Table of Contents
Indlu yabameli yaseUnited States imi njengenye yezona qumrhu zowiso-mthetho zinamandla ehlabathini, isebenza njengelizwi labantu baseMelika kurhulumente worhulumente worhulumente worhulumente. Njengegumbi elisezantsi leBhunga, iNdlu yenza indima ebalulekileyo ekulungiseni imithetho yesizwe, ukulawula iindleko zikarhulumente, nokubeka isebe eliphetheyo limele. Ukuqonda ubukhulu bento iNdlu yabameli kunika ukuqonda okubalulekileyo ngendlela idemokhrasi yaseMelika esebenza ngayo nendlela abemi abanokudibana ngayo norhulumente wabo ngokunempumelelo.
Isiseko somGaqo-siseko seNdlu yabameli
Indlu yabameli yaseUnited States ligumbi leBhunga leBhunga leMidlalo yeMicimbi yaseUnited States, lisebenza ecaleni kweNdlu yeeNkulumbuso yase-U.S. inegunya phantsi kweGatya LesiQolo Sokuqala soMgaqo-siseko wase-United States lokudlulisa okanye loyise umthetho wesizwe. Abalamli bomGaqo-siseko bayila le ndlu njengelungu lemithetho elinxulumene ngokuthe ngqo nabantu baseMerika, bebonakalisa umgaqo wokuba urhulumente ufumana amandla akhe ngokuvuma kwabalawuli.
Indlu yabameli ibunjwa ngamalungu anyulwa rhoqo ngonyaka wesibini ngabantu baseMazweni aliqela, beqinisekisa ukuba abameli bahlala benoxanduva olusondeleyo kwimibutho yabo. Lo mjikelo wonyulo weminyaka emibini wenzelwe ngabom ukwenza iNdlu ivume ngakumbi kuluvo lukawonke-wonke kuneBhunga, apho amalungu akhonza khona amabinzana aneminyaka emithandathu.
Iimfaneleko zamalungu endlu
UMgaqo-siseko umisela iimfuno ezikhethekileyo kuye nabani na ofuna ukukhonza kwiNdlu yabameli. Akukho Mntu uza kuba ngummeli ongayi kufikelela kwixesha leminyaka engamashumi amabini anesihlanu, kwaye abe yiminyaka esixhenxe engummi waseUnited States, kwaye xa enyulwa, angabi ngumHlathi waloo Lizwe aza kunyulwa kulo. Ezi zimo ziqinisekisa ukuba abameli banokuqola ngokwaneleyo, ukuqonda ubomi besizwe saseMelika, kunye nonxulumano noluntu abalukhonza kulo.
Umlinganiselo Kangangendlela Ebekwe Ngayo Indlu
Inani labameli abanamalungelo okuvota apheleleyo lingu 435, inani elimiswe nguMthetho kawonke-wonke wama- 62-5 ngoAgasti 8, 1911, kwaye lisebenza ukususela ngo1913. Eli nani lizinzileyo liye lahlala lingaguquguquki ngaphezu kwenkulungwane, njengokuba inani labemi base-U.S. inani labameli lilingana nabemi, intsingiselo yokuba nabemi abaninzi bafumana abameli abangakumbi, lo gama urhulumente ngamnye eqinisekiswe ubuncinane ngomnye ummeli kungakhathaliseki ubukhulu bemeko yabo.
Ukongeza kumalungu ovota angama- 435, kukho iindwendwe ezintlanu ezimele iSithili saseColumbia, iziQithi eziNcasawu, iGuam, iSamoa yaseMerika kunye neCommonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands, kunye nomkhomishinala ohlala apho umela iPuerto Rico. Ngoxa aba bathunywa benokuthabatha inxaxheba kumsebenzi wekomiti neengxoxo zomgangatho, abanakuvota kwinyathelo lokugqibela lomthetho.
Iimbopheleleko Zomthetho Eziphambili
Umsebenzi ongundoqo weNdlu yabameli ugxininise ekudaleni, ekuqhubeni ingxubusho, nasekudluliseni umthetho ochaphazela zonke iinkalo zobomi baseMerika. Le nkqubo yowiso-mthetho imela isiseko sedemokhrasi emelayo, iguqulela ukuthanda kwabantu kwimithetho nemigaqo eqinileyo.
Inkqubo Yomthetho
Abameli bazisa amatyala nezigqibo, banikela ulungiso-ziphene kwaye basebenza kwiikomiti. Uhambo lwemali ukusuka kwintshayelelo ukuya ekubeni ngumthetho lubandakanya amaqondo amaninzi okuzihlola, ingxoxo, kunye nokuvota. Amalungu eNdlu angamisela umthetho phantse ngawo nawuphi na umbandela okwigunya lomgaqo-siseko likarhulumente, ukusuka kwinkxalabo yempilo nemfundo ukuya kukhuseleko lwesizwe nesiseko soshishino.
