Urhulumente wase-United States usebenza phantsi komgaqo-siseko obhaliweyo onika igunya kunye nemiqathango. Wonke umthetho odluliswa yiKhomishini, otyikitywa nguMongameli, kwaye uhlolisiswe ziinkundla ulinganiswa ngokuchasene nalo xwebhu olunye. Ngokungafaniyo neenkqubo zepalamente apho indlu yowiso-mthetho iphezulu khona, iU.S. inkqubo yenzelwe kumgaqo-siseko sobugqeba. Akukho mthetho unokuma ukuba ume ukuba uhlabe umbhalo okanye imigaqo yoMgaqo-siseko. Le nkqubo imisela lonke icandelo lenkqubo yomthetho, ukusuka ekugqityweni komthetho ukuya kummiselo wokugqibela wokufezeka kwayo yiNkunga ePhaka kweNkunkulu. Ukuqonda indlela urhulumente asebenzisa ngayo umGaqo-siseko ukwenza umthetho ukuba kwenziwe uvavanyo lwamandla athe ngqo anikwe amasebe ngalinye nemithetho egunya egunya ngalinye nemithetho egunya elilawulwa yiyo.

Ilitye loLawulo: UmGaqo-siseko njengoMthetho oPhakamileyo

UMgaqo-siseko usebenza njengomthombo ongenakukhanyelwa wegunya elingokwasemthethweni kwinkqubo karhulumente. IGatya lesi-4, uClaus 2, elaziwa ngokuba yiSupremacy Claus, iqinisekisa ukuba umGaqo-siseko, kunye nemithetho ebekwe ukuba ungowona mthetho uphakamileyo welizwe. Oku kuthetha ukuba imigaqo-siseko yorhulumente ayinakungqubana nomthetho wesizwe, ukuba umthetho wesizwe ngokwawo ungumGaqo-siseko.

Ipregagery ichaza iinjongo ezibanzi zikarhulumente: ukuseka uBulungiseleli, ukuqinisekisa ulawulo lwasekhaya, ukulungiselela ukhuseleko oluqhelekileyo, ukukhuthaza iNtlalo-ntle jikelele, nokukhusela iintsikelelo zeNkululeko. Ngoxa iPregedge ingawaniki gunya akhethekileyo, imisela iqondo lentanda-bulumko ngendlela etolikwa ngayo imithetho. Isakhiwo soxwebhu ngokwaso sisikhokelo sokwenza umthetho. Inqaku ndinika ulawulo lwemithetho kwiBhunga, iGatya II linika umlawuli onegunya kuMongameli, kwaye iSiqendumiso II linika igunya lokugweba kwiinkundla. Oku kwahlula kuqinisekisa ukuba iqumrhu elinye elibhala umthetho alilo linguwo omnye onyanzelela okanye eliwutolika.

Kubenzi bomthetho, umGaqo-siseko usebenza njengencwadi yomsebenzi. Ixelela iKhonkethi indlela yokugqithisa ityala (i-bimeralism kunye nentlawulo), yoko iyakwazi ukugqithisa imithetho malunga (amandla anamandla anamandla), kunye nanto engenakuyenza (iiimfumbano ezifana neBhili lamaLungelo). Nabani na ocebisa isibhengezo somthetho makakwazi ukukhomba kwimvelaphi yegunya elingumthetho ukuyithethelela.

Inqaku I: Apho Kuqala Khona Amandla Omthetho

Lonke igunya lowiso-mthetho lorhulumente worhulumente worhulumente elisuka kwiGatya I lomGaqo-siseko. Icandelo 1 lichaza ngokulula ukuba "Onke Amagunya owiso-mthetho anikwe apha aza kubekwa kwiKhomishini yaseUnited States". Amagama asebenzayo ngu "egunya elinikiweyo" iBhunga lingumzimba wamagunya alinganiselweyo, adweliswe. Awanawo amandla aqhelekileyo amapolisa afana neendlu zowiso-mthetho. Endaweni yoko, kufuneka afumane igunya lawo kwenye yeendinyana ezithile zeCandelo I, I I, Icandelo 8.

Amandla Asetyenzisweyo

Icandelo 8 liqulethe uluhlu lwamagunya akhethekileyo ali-18. Ezi ziquka amandla erhafu, ukuboleka imali, ukulawula urhwebo namazwe asemzini kunye namazwana, imali yengqekembe, ukuseka ii-ofisi zeposi, ukubhengeza imfazwe, ukuphakamisa, nokunikezela ngomkhosi wamanzi. La ngamandla axhotyisiweyo [. Xa iBhunga lifuna ukuqulunqa kumbandela wesizwe, kufuneka libophe umthetho ocetyisiweyo komnye wala mandla.

For example, the Clean Air Act and the Clean Water Act are based on the Commerce Clause, which gives Congress the authority to regulate interstate commerce. The argument is that pollution in one state affects the air and water quality in other states, making it a matter of interstate commerce. Similarly, the Civil Rights Act of 1964 was largely upheld by the Supreme Court under the Commerce Clause, finding that discrimination in public accommodations had a substantial effect on interstate commerce.

Injini Yengqungquthela: Imfuneko KaClaus Nomthetho

Igalelo lokugqibela leCandelo lesi-8 linika iBhunga igunya "lokwenza yonke imithetho ezakuba yimfuneko kwaye ifaneleke ukuthwalisa amagunya aphezulu. Oku kungu noNcesary noMfaneleko Claus, ekwaziwayo njengesiseko somthetho-siseko solawulo luka-Ellastic Clausease. Sisiseko somthetho wamagunya afanelekileyo Mcloch v. Maryland[FLT] [1819]) useke ukuba iBhunga lomthetho lingenza naziphi na iindlela ezifanelekileyo zokufikelela iziphelo zalo, logama lingasanqandwanga ngumthetho. Lo mthetho uvumela ukuba urhulumente utshintshe iimeko. Ngelinye imo lwesizwe lungagunyazinziswa yiNkulawula yeNkunga yeNkundla yesizwe, iNkuhlela "indlela elungele ukulawula iNtolongo lemali, elifanelekileyo" elilawula iB.

UMgaqo-siseko Ocacisiweyo unika umahluko ocacileyo wendlela nganye yezi ngxelo eziye zachazwa ngayo ziinkundla, usebenza njengembekiselo ebalulekileyo kwiingcaphephe eziqeqeshiweyo ezingokwasemthethweni namhlanje.

Ubomi BomGaqo-siseko Bomthetho WesiQhagamshelwano

Inkqubo yokuguqula ingcamango yezobupolitika ibe ngummiselo obotshelelweyo ilawulwa yimithetho ethile yesiseko somthetho-siseko eyenzelwe ukuthoba izinto, ukuqinisekisa ukuqiqa, nokunqanda isenzo esingxamayo.

Ukukholelwa Kwimfundiso Yokungalandeli Unqulo Nemvelaphi KaClaus

Inqaku I, Icandelo 1 lahlula iBhunga libe ngamagumbi amabini: Indlu yabameli kunye neBhunga. Ukuze umthetho ube ngumthetho, kufuneka udlule omabini amaziko ngendlela efanayo. Le yi bhidraliism[. Abaseki babenenjongo yokuba oku kube ngumqobo onzima. Indlu imela abantu ngokuthe ngqo, ngexa iBhunga yenzelwe ukumela amaphondo.

UMgaqo-siseko ukwaquka u-'FLT:0] i-Claus e-'[FLT' (Icandelo I, iCandelo 7, Clause 1), efuna ukuba zonke iindleko zokunyusa ingeniso zivele kwindlu yabameli. Oku kubonisa umgaqo "okungabikho rhafu ngaphandle komelo," ukunika igumbi elikufutshane nabantu intetho yokuqala kwimigaqo yerhafu. IBhunga lingacebisa ukuba kulungiswe iindleko zemali zerhafu, kodwa alinakuyiqala.

Isibonelelo Negunya Leveto

Emva kokuba isibham sidlulise iNdlu kunye neBhunga leNdlu yeMimandla, inikwa uMongameli. Icandelo I, iCandelo 7 lichaza iinketho. UMongameli angasayisayina ityala kumthetho. Ukuba uMongameli akayamkeli, ityala libuyiselwa kwiBhunga ngomyalezo weveto. IBhunga linokuyidlulisa le ndawo kunye noninzi oluzii-3 ezimbini kumagumbi omabini.

Kukwakho "ipocket" kwiveto. Ukuba uMongameli akatyikityo okanye akabuyisi isibhengezo ngeentsuku ezilishumi (ngeeCawa ezigqithileyo) ngelixa iCongress isekhompyutheni, ityala liba ngumthetho ngokuzenzekelayo. Noko ke, ukuba iBhunga libambene ngexesha losuku olulishumi, lithintela ukubuya komthetho, ityala alibi ngumthetho. Le nkqubo inyanzela ukuba kubekho ungquzulwano oluthe ngqo phakathi komthetho kunye namasebe aphetheyo phezu kwemiqathango yomthetho.

Uhlolo Lomthetho Lwenkqubo

Iinkundla ngamanye amaxesha ziya kuhlola ukuba inkqubo yowiso-mthetho iyavumelana na neemfuno zomGaqo-siseko. Umzekelo, iNkundla ePhakamileyo iye yawava amatyala ekuba ivumela ukuba iNkundla idlulise umthetho omnye kuwo omabini amagumbi. Clinton v. IsiXeko saseNew York[ (1998], iNkundla yagatya i-Am ye-Line Veto Act kuba yawuphula umthetho ka-Claus ngokuvumela uMongameli ukuba aphelise ngokungagqibeliyo amalungu omthetho, into umGaqo-siseko ongawuvumiyo.

Inqaku III Namandla Okuhlola Izaphuli-mthetho

UmGaqo-siseko awuliniki ngokuphandle iNkundla ePhakamileyo amandla okutyumba imithetho. Noko ke, isakhiwo somGaqo-siseko kunye nobuchule bomsebenzi wokugweba kwanyusa amandla ohlolo lwezomthetho . Eli licebo elivavanywa ngalo ngokuchasene nomGaqo-siseko emva kokuba iwiswe.

[[UMTL: 0] Marbury v. Madison kunye nesiseko sempinda

Kwityala lenkangeleko (1803 uMarbury v. Madison, uMagcisa omkhulu John Marshall wamisela umgaqo wokuba "kugxininisa iphondo kunye nomsebenzi wesebe lejaji ukuchaza oko umthetho ukuko. INkundla yabambelela kwelokuba uMgaqo-siseko ngumthetho ophakamileyo kwaye nawuphi na umthetho owenyanyekayo kumGaqo-siseko uphuthile. Esi sigqibo sanika ijajidiary uvavanyo olunamandla kwisebe lemithetho yowiso-mthetho. Namhlanje, xa umthetho ucelwe njengongaqhubiyo, urhulumente kufuneka awukhusele ngokubonisa isiseko esifanelekileyo okanye umdla onyanzelekileyo, kuxhomeke kumalungelo abandakanyekileyo. Umbhalo opheleleyo kunye nesandi se [FLT:MBH] v.[3]

Iingcamango zengcaciso yomgaqo-siseko

Indlela urhulumente ayisebenzisa ngayo umGaqo-siseko ukwenza nokuhlolisisa imithetho ixhomekeke kakhulu kwintanda-bulumko etolika yabagwebi nabenzi bomthetho ababandakanyekileyo. Iingcamango eziphambili ziquka:

  • UbuOrigeali: Le ngcamango ixhasa ukuba umGaqo-siseko umele uchazwe ngokwentsingiselo yantlandlolo yombhalo wawo ngexesha eyamkelwa ngalo. Imithetho enwebekayo intsingiselo yamagama afana "yommerce" okanye "eyimfuneko" isenokubethwa phantsi ngabagwebi bokuqala.
  • I- Ibhalwe :[[FLT] Ukusondelelana noquluntso, ukubhalwa kombhalo kugxininisa ngokungqongqo kwintsingiselo ecacileyo yemithetho okanye umbhalo womGaqo-siseko. Akukhathazeki kangako ngenjongo yabaseki kwaye ngakumbi ngoko umntu onengqondo angakuqondayo oko akuthethayo.
  • UbuGaqo-siseko obuphilayo (ubuPragmasm): Le ndlela ibonisa ukuba umGaqo-siseko luxwebhu olubhetyebhetye oluguqukayo nebutho labantu. UmGaqo-siseko ophilayo angawatolika amagama abanzi afana "nesohlwayo esingaqhelekanga" okanye "inkqubo ephambili" ngokulula amaxabiso neemeko zale mihla.

Ezi ngcamango zinempembelelo engqalileyo kwinkqubo yowiso-mthetho. IKhonkxa elawulwa yintanda - bulumko enye isenokumisela imithetho elindele ukuba ixhaswe, kodwa ibangele ukuba icelwe imbambano enkundleni elandela indlela eyahlukileyo yentanda - bulumko.

Iindlela Zokucombulula Imithetho Engekho Mthethweni

Xa inkundla ifumana umthetho ongekho mthethweni, isenokukhupha umyalelo wokuthintela ukugcinwa kwawo. Umthetho uphumile i-ab initio (ukususela ekuqaleni) okanye uqhawulwe ukuze amalungu omgaqo-siseko ahlale ngoxa amalungiselelo angekho mgaqo-siseko eshenxiswa. Urhulumente ubotshelelwe ngezi mithetho. Ukuba isebe lowiso-mthetho alivumelani notoliko lwezomthetho, linazo ezi zinto zimbini eziphambili: licebisa i-antexment (ingqiniselwano V) okanye lidlulise umthetho omtsha othetha ngezipheneko zomgaqo-siseko ezichazwe yinkundla.

Udweliso Oluthe Tyaba: Imigca nolungelelwaniso kwinkcukacha

UmGaqo-siseko awungowahlula nje amandla; uzixuba ngokwaneleyo ukuqinisekisa ukuba isebe ngalinye lingakuxhathisa ukungenelela kwezinye. Le nkqubo ye ikhangela kunye nomlinganiselo ingundoqo kwindlela urhulumente ayenza ngayo kwaye aphumeze ngayo imithetho.

Icebiso Nemvume

UMongameli unamandla okwenza izivumelwano nokumisela abameli, abagwebi borhulumente, kunye namagosa orhulumente. Noko ke, iCandelo II, iCandelo 2 lifuna ukuba uMongameli afune i "ISigqibo neSivumelwano" seNdlu yeNdlu. I-isithathu esiphezulu esibini siyafuneka kwizivumelwano, kwaye uninzi oluqhelekileyo lufuneka ekumiselweni. Oku kunika iBhunga ilizwi elingqalileyo ekuxonxeni isebe eliphetheyo kunye nolawulo lwesizwe, ukuqinisekisa ukuba uMongameli akanakuze aphinde azalise urhulumente ngelinye ixesha ngezivumelwano, ngaphandle kolawulo lomthetho.

Isiqinisekiso: Uphando Olupheleleyo

IGatya II, iCandelo lesi-4 lithi uMongameli, uMongameli onguMongameli, nawo onke amagunya angoorhulumente eUnited States angasuswa kwisikhundla ngokungaceli, nokuqinisekiswa, ngengqiqo, ngokunyoba, okanye ngezinye ii-Crimes eziphezulu kunye nabaPhathi-mthetho. Indlu inamandla okuphela kokungagunyaziswa (ukuzisa izityholo), kwaye iBhunga linamandla okuphela lokuzama ukuzama ukunyanzela. Le ngumgaqo-siseko othe ngqo wesebe lemithetho yokulawula amapolisa abaphathi namasebe ejaji.

Amandla Okuthenga

Inqaku I, iCandelo 9 lithi "Akukho mali eza kuthathwa kuMandla, kodwa kwiNcedo yeNkqubo ePhicothwayo ewenziwa nguMthetho". Ingqungquthela iyalulawula uhlahlo-lwabiwo-mali. Akukho nyathelo linegunya elinokuxhaswa ngaphandle kwemvume yombutho. Olu lulunye lwezona zihlolo zisebenzayo zendlu yowiso-mthetho eziphathayo. Ukuba iBhunga alivumelani nendlela umthetho osetyenziswa ngayo, linokusuka nje alamkele imali efanelekileyo efunekayo ukuze uzalisekise loo mmiselo. Eli gunya linyanzelela ukuba umlawuli anxibelelane neBhunga elingaphezulu kwiiNkomfama nemigaqo.

ISkinfow Ethe Nkqo: IFederalism Nohlaziyo lwe-10

Ngapha koko kuxilongwa okuthe tyaba phakathi kwamasebe karhulumente, umGaqo-siseko udala ulwahlulo oluthe nkqo lwamandla phakathi korhulumente worhulumente worhulumente worhulumente kunye namazwe. 10th Amendmenti ithetha ngokucacileyo: "Amagunya awagunyaziswanga eUnited States ngumGaqo-siseko, okanye awalelwanga nguwo eUnited States, agcinelwe eUnited States ngokulandelelanayo, okanye kubantu."

Oku kuthetha ukuba urhulumente wesizwe akanakuyalela ukuba iziko lendlu yowiso-mthetho liphumeze okanye linyanzelise imithetho karhulumente. Ukushicileleka kwe- (1997), iNkundla ePhakamileyo yabetha inxalenye yeBrady Handgun Violence Prevention Act (iNkundla yoLawulo lwezigwebo) kuba yayifuna ukuba abaphathi-mthetho baqhube isakhiwo esingasemva okanye umthetho. Inkundla yabamba ukuba oku kwaphule umthetho ngokwesi-10 ngokuyalela amagosa aphakamileyo orhulumente. I-United States ine-"police" ebanzi" ekwalathiseni imicimbi yempilo, intlalo-ntle, intlalo-ntle, kunye nesimilo. Umthetho wezomthetho wesizwe, umthetho wesizwe, kunye nesivumelwano somthetho womthetho, umthetho womthetho womthetho-orhulumente. Abenzi-Bhunga-mthetho kufuneka bangayingeni-mthetho bangeneliselel-mthetho kwimimandla ebeke izithethe, ngaphandle kokuba begunyaziwe, ukubonakalisa ukukhusela, ukusetyenziswa kumazwe, ukusetyenziswa kumazwe

Iityala zovavanyo lwale mihla: Ukusebenzisa umGaqo-siseko kwiiNqanawa ezintsha

UmGaqo-siseko wabhalwa ngenkulungwane ye-18, kodwa urhulumente kufuneka awusebenzise kwiingxaki zenkulungwane yama-21. Oku kudala iingxaki ezibalulekileyo kwinkqubo yokwenza imithetho.

Umthetho worhwebo ulawula i-Internet Claus kwiXesha lamanani: uMthetho wokulawula i-intanethi, i-data, kunye ne-commerce ngokufuthi uxhomekeke ekubeni umsebenzi ubumba "izorhwebo zelizwe". Umzekelo, iNkundla ePhakamileyo igqibe kwelokuba urhulumente wengingqi karhulumente kufuneka athenge abathengi kwingithali kwingitha yentengiso kwi-intanethi ukuba banobukho bezoqoqosho obubalulekileyo kwimo ([] South Dakotal v. Wayfair, Inc., 2018],. Imimiselo yomthetho yokulungisa imicimbi yezosese mayiqinisekise ukuba umthetho wabo ufanele ubeke imigaqo ephakathi kwemiqatha ye-Classics okanye elinye igunya.

[[FLT: 0] IsiHlalisi soMphetho-mva wesi-41] kunye noMququzelelo Wamanani: ubuchule bukarhulumente bokuqokelela ugcino-lwazi lwamanani buye baphakamisa imibuzo malunga nokhuseleko loMgqomo-mva wesine wokufumana iziphumo zekhompyutha ekuphengululeni nokuxhuzula okungaqiqiniyo. Kumthetho we-Admigrapite-. United States [2018], iNkundla ePhakamileyo yeNkundla ilawula ukuba urhulumente ufune isiqinisekiso sokufikelela kwindawo yesemnxeba yeselula yembali, nangona ulwazi lubanjelwe liqela lesithathu.

Umchamo wendlela V noTshintsho lobuNjikelezo: Xa umGaqo-siseko ngokwawo uthathwa njengonganele ukucombulula ingxaki yale mihla, inkqubo yokulungisa ngokusesikweni yeGatya V ingasetyenziswa. Noko ke, le nkqubo inzima kakhulu, ifuna amavoti amabini-3 kwizindlu zombini zeBhunga kunye nokhuthuzo ngeekota ezintathu zamazwe. Ngenxa yale ngxaki, urhulumente uxhomekeke kakhulu kutoliko lwezomthetho nemimiselo emitsha ukutshintsha umgaqo womgaqo-siseko okhoyo ukuze ulungelelanise isiseko esikhoyo kwizinto ezintsha.

Ulwalamano Oluqhubekayo

UmGaqo-siseko asingowokuhlala uhleli. Nguwo wonke umGaqo-siseko onamandla, osisiseko, inkqubo esetyenziswayo nomda omiselwe kwiNdlu yeGunya eliphetheyo, yonke imiqathango ekhutshwa lisebe eliphetheyo, kwaye yonke imithetho enikezelwa yijaji-jaji kufuneka iphinde ilandelelwe kumalungiselelo ayo. Urhulumente usebenzisa umGaqo-siseko njengekrele kunye nekhaka eliphakamileyo lelizwe. Impendulo imisela ukuba ngaba injongo yezobupolitika isebenza kwaye ibeke imida exhotyisiweyo. Wonke umthetho umgaqo-owenziwa ngokusisigxina ekutolikeni komgaqo-siseko. Ukusuka kwigumbi lekomiti ukuya kwisihlalo seNkulawula ePhakamileyo, umbuzo usoloko ufana namhla nelo lomthetho ophakamileyo welizwe? Impendulo imisela ukuba nayiphi naleyo engokwasemthethweni. Kubani nabani na ofuna ukuqonda ulawulo lwaseMelikane, umGwaralathi-siseko awuqalangale, kwaye uqala imaphu, isalathi, kunye nesalathi.