Inkqubo Yomthetho: Ukusuka Kwimeko Yomthetho Ukusa Kwimithetho

Ukuqalwa komthetho kuqala kudala phambi kokuba nayiphi na ivoti esemthethweni. Ingcamango yomthetho omtsha ingasuka kwimithombo eyahlukeneyo: ilungu leBhunga, umbutho, iqela lobugqwirha, umbutho karhulumente, okanye kwanammi wabucala. Noko ke, inkqubo esesikweni iqala xa ummisi-mthetho exhasa umthetho kwaye awuzise kwelinye lamagumbi amabini esebe lemithetho-mthetho. EUnited States kumgangatho wolawulo lwasemthethweni, oku kuthetha iNdlu yabameli okanye iNdlukwano. Isivumelwano sinikwa inani, sishicilelwe, siphinde sabelwe kwikomiti enemithetho enxulumene nemithetho.

Impinda yeKomiti: Ukulawulwa koMthetho

Isigaba sekomiti kulapho uninzi lwamatyala lunokucocwa khona okanye lufe khona. IiKomiti zingamaqela akhethekileyo ajolise ingqalelo kwimimandla ethile yezomthetho, njengezolimo, ezemali, okanye kwizentlalo-ntle yamanye amazwe. Ikomiti iza kufumana iindlebe apho iingcaphephe, abameli, namagosa karhulumente angqina khona ukuba iziphumo zemali zinokuba zinokubakho. Emva kokuva, ikomiti ibandakanyeka kwi "umthendeleko" wentlanganiso, apho amalungu acebisa ukupheka, iinguqu, kwaye ekugqibeleni ivote nokuba ingathumela na ityala kwigumbi elipheleleyo. Eli qonga liba libalulekileyo ngenxa yokuba ihluza ngaphandle kwemithetho eqwalaselwe ngokungafanelekanga kwaye lilungisa ulwimi lokugqibela lomthetho-mthetho. Ngokutshona kwe Crevern.[FFFF1] ugcino-siseko semali, ugcino-mali-mali-mali, amawaka asungulwe kumawaka eepropatisi, kodwa afumana ipropati eepropati eethi, kodwa asinda kuphela kwinkqubo eebhula.

Ingxoxo yeNkcubeko noLuvo

Ukuba ityala lixelwe ngaphandle kwekomiti, lisiya kumgangatho wegumbi lokuqalisa ingxoxo. Endlwini, ingxoxo isoloko ilawulwa ngokuqinileyo yiKomiti yeMimiselo, emisela imida yexesha kwaye igqibe ukuba ziziphi iindidi ezinokunikezelwa. KwiBhathene, impikiswano idla ngokuba ivulekile, kwaye abaququzeleli ngabanye bangalibazisa iziphumo ngenkqubo ye-Nenbuster ngaphandle kokuba inkqubo ebalaseleyo yama-60 evota ikhupha i-drive. Emva kokuba iqukuqe, izivoti zegumbi elipheleleyo. Ukuba isininzi sithe thatyathwa kwimeko ezininzi. Ukuba isibhengezo sidlula, sidluliselwa kwenye igumbi, apho inkqubo iqala khona kwakhona.

Ukulungisa Iingxabano: IiKomiti zeNgqungquthela

Kunqabile ukuba iNdlu kunye neNdlu yeQela zidlulise iinguqulelo ezifanayo zemali enye. Xa kuvela umahluko, ityala liya kwikomiti yengqungquthela eqanjwe ngamalungu asemagumbini omabini. Le komiti isebenza uhlobo lolalanisa ekufuneka luvunywe yiNdlu kunye neNdlu yeNdlu ekwafuneka ifumaneke kuyo yonke imivoti, kungekho luvoti luvumelekileyo. Le sitejinga-mthetho sifuna ukuxoxwa ngocoselelo, njengoko abenzi bomthetho kufuneka balungelelanise izinto eziphambili ezikhuselwayo ukuvelisa umbhalo wokugqibela onokuthi ukhusele inkxaso yoninzi kuwo omabini amagumbi.