Xa isibham sithe saveliswa, kudla ngokubhekiswa kwikomiti efanelekileyo ukuze kuhlolwe iinkcukacha. Iikomiti ezimileyo zendlu zinemithetho eyahlukeneyo yowiso-mthetho kwaye nganye iqwalasela amatyala kunye nemiba kwaye incomela amanyathelo okuqwalaselwa yiNdlu. Le nkqubo yekomiti ivumela ubuchule obukhethekileyo nokupheliswa ngokucokisekileyo komthetho ocetyiweyo phambi kokuba ifikelele kumgangatho opheleleyo wendlu.
IiBhili ezidluliswa yiBhanile zithunyelwa kumongameli ukuze zityikityelwe okanye zifakwe. Le nkqubo ye-bimeral iqinisekisa ukuba umthetho ufumana imigangatho emininzi yokuxilongwa kwaye kufuneka ufumane inkxaso ebanzi kwii-continutscription ezahlukeneyo ngaphambi kokuba ube ngumthetho.
Amandla aGqibayo Ngaphezu kweeBhili zeNgeniso
Elinye lawona mandla omgaqo-siseko obalulekileyo wendlu ligunya lawo kuphela lokumisela umthetho wengeniso. Amagunya apheleleyo endlu aquka ukuqalisa zonke iindleko zengeniso, ukunika impembelelo enkulu kwimithetho yesizwe. Eli gunya lisuka kwinkolelo yabalawuli yokuba irhafu imele ivele kwiqumrhu lowiso-mthetho elinoxanduva oluthe ngqo kubantu.
Indlu inamandla apheleleyo okusungula amatyala engeniso, ngokuphawulekayo impembelelo kwinkqubo yemali. Oku kuthetha ukuba onke amatyala anxulumene nerhafu, abaphathi-mikhosi, nezinye iintlobo zengeniso karhulumente kufuneka aqalise kwiNdlu yabameli. Ngoxa iBhunga linokucebisa ukubuyiselwa kwala matyala, ayinakuvela, inika iNdlu inzuzo ebalulekileyo yokuqala ekwakheni inkqubo yerhafu yohlanga.
Amandla Okufuna Izinto
Phakathi kwezona mbopheleleko zibalulekileyo nezibalulekileyo zilandelayo bukuphela kwamandla ayo kumagosa karhulumente. Indlu yabameli izakuba negosa elikuphela kweGunya loBume, isebenza njengenyathelo lokuqala kwinkqubo yomGaqo-siseko yokususa oomongameli, abagwebi besizwe, namanye amagosa karhulumente kwiofisi.
Amagunya apheleleyo eNdlu aquka ukutyunjwa kwamagosa karhulumente. Xa iNdlu ikholelwa ukuba igosa lesizwe lenze "ulwaphulo-mthetho oluphezulu kunye nempazamo," lingaqhuba uphando lize livote kumanqaku okungakhuthazi. Ukuba uninzi lwevoti zeNdlu zirhoxiswa, loo meko ibhekisa kwiBhunga letyala.
Eli gunya limele uhlolo oluqatha kwigunya eliphetheyo nelokugweba, liqinisekisa ukuba akukho gunya lesizwe lingaphezulu kumthetho. Kuyo yonke imbali yaseMerika, le ndlu iye yawasebenzisa ngokuncipha kodwa ngokungqongqo, ithetha ngoomongameli, abagwebi bequmrhu, namalungu ekhabhinethi xa iimeko zifuna ukuba kwenziwe eso senzo.
Imisebenzi yokulawula nokuphendula
Ngaphandle kokubekwa komthetho, iNdlu yabameli idlala indima ebalulekileyo ekunyamekeleni isebe eliphetheyo nasekuqinisekiseni ukuba amasebe alawulayo amisela imithetho njengeeNgqungquthela. Lo msebenzi wobuveleli usebenza njengenxalenye ebalulekileyo yenkqubo yokuhlola nokulinganisela ethintela naliphi na isebe likarhulumente ukuba lifumane amandla amaninzi kakhulu.
Iimbopheleleko zolawulo zeKomiti
IiKomiti zinezibopho zokongamela ukujongwa kwamaqumrhu, iinkqubo, nemisebenzi ephantsi kwemithetho yazo, yaye kwezinye iimeko kwiindawo ezinqumla amagunya eekomiti. Ngokuva, ngokuphanda, nangezicelo zoxwebhu, iikomiti zeNdlu zihlola indlela abameli abalawulayo abayisebenzisa ngayo imali yerhafu, ukuzalisekisa iinkqubo zesebe, nokuthobela imithetho.
Lo msebenzi wobuveleli udla ngokusenzeka emva kwembonakalo kodwa unemiphumo enzulu yokuphendula kukarhulumente. IiKomiti zinganikela amangqina angaphantsi kwetyala, zicela amaxwebhu, zize zifake amatyala kawonke-wonke ukuphanda ngesenzo sobubi, inkunkuma, okanye ukungafezeki kwimisebenzi karhulumente.
Amandla Okuphanda
Igunya eliphandayo lendlu linwenwela kulo lonke urhulumente wesizwe. Abameli bangahlolisisa yonke into ukusuka kwimisebenzi yomkhosi kunye nemisebenzi yobulumko ukuya kwimimiselo yemekobume kunye neenkqubo zonyango. Eli gunya libanzi lokuphanda liqinisekisa ukuba isebe eliphetheyo lihlala linetyala kwisebe lowiso-mthetho kwaye, ekugqibeleni, kubantu baseMerika.
Uphando lwendlu luye lwatyhila amahlazo karhulumente, ukubhenca inkunkuma nobuqhetseba, yaye lwabangela utshintsho oluphawulekayo kuyo yonke imbali yaseMerika. Amandla okuphanda, kuquka namandla okuphulaphula amatyala kawonke wonke atsala ingqalelo yamajelo eendaba, anika iNdlu yempembelelo epheleleyo kwihambo yesebe eliphetheyo kwanangaphandle kokudlulisa umthetho omtsha.
Umelo kunye neMigangatho yeQumrhu
Indlu yabameli yayiyilelwe ukulungiselela ukumela ngokuthe ngqo abemi baseMerika, ilungu ngalinye likhonza kwisithili esithile somhlaba. Esi sakhiwo siqinisekisa ukuba inkxalabo yasekuhlaleni kunye nezilangazelelo zengingqi zifumana ingqalelo kwinkqubo yesizwe yowiso-mthetho.
Imimandla yephondo nemifanekiso esekelwe kuluntu
I-United States yahlulwe yaba ziziqithi ezingama-45 ezinemibutho emalunga nama-780 000, kwaye isithili ngasinye sikhetha ummeli kwiNdlu yabameli iminyaka emibini. Le nkqubo isekelwe kubemi ithetha ukuba kukho abameli abaninzi kwaye ngenxa yoko inempembelelo engakumbi kwiNdlu.
Ukwabiwa kwezihlalo kusekelwe kubemi kumazwe, yaye amalungu akhutshwa rhoqo emva kweminyaka eli-10, emva kobalo-nyaka ohlaziyiweyo. Oku kukhutshwa rhoqo kuqinisekisa ukuba ukumeleka kuhlala kuhambelana nokutshintsha kwabemi, ngokufumana izihlalo nokuncipha kwamazwe.
Emva kobalo ngalunye, izikhululo zephondo ziphinda zitsale imida yesithili sengingqi yephondo ukuze zibonise utshintsho lwabemi. Le nkqubo yokuhlaziya inganelisa ngokuphawulekayo ukuma kobupolitika kwaye iye yanenkxalabo engakumbi, ngenxa yokutsala imigca yesithili ukuxhasa omnye umbutho wezobupolitika ngaphezu komnye.
Umjikelo Wonyaka Ombini Wokhetho
Amalungu eNdlu asebenzisa ixesha elisisigxina leminyaka emibini, isihlalo ngasinye sinyulwa ngaphambi kokuqalisa kweBhunga elilandelayo, kwaye unyulo olukhethekileyo lungayenzeka kwimeko yokungena kwendawo. Lo mjikelo uthe rhoqo wonyulo wenza amalungu eNdlu yendlu athabathe inxaxheba ngokukhethekileyo kwiinkxalabo ezidibeneyo, njengoko kufuneka aqhubeke elungisa iingxelo zawo xa evota.
Eli gama leminyaka emibini lidala impembelelo apho abameli kufuneka balungelelanise iinjongo zenkqubo yexesha elide kunye neemfuno ezikhawulezileyo. Ngelixesha oku kunokuthi ngamanye amaxesha kukhokelele ekucingeni okufutshane, kukwaqinisekisa ukuba iNdlu ihlala ilungelelaniswe ngokusondeleyo nokutshintsha koluvo lukawonke-wonke kunye nemibandela evelayo ebandakanya ukuvota.
Iinkonzo ezidityanisiweyo kunye nomelo
Ngaphandle kokuvota kumthetho, abameli bachitha ixesha elininzi bekhonza abameli babo ngqo. Ucwangciso lommeli luxakeke kakhulu, ngokufuthi luqala ekuseni ngentetho efutshane yemixholo, luhamba ngokukhawuleza phakathi kwecaucus neentlanganiso zekomiti kunye nokuchonga, ukuvota ematyalani, ukuthetha namaqela ahlukeneyo, nokuhlola iposi, ii-printals neengxelo ezahlukeneyo.
Abameli banceda abameli ukuba baqhube iqumrhu lolawulo lwesebe lorhulumente, bacombulule iingxaki nabameli bakarhulumente, baqonde indlela ezichaphazela ngayo ubomi babo. Lo msebenzi wenkonzo, ngeli xesha ungabonakaliyo kunemisebenzi yemithetho, umela unxulumano olubalulekileyo phakathi kwabemi norhulumente wabo. Abameli bakwasebenza ukukhusela inkxaso-mali yezentengiso zephondo kwimimandla yabo, ukuxhasa izilangazelelo zoluntu, nokuqinisekisa ukuba amazwi abo avakala eWashington.
Ulawulo nolungiselelo
Indlu yabameli isebenza ngesakhiwo esintsonkothileyo solawulo esilungelelanisa umsebenzi wowiso-mthetho, ilawula imicimbi yomgangatho, kwaye ilungelelanisa amaqhinga eqela. Ukuqonda eli qela lokhokelo kubalulekile ekuqondeni indlela esebenza ngayo indlu.
Umthethi Wendlu
Isithethi sisebenza njengenkokeli yeNdlu yoLawulo kwaye sidibanisa iindima eziliqela zombutho kunye nolawulo. Njengomphathi-mikhosi owongamelayo weNdlu, uMthethi unegunya elikhulu kwinkqubo yowiso-mthetho. Isithethi sikhetha izihlalo zeekomiti ezimileyo, simisela inkoliso yamalungu eKomiti yeMimiselo, simisela onke amalungu eekomiti zenkomfa, kwaye simisela ukuba zeziphi iikomiti eziqwalasela amatyala.
UmThembi unyulwa ngamalungu apheleleyo eNdlu yaye ungoyena mphathi weqela elininzi. Emva kokulawula imicimbi yaseNdlu, uSomlomo usebenza njengesizwe sezobupolitika, umela iNdlu ngokwendlela eqhubana ngayo noMongameli neNdlu yeNdlu, kwaye umi ngokwesibini emgceni wokulandelela ulawulo lomongameli emva koMongameli onguMongameli.
Igosa eliphetheyo lilawula umyalelo apho amalungu eNdlu ithetha khona: akukho lungu elinokwenza intetho okanye intshukumo ngaphandle kokuba liqatshelwe kuqala ligosa eliphetheyo. Eli gunya lokuqonda amalungu linika ulawulo olunamandla kwingxoxo yomgangatho kunye nesantya somsebenzi wowiso-mthetho.
Iinkokeli Ezikhulu Neenkokeli Ezincinane
Inkokeli enkulu nenkokeli ezincinane zimela amaqela azo kumgangatho wendlu, ngeli xesha iziqhubi zincedisa ulawulo ekulawuleni inkqubo yowiso-mthetho yeqela labo kumgangatho wendlu. Inkokeli yeMajority isebenza njengegcisa eliphambili kumgangatho ophezulu weqela elikhulu, imisela umthetho kunye nokuququzelela izihlalo zekomiti ukuqhubekisa ucwangciso lweqela.
Inkokeli eMncinci ikhokela iqela lenkcaso, iphuhlisa ezinye izindululo zenkqubo kunye namaqhinga okufumana ulawulo olusemgangathweni. Zombini iinkokeli zidlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuxoxweni, ukubala, nokuthetha ngesikhundla seqela lazo kumalungu nakuwonke-wonke.
Inkqubo Yesinyithi
I-wips luqhagamshelwano olubalulekileyo phakathi kokhokelo lweqela namalungu alo, olunyulwa liqela ngalinye, kunye neMajority Wip edla ngokubekwa ngokwesithathu ilungu elilelona likhulu kunye ne-Minority Wip elidla ngokubekwa ngokwesibini ilungu elincinane, elikhokela iinethwethi ezibanzi zesekela kunye nesabhokhwe. Inkqubo yesabhothi iqinisekisa ukuba iinkokeli zeqela ziyayiqonda indlela eziceba ngayo ukuvota kumthetho obalulekileyo kwaye zingakwazi ukusebenza ukugcina umanyano lweqela.
Inkokeli yevoti iphakamisa amanani, icebise amalungu ukuba axhase izikhundla zeqela, kwaye inxibelelane nelungu elixhalabele ukubuyela kukhokelo. Olu nxibelelwano lwendlela ezimbini lunceda iinkokeli zeqela zivavanya inkxaso yomthetho kwaye zenze izigqibo ezicwangcisiweyo malunga nokuba ziza nini na amatyala kumgangatho.
Inkqubo yeKomiti
Umsebenzi omninzi wendlu ocuthwayo uyenzeka kwiikomiti, apho amalungu aphuhlisa ubuchule kwimimandla ethile yezomgaqo-nkqubo kunye nokuqhuba uvavanyo olunenkcukacha lomthetho ocetyiswayo. Inkqubo yekomiti ivumela iNdlu ukuba iphathe umqulu omkhulu neengxaki ezintsonkothileyo ezijongene norhulumente worhulumente.
Iikomiti Ezimileyo
Indlu igcina iikomiti ezininzi ezimileyo, nganye inegunya kwiindawo ezithile zenkqubo enjengezolimo, iinkonzo zezixhobo, imfundo, amandla, iinkonzo zemali, imicimbi yemali, imicimbi yezorhwebo, imicimbi yezangaphandle, kunye nezothutho. Ngaphambi kokuba amalungu abelwe kwiikomiti, ubungakanani bekomiti nganye nomlinganiselo weeRiphabliki kwiDemocrats kufuneka kugqitywe ziinkokeli zeqela, kunye nenani elipheleleyo leemoslam zekomiti ezinikwe umbutho ngamnye malunga nomlinganiselo ophakathi kweqela elikhulu namalungu amaqela amancinane kwigumbi elipheleleyo.
Izabelo zeekomiti zifunwa kakhulu, njengoko zigqiba ukuba yiyiphi imimandla yamalungu enkqubo enokuphembelela ngqo. IiKomiti zibamba ukuchongwa ukuze ziqokelele ulwazi, iintlanganiso zokunyusa iindleko, kunye neevoti zokukhetha ukuba ngumuphi umthetho oqhubela phambili kwiNdlu epheleleyo. Iqonga lekomiti lilapho amatyala amaninzi ahambela phambili okanye afe, okwenza ukuba amalungu ekomiti abe ngowona ubalulekileyo ekuphumeleleni kommeli.
Ikomitana engaphantsi kunye namaLungu eeNtlanganiso aLikhetheke
Iikomiti ezininzi ezimileyo zahlulwe zahlulwa zangamatyala ancinci agxininisa kwiimbambano ezithe ngqo. Esi sakhiwo sivumela ukwenziwa kolwazi olunzulu kwaye siqinisekisa ukuba iindawo ezintsonkothileyo zifumana ingqwalasela eyaneleyo. Ikomiti ezingaphantsi ziqhuba iindlebe zazo, ziphuhlise umthetho, zize zinconyele ikomiti epheleleyo.
Le ndlu ikwayila iikomiti ezikhethiweyo neekomiti ezikhethekileyo ukuphanda ngemibandela ethile okanye iziganeko ezithile. Le mibutho yexeshana ingahlola imicimbi engafanelani kakuhle nakulawulo lweekomiti ezikhoyo okanye efuna ingqalelo eqwalaselweyo kwixesha elithile elilinganiselweyo.
Indima Yendlu Kumgaqo-nkqubo
Ngaphandle kwamandla ayo apheleleyo okuvelisa amatyala engeniso, iNdlu idlala indima ephambili kuzo zonke iinkalo zomgaqo - siseko wemali karhulumente, ngokuvumela urhulumente ukuba asebenzise imali esetyenziswayo ukuze abeke izinto eziza kuqala kwiindleko zoqingqo - mali aze alawule amatyala esizwe.
Isalathisi somsebenzi wePhondo
IKomiti yokuLawula iNdlu yeNdlu, esebenza nomncedisi wayo weNdlu yeNdlu yeMali, imisela indlela imali esetyenziswa ngayo nyaka ngamnye. Ngenkqubo yezicelo, iNdlu inikezela ngemali yokuxhasa yonke into ukusuka kukhuseleko lwesizwe kunye nokhuseleko lwelizwe layo ukuya kwimfundo, ukhuseleko lwezempilo, kunye nezibonelelo. Eli gunya lemali limela uvavanyo olubalulekileyo lweBhungane elilawulayo.
Inkqubo yokuchaza ibandakanya ukuxilongwa kwezicelo zoqingqo-mali zoorhulumente abalawulayo, ukuva namