekungalinganini nasekungquzukeni. Ukuqonda amandla embali kunikela uluvo kwimibandela yanamhlanje efana nobuhlanga, ukungalingani kwezoqoqosho, kunye nokungavisisani kwezobupolitika.

Impucuko Yamandulo Nelungelo LikaThixo

Kwimpucuko yamandulo, amandla ayesoloko enxulunyaniswa ne-monarchy kunye nelungelo lobuthixo. Ookumkani nookumkanikazi babelawula ngegunya elipheleleyo, begwetyelwe ziinkolelo zonqulo ezazibabeka njengabameli boothixo. Ngokomzekelo, oofaro baseYiputa babegqalwa njengoothixo abaphilayo, ngoxa abalawuli bamaTshayina babene "Usuku lwezulu". Oku kudityaniswa kwegunya lezobupolitika nelezokomoya kwenza ukuba kuphikiswane ukuvukela nokuthoba isidima, ukuphelisa ngempumelelo ucelomngeni kulawulo.

Ukunganyaniseki Namandla Athotyisiweyo

Inkqubo yemikhosi yamaxesha aphakathi eYurophu yasasaza igunya phakathi kookumkani, izikhundla, kunye neCawa kwicandelo eliphantsi kwemikhosi. OoSoda babelawula umhlaba kunye nobuncwane yaye babefanele banyaniseke kwiinkosi eziphakamileyo okanye kwisithsaba. AbaseSerbia nabaseburhulumenteni babengenagunya laneleyo, bebotshelelwe kwilizwe kwaye bethotyelwe zizikhulu zabo. Le nkqubo yaqhubeka kangangeenkulungwane, iqiniswa sisithethe nesinyanzelo, ngaphambi kokuba icelwe ucelomngeni lutshintsho lwezoqoqosho neengcamango ezintsha ngamalungelo omntu ngamnye.

Ukwanda Kwedemokhrasi Nesizwe

Ukuphuhliswa kwenkqubo yedemokhrasi kwathi tshula amandla ukusuka kukumkani ukuya kubantu, ubuncinane ngokomgaqo-siseko. IMagna Carta (1215), iBhili yamaNgesi yamaLungelo (1689), iSibhengezo seZikhundla seSikhululo saseMerika (1776), kunye neMvukelo yeFransi (1789) zonke eziphawulweyo ekudluliseleni ulawulo lolawulo lobukhosi ngokuthe ngcembe kukumkani kubemi. Amandla aloburhulumente obulawulayo ngokusebenzisa imimiselo, unyulo, kunye nokwahlulwa kwamandla, nangona ukusasazwa kwempembelelo yezobupolitika kuye kwahlala kungafani kakhulu kumaqela, uhlanga, nemigama.

Ubuthanga Namandla Ehlabathi

Ubuthanga baseYurophu, ukususela ngenkulungwane ye-15 ukuya kweye-20, bafaka igunya elikhulu kuwo wonke umhlaba. Amagunya obupolisa asebenzisa ubuncwane kunye nomsebenzi, achitha ulawulo lweziko lomthonyama, abeka izithethe nonqulo lwawo. Elifa liyaqhubeka libumba unxulumano lwezopolitiko lwezopolitiko, uxhomekeko lwezoqoqosho, kunye nenkcubeko kumathangala angaphambili. Ukuqonda amandla amathanga enziwe lilizwe kuyayithandabuza imibandela enkcubeko efana nenkqubo yokuyila nokungalingani komhlaba wonke.

Ngubani Onegunya Namhlanje?

Kwibutho lanamhlanje, igunya lilawulwa ngamaqela nangabantu abahlukahlukeneyo, ngamnye ephembelela iinkalo ezahlukeneyo zobomi. Ngoxa iingcamango zedemokhrasi zithembisa ukuba ekugqibeleni igunya lihlala ebantwini, okuqheliselwayo ngokufuthi lijoliswe kumaziko anamandla nakwiinkcubeko.

Oorhulumente Neendimbane Zezobupolitika

Amagosa acetyisiweyo, amagosa amiselweyo, nabagwebi basebenzisa igunya lesizwe ngomthetho, imiqathango, kunye nokuqinisekisa. Noko ke, igunya lezobupolitika alisasazwanga ngokulinganayo. Abanikeli bobutyebi, abaxhasi, kunye namaqela abantu abanomdla basebenzisa impembelelo engalinganiyo kwiziphumo zenkqubo ngemirhumo ngemirhumo kunye nokuqeshwa ngokuphinda kuphinde kuqashwe. Uphando lomphengululi wePrinceton Martin Gilens nabanye lubonisa ukuba iincutshe zezoqoqosho nezilangazelelo zeshishini zinempembelelo enkulu kakhulu kwinkqubo ye-U.S.

Imibutho Namandla Ezoqoqosho

Iinkampani ezinkulu zamazwe ngamazwe zinamandla amakhulu ezoqoqosho, ziphembelela yonke into ukusuka emsebenzini ukuya kwinkqubo yerhafu ukuya kwimigaqo yokusingqongileyo. Ingeniso yomhlaba wonke yeenkampani ezinjenge Walmart, Amahozon[[, kwaye [[FLT]] i-Exbobil [[FLT]] inciphisa i-GDDP yezizwe ezininzi. Ngokurhweba, ukuxhasa i-Rhwebela, kunye namaphulo kawonke, amashishini okuxhasa uluntu, amashishini abumba-okhemistia abumba ibumba izicwangciso zezopolitiki ezixhasa ukuphathana kwe-'ipropatitel''' ukuphatha izikhundla eziphambili zoshishino zoshishino zoshishino zoshishino zoluntu kuluntu.

Abagcini-sandi bolwazi nobemi bamajelo eendaba

Iindawo zokukhupha ulwazi zosasazo lwezosasazo, amaqonga olwazi oluphakathi, kunye nobugcisa obukhulu bulawula ukuqukuqela kolwazi kunye nokubumba intetho kawonke-wonke. Izigqibo zobucukubhede malunga noko kugqunywa kuko nokugqunywa kwamabali ofuyiweyo kunye nendlela yokuphembelela uluvo lukawonke-wonke. Uqwalaselo lobumnini bezixhobo zezixhobo zekhompyutha (ukungalawulwa), ulawulo lweenkampani ezifana [[[FLT:]] [[FLT]], kunye [[FLT:] no-[FLT]] i-Cutts[FL:[5] [FLT]] [iiicek' ink'ethelela iinghost yoluvo neenkcape zokunga zolwaphulo-mthetho.[FLT]

Intshukumo yoNtlalo kunye namandla oMmandla

Amandla akwahlala nabantu abaqhelekileyo abaququzelela ukufuna utshintsho. Intshukumo zoluntu ezifana ne Ubomi Obumnyama Imeko, I-MeToo, [] Ingqubana [, kunye amamanyano [[FLT]] amaqhina abonisa ukuba nangaphandle kwegunya elisemthethweni, abemi bangavavanya ukwakhiwa okuqinileyo. Ngokukhuthaza uxinzelelo lukawonke, uxinzelo, ukuqhankca, nokungatho, le migaqo-mthetho, inkqubo yezentengiso, kunye notshintsho lwenkcubeko. Impumelelo yabo ixhomekeke ekusetyenzisweni kwemibutho yezo zentlalo-o-omfo.

Amandla Nokungalingani

Amandla aqwalaselweyo adla ngokuvelisa nokuqinisa ukungalingani. Abo banegunya bangabumba imithetho kunye nezithethe zentlalo ukukhusela iingenelo zabo, oku kwenza kube nzima ngamaqela aphantsi ukufumana impembelelo. Oku kudala intsebenziswano: amandla avulela amandla angakumbi, ngoxa umgudu ongenamandla wokufumana ubuncwane, ukumela, nentlonelo. Ukuqonda amandla afunekayo ekulungiseni ukungalungisi okungekho sikweni kwesixokelelwano njengokucalulana kobuhlanga, ubuhlanga, kunye nokuxhaphaza ngokwezoqoqosho.

Umzekelo, isithuba sobutyebi [ esipheleleyo eUnited States asinakuchazwa ngokupheleleyo ngaphandle kokuhlolisisa ukungalingani kwamandla embali, ukubolekisa, ukubolekisa ngenkohliso, kunye nokungalingani kwemfundo. Ngokufanayo, ukungalingani kobunyulu kuqhubekeka ngenxa yezithethe kunye nezakhiwo ezikhoyo eziphazamisa amabhinqa nabantu abangengoomphathi, abahlawula, baphumeze bagqibe, bagqibe, bagqibe, bafumane iziphumo zezo zinto ezingaqhelekanga okanye ezingenakuphepheka kodwa iziphumo zemigaqo yezobukholo kunye namalungiselelo entlalo.

Ukubaluleka Kokuqonda Izinto Ezinamandla

Ukuqonda lowo unegunya nendlela elisetyenziswa ngayo kubalulekile ngenxa yezizathu eziliqela:

  • Ukwenziwa kobumi : ukuqonda amagunya kwenza abantu bakwazi ukuthatha inxaxheba ngokwentsingiselo kwiinkqubo zedemokhrasi. Iivoter zingazivavanya bhetele iimfuno zabaza kungena kwinkonzo yobugcisa zize ziqonde xa izigqubuthelo eziphezulu.
  • [[FLT: 0] IJaji yeSiko-mthetho: Ukwazi ukungalingani kwamandla kungaqhubela ekusebenziseni ulawulo olusezantsi kuluntu oluselunxwemeni. Inceda abaxhasi baphawule iincam zokusilela kunye nendlela yokuyila ezisebenzayo zokutshintsha.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Ukucinga okuthe ngqo: uhlalutyo lwamandla anamandla akhuthaza ubuchule bokugxeka nokukhuthaza ukuncinwa kwegunya. Ivavanya ukucingelwa ukuba amalungiselelo akhoyo angokwemvelo okanye alungile.
  • Intlaselo ephicothiweyo I Insight: Ukufunda ngemilo yamandla yangaphambili kunceda ukuqwalasela iziganeko zangoku. Imodeli efanayo yoqwalaselo lwamandla nokuxhathisa ziphinda ziphinde ziphinde kwiinkulungwane, inika izifundo zanamhlanje.
  • Igunya Lesiqu : Ukuqonda indlela amandla anokubanceda ngayo abantu ukuba bahambe kumaqumrhu, baxoxisane ngeziphumo ezingcono, kwaye baqinisekisa umbutho wabo kubomi bobucukubhede kunye nobentlalo.

Iinkqubo zemfundo, ingakumbi, zinembopheleleko yokufundisa ngamandla. Abafundi abaphumeleleyo bengaqondi indlela imikhosi yezobupolitika, yezoqoqosho, nenkcubeko ebumba ngayo ubomi babo engakwaziyo ukubulawula njengabemi abathenjiweyo. ICurricula equka ukufundwa kwegunya, ukungalingani, kunye nemibutho yentlalo ilungiselela abafundi ukuhlalutya ihlabathi ngokungqongqo nokuxhasa okusesikweni.

Uphando Ngemeko Kumandla

IQumrhu Lamalungelo Abemi

I-Civil Rights Movement in United States ngumzekelo ophambili wovavanyo lwezingcambu ezizii-activas [ii- iinkokeli ezifana [[FLT] uMarin Luther King Jr. kunye nemibutho efana [[[FLT:]] i-NT] ingunomodethizelo olungobugrafiki lweKomiti (SNC)[[FLT] i-3] ikhuthaza uluntu ukufuna amalungelo alinganayo kunye nokuphelisa ubuhlanga. [[Fottles], amatsha, imingeni, kunye nemithetho ebhaliweyo, umbutho obhexekileyo ebhexekileyo ekwaluniswe amandla olawulo oluphezulu nolukhuselweyo. Ukusetyenziswa kolawulo olunyanzekileyo [FL.5]

Izifundo eziphambili kweli tyala ziquka ukubaluleka kokwakha izakhiwo ezimanyeneyo, ukusetyenziswa kwezenzo ezingezobundlobongela ukutyhila inkohlakalo yokucinezelwa kwabantu, nendima yokusetyenziswa kwamajelo eendaba ekuphembeleleni uluvo lwabantu.