Isenzo segophe: Ukusayina okanye ukubeka ikhowudi

Xa omabini amaziko evumelana kuguqulelo lokugqibela, ityala linikezelwa kuMongameli (okanye, kumgangatho worhulumente, irhuluneli). Umphathi-ngamalonga uneenketho ezininzi: tyikitya uxwebhu kumthetho, i-vetoto, okanye angathathi nyathelo. Ukuba uMongameli uyisayine, ityala liba ngumthetho. Ukuba uMongameli ubuyisela umthetho, ubuyisela ityala kwiKhomishini, enokuthi ikwazi ukudlula iveto ngevote yoninzi emagumbini omabini. Ukuba uMongameli akathathi nyathelo iintsuku ezilishumi xa intlanganiso ikho, isibhengezo somthetho ngokuzenzekelayo siba ngaphandle kosayino. Noko ke, ukuba iiBhunga lomthetho ziphela ngexesha leshumi losuku, umthetho ufa kwindlela eyaziwayo njenge "pvet'." Le nkqubo idweliswe kwiSigqeqesho seCala le khadi leNkshine.

Ubuchule Bokunyanzelisa: Ukubuyisela Imithetho Ebomini

Ukumisa umthetho kusisiqingatha sedabi. Ummiselo ngamazwi nje akwiphepha de uphunyezwe kwaye unyanzeliswe lisebe eliphetheyo. UMongameli, njengentloko yesigqeba esiphetheyo, ubekwa umthetho-siseko ngokuqinisekisa ukuba imithetho iphunyezwa ngokuthembeka. Le mbopheleleko inikezelwa kuthungelwano olukhulu lwamaziko, amasebe, kunye namaqumrhu agunyazisayo aguqulela injongo yemithetho kwisenzo esiqinileyo.

Ulawulo lwequmrhu

Imithetho emininzi ibhalwe ngolwimi olubanzi, ishiya iinkcukacha ezichaziweyo zigcwaliswe ngabameli bolawulo. Umzekelo, uMthetho we-Coocrate Air Act awudwelisi lonke umgangatho ovumelekileyo wokukhutshwa; endaweni yoko, ugunyazisa i-Evironmental Protection Agency (EPA) ukuseka nokunyanzelisa imigaqo ekhethekileyo. Le nkqubo, eyaziwa njengokwenza imithetho ecetyisiweyo, ibandakanya ukulungiselela imimiselo ecetyisiweyo, ukupapasha kwiinqanawa zeFel Register, ukucela amagqabaza kawonke, nokukhupha umthetho wokugqibela. Le mithetho inomthetho epheleleyo kwaye iphantsi kokuhlola okugweba. .

Umthetho onyanzeliswayo nokhuseleko lukawonke wonke

Kwimiqathango ephambili yokunyanzelisa ukunyanzeliswa komthetho kukho amasebe aqinisekisa ukunyanzeliswa komthetho anjengeFBI, i-Enforcement Administration (DEA), iBureau of Alcohol, iData, i-Firearms kunye ne-Explosives (AT), kwaye, kwiphondo nakumanqanaba asekuhlaleni, amasebe amapolisa nee-ofisi zommeli. La masebe ahlola ukurhalathiswa, aqokelela ubungqina, kwaye abamba abantu abaphula umthetho. Amagosa asebupoliseni asebenzisa ubulumko obungakumbi ukugqiba enoba ayakhupha isilumkiso, ambamba, okanye abhekisa ityala yetyala lokutshutshiswa. Eli cebo likhokelwa ngokuqeqeshwa, imigaqo yamasebe, neemeko ezithile zezehlolo.

Iingqondi Ezingummangalelwa Neenkundla

Xa umntu ebekwa ityala lolwaphulo-mthetho, inkqubo yokunyanzelisa ihambela kwibala lenkundla. Abatshutshisi, abayinxalenye yesebe elilawulayo, bagqiba ukuba ziziphi izityholo ezifanele zifakwe, nokuba baza kufaka izicelo ezithelekisanisiweyo, nokuba baza kunikezela njani na oovimba abazisikelwe umda. Eli qhinga lomtshutshisi lisisixhobo esinamandla esilawula indlela imithetho esetyenziswa ngayo. Ngokomzekelo, umtshutshisi unokukhetha ukubeka phambili ulwaphulo-mthetho olunogonyamelo kwimiba yeziyobisi, ngokunempumelelo ukugqiba oko kubekelwe phambili kwanokuba umthetho awukwenzi umahluko onjalo. Emva kokuba kubekwe izityholo, iinkundla zithatha indawo yokuba netyala okanye ubumsulwa, ziqinisekisa ukuba imithetho isebenza ngokungqinelana nokukhuselwa komgaqo-siseko.

Isebe Lejaji: Ukutolika Nokuhlaziya Imithetho

Isebe lejaji lisebenza njengomququli wokugqibela woko kuthethwa ngumthetho nokuba uyavisisana nomgaqo-siseko. La mandla ohlalutyo lwetyala, amiselwe kwityala leNkundla ePhakamileyo Marbury v. Madison [1803]), avumela iinkundla ukuba zibethe imithetho echasene nomthetho wezwe osisiseko. Ngaphandle kokuhlola, amasebe owiso-mthetho kunye nomphathi-mthetho angagqitha imida yazo ngokungenasohlwaywa.

Isakhiwo senkqubo yeNkundla yoManyano

Ijaji yephondo ilungelelaniswe yaba ziinkundla zesithili ezintathu: iinkundla zesithili, iinkundla zesiphaluka zezobheno, kunye neNkundla ePhakamileyo. Iinkundla zesithili ziinkundla zamatyala apho kunikelwa khona ubungqina, iijaji ziyabekwa kwindawo yokuhlala, kwaye izigqibo zokuqala zinikezelwa. Iinkundla ezingaphumeleliyo kumgangatho wesithili zinokubhenela kwiinkundla zesiphaluka, ezihlola ingxelo yamatyala ngenxa yeempazamo ezingokwasemthethweni. Inkundla ePhakathi yinkundla yezo komiti egqibele ukuphendula, ithetha kuphela inxalenye yamatyala acelwa unyaka ngamnye. Inkundla ikhetha amatyala abalulekileyo aphakamisa imibuzo okanye iingxabano phakathi kweenkundla zesiphaluka, eqinisekisa ukuchatshazelwa komthetho worhulumente.

Ukuchazwa kwesiseko kunye nophando

Xa inkundla ichaza ummiselo, kufuneka imisele injongo yendlu yowiso-mthetho. Abagwebi basebenzisa izixhobo ezahlukeneyo, kuquka intsingiselo ecacileyo yokubhaliweyo, imbali yowiso-mthetho, kunye neencwadi ezimiselweyo zolwakhiwo. Imfundiso yestatus decis[ (ukuvumela isigqibo sime) ibophe ityala ukuba lilandele imizekelo yangaphambili ngaphandle kokuba kukho isizathu esinyanzelisayo sokuzitshintsha. Lo mgaqo ukhuthaza uzinzo nokuxelwa kwangaphambili komthetho, uvumela abemi namashishini ukuxhomekeka kwimithetho engaguqukiyo. Noko ke, iinkundla zikwanamandla okutshintsha iimeko zomthetho, njengoko kuboniswe kwiimeko ezifana [FLT:] Brow.[FFFF]

Iingxelo Ngamandla Eejaji

Isebe lejaji alikhuselekanga ekuhlolweni ngamanye amasebe. IBhunga lingakhupha umthetho omtsha ukuze licacise okanye ligqithe ukutolikwa komthetho wenkundla, kwaye lingacebisa ukuba kulungiswe umgaqo-siseko ukuze kubhukuqelwe umthetho wenkundla. UMongameli umisela iijaji zephondo, kwaye iNtlanganiso iyaqinisekisa, ukuqanjwa kwamasebe ezobupolitika. Ngaphezu koko, iinkundla zixhomekeke kwisebe eliphetheyo ukunyanzelisa imithetho yazo, ukuxhomekeka okulula okuvavanyiweyo ngexesha elifana nokungathobekiyo kweNkuNkundla ePhakamileyo . [FLT:] Georgia v[FLD1:] [18]]).