INtwasahlobo Yama - Arabhu

IArabian Spring yabonisa amandla obugrogrisi bobuzwe kunye nokuziphatha kolutsha kwimiqathango yolawulo olungcelele kuMbindi Mpuma. Ukuqala eTunisia ngo-2010 kunye nokusasazeka eYiputa, iLibya, iSyria, nangaphaya koko, izigidi zabemi zaya kwizitrato zifuna inkululeko yezopolitiko, amathuba ezoqoqosho, kunye nokuphela kokonakala. IPlatforms njenge Incwadi ye-Aspect kunye ne-[FLT] zadlala indima ebalulekileyo ekulungiseni ingcelo, ukusasaza ulwazi, nokutsala ingqalelo yezizwe ngezizwe.

Ngoxa iziphumo zahluka-hlukeneyo .ukukhokelwa kutshintsho lwedemokhrasi kwamanye amazwe kunye neemfazwe zamakhaya ezikhohlakeleyo kwezinye, iArabian Spring yaqhaqhatha yabonisa ukuba kwanabaphathi-mikhosi abanamandla basengozini yokuxhotyiswa kwabantu abaqhelekileyo. Kwaye kwabalaselisa imida ye-intanethi; ngaphandle kokuxhaswa kwentlangano nenkxaso yezizwe ngezizwe, ukuqokelelwa koburhulumente kungacinezelwa okanye kunyanzeliswe. I-Arabian Spring ihlala iyintsomi ecacileyo ngokutshintshatshintsha kolawulo lwamandla kunye nemfuneko yamaqumrhu aqinileyo ukukhusela impumelelo yedemokhrasi.

Amandla Nenkqubo Yemozulu

Ushishino lwemibhobho yepetroli yelaphu linika uphando lomhla ngendlela asebenza ngayo amandla equmrhu ukuze aphazamise uluntu ngokubanzi. Kwiminyaka engamashumi, ExxonMobil kunye nezinye iinkampani ze-oyile zaxhasa amaphulo okukhanyela imozulu, acetyiswa ngokuchasene nomthetho, kwaye aphembelela abezobupolitika ukuba bathintele inyathelo elibalulekileyo kubushushu bomhlaba. Amandla abo ezoqoqosho abavumela ukuba balawule ucwangciso lwezopolitiko, nangona imbono yenzululwazi efuna utshintsho lwemozulu.

Noko ke, unyuko lombutho wemo yezulu wobulungisa luqalile ukutshintsha ulungelelwano. Abenzi bezomthetho baye basebenzisa amaphulo okunyusela, izigqibo ezinika abanikeli, kunye nokudityaniswa koorhulumente bengcinezelo. IParis Accounting [20] kunye nokukhula kwenkxaso kawonke-wonke kumandla ahlaziyekayo ibonisa ukuba amandla agqithisiweyo angacelw'iselwa ngoxinzelelo oluzingisileyo, nangona inkqubela phambili ihlala icotha kwaye ingalungelelani.

Isiphelo: Ukuzabalazela Ukufumana Ulawulo

Amandla kwibutho labantu yingcamango entsonkothileyo neguquguqukayo. Ayihlali idityanisiwe kodwa iyasoloko iphikiswana okanye ikhutshwa. Ngokufunda ukuba unegunya kunye nentsingiselo yalo, abantu banokuba ngabemi abatsha abathenjiswe kunye nabanolwazi, bakhuthaze ibutho labantu elilinganayo. Amandla anokusetyenziselwa ukukhululeka okanye ukucinezelisa, ukwakha amaziko okanye ilungelo elifanelekileyo. Umsebenzi wabafundisi, abafundi, nabaxhasi kufuneka baqonde indlela elisebenza ngayo nokuthabatha inxaxheba ekulungiseni ukupapashwa kwalo.

Ekugqibeleni, ukuphanda ngegunya kusikhuthaza ukuba sisebenze. Kusikhumbuza ukuba idemokhrasi, okusesikweni nokulinganayo akunikelwanga kodwa kufuneka kukhuselwe kwaye kukhuselwe. Enoba ngovota, ngokulungiselela, ngokuthetha, okanye ngokufundisa abanye, ngamnye wethu unako ukuphembelela amagunya alawula ubomi bethu. Okukhona sisazi ngendlela amandla asebenza ngayo, okona kusixhobele ngakumbi ukuwasebenzisa ngobulumko nangendlela efanelekileyo.