Umthetho kaRhulumente: Inkqubo yokuDibanisa

I-United States isebenza phantsi kwenkqubo karhulumente apho igunya lahlulelwe khona phakathi korhulumente wesizwe norhulumente. Le candelo lidityanisiwe kumGaqo-siseko, obala amagunya akhethekileyo karhulumente wesizwe, afana nokulawula urhwebo lwamazwe ngamazwe, ukuqokelela imali, nokuvakalisa imfazwe. UMthetho wokuHlaziyiswa kweMiqathango weSihla kaNtsinu ugcine onke amanye amagunya kumazwe okanye kubantu. Ngenxa yoko, amazwe anegunya elibanzi lokulawula kwiindawo ezinjengemfundo, umthetho wempahla, umthetho wentsapho, kunye nolawulo lwasekuhlaleni.

Amandla Nempikiswano Ezikhoyo

Kwimimandla emininzi, urhulumente wesizwe kunye norhulumente unegunya lokudibanisa. La mandla aziwa njengamagunya akhoyo. Umzekelo, zombini, zinganyanzela irhafu, zidlulise imithetho yolwaphulo-mthetho, zilawule amashishini. Xa imithetho karhulumente nekarhulumente ingquzulana, iSupremacy Claus yeSigqeba igunyazisa ukuba umthetho karhulumente uphume, ukuba nje ungaphakathi kolawulo lwegunya likarhulumente. Lo mgaqo, owaziwa njenge-prection, uye wasetyenziswa kwiindawo ezisuka ekunyanzelweni kokufuduka ukuya kumgaqo wemekobume. Iinkundla zisoloko zingqubana nokugqiba enoba umthetho wesizwe ucelwe ukukhulula umthetho wesizwe, njengoko kuboniswe kwiimeko ezifana [[FLT:] [FLD]] Azoka] v.

IMithetho neZilawuli zeRhulumente

Urhulumente ngamnye unequmrhu lakhe lowiso-mthetho, elibunjwe yiNdlu yeQela kunye neNdlu yabameli, kunye neNdlu ephetheyo ekhokelwa yirhuluneli. Inkqubo yokwenza umthetho kwindlu yowiso-mthetho ibonakalisa inkqubo karhulumente ngeendlela ezininzi: amatyala ayaziswa, ayabelwa kwiikomiti, aphikiswane, avotelwe, athunyelwe kwirhuluneli ukuze avunywe. Noko ke, kukho umahluko ophawulekayo. Amanye amazwe avumela abemi ukuba baphume ngokupheleleyo kwindlu yowiso-mthetho ngenkqubo yokuqalisa, apho imithetho inokubekwa khona kwi-boloti ngesicelo nangokwenziwa ngokuvoti yemithetho engqalileyo yabantu. Ukwenziwa kweCalifornia 13 kunye nemithetho eyahlukene yezonyango yemijelo.

Indima Yabemi Kwinkqubo Yomthetho

Nangona iinkqubo ezisesikweni zokwenza umthetho nokugcinwa komthetho zisenziwa ngamaziko karhulumente, abemi banendima ebalulekileyo ekulungiseni nasekulondolozeni inkqubo yomthetho. Umthetho asiyonkqubo emileyo yemithetho ebekwe ngasentla; yinkqubo ephilayo esabela kwimilinganiselo, kwiimfuno, nakwimfuno zabantu abalawulayo.

Ukuphanda Neengcamango Zezobupolitika

Eyona ndlela ingqalileyo abemi abaphembelela ngayo ukubekwa komthetho yibhokisi yabasebenzi abaququzeli bemithetho. Ngokukhetha abalawuli kunye nabalawuli abanolwabo, abavoti bamisela umgaqo wenkqubo karhulumente. Ngaphandle kokuvota, abantu banokubandakanyeka ekukhuthuzeni ngokuqhagamshelana nabameli babo, benikela ubungqina ekuchotshelweni kwabantu, bejoyina amaqela abantu abanomdla, yaye baba nenxaxheba kwimiboniso kawonke-wonke. ISindululo sokuqala siqinisekisa ilungelo lokucela urhulumente ukuba alungise izikhalazo, isixhobo esinamandla esiye sabangela iinguqulelo kwintlalo nakusemthethweni kwimbali yaseMelika, ukusuka kwimibutho yamalungelo abantu ukuya kukhuthaza ukulingana komtshato.

Inkonzo kaJury nokuphendula ngokusemthethweni

Inkonzo ye Jury kukusetyenziswa okungqalileyo kobumi kumthetho. Ukuhlaziywa kweSithandathu soMphetho-mvaba kuqinisekisa ilungelo lokuchophela ityala lingumgwebi ongakhethiyo kwiimeko zolwaphulo-mthetho, ibeka abemi abaqhelekileyo kwindima yokufumana inyani kunye nomphathi wezokuziphatha. I Juries igqiba ukuba lityala okanye ukungabi natyala kwaye, kwezinye iimeko, incomela izigwebo. Abagwebi abaphezulu, elinye iqumrhu labami, ligqiba ukuba mhlawumbi kukho isizathu sokukhupha ityala. Ezi misebenzi iqinisekisa ukuba ukugcinwa kwemithetho kubonisa imilinganiselo yoluntu kwaye kusebenza njengovavanyo kwimiqathango yomtshutshiso kunye namandla okugweba. [[FLT: 0] Inkundla yenkundla yetyala. [FLT:].S. iinkundla zenkundla zenkundla zezeNkulungisa.[FLct1]

Ingcebiso Yasesidlangalaleni Nenxaxheba

Njengoko kuphawuliwe ngaphambili, inkqubo yokumisela umthetho idla ngokubandakanyeka kwixesha lokugqabaza kukawonke-wonke, ivumela abemi, amashishini, kunye namaqela abantu abanomdla ukuba banikezele ingxelo ngemigaqo ecetyisiweyo. Le nkqubo yokunika ingcebiso yenza urhulumente akwazi ukuqokelela iziphumo ezingacwangciswanga, achaze iziphumo ezilindelekileyo, aze abonise indlela abantu abavakalelwa ngayo ngaphambi kokuba umthetho usebenze. Ngokufanayo, iintlanganiso zikarhulumente zasekuhlaleni, ukuchongwa kwamaqumrhu, kunye neentlanganiso zezikhululo zesikolo zinika abemi amathuba okubumba imithetho nemigaqo echaphazela ngokuthe ngqo ibutho labo.

Isiphelo

Inkqubo yokwenza nokumisa imithetho isebenza phakathi kwamasebe amathathu orhulumente, nesebe ngalinye lisenza indima eyahlukileyo kodwa exhomekeke kwilungu elinye. Isebe lowiso-mthetho limisela umthetho ngenkqubo yamaqumrhu yokuphikisana nokulalanisa, isebe elilawulayo lizisa umthetho ebomini ngokunyanzelisa nangolawulo, kwaye isebe lezomthetho liqinisekisa ukuba umthetho ucaciswe ngokufanelekileyo nangokuqhubekayo ngemigaqo-siseko. Le nkqubo yokuhlola nokulungelelanisa yenzelwe ukunqanda naliphi isebe elinye ukuba lifumane amandla amaninzi, ukukhusela amalungelo nenkululeko yabantu. Kwisigaba ngasinye, ukusukela ekumiseleni isibhengezo somthetho sokuphulaphula isibheno sokugqibela, inkqubo esemthethweni ibonisa umgudu oqhubekayo wokulungelelanisa, wezobulungisa, nenkululeko elungelelanisiweyo neendidi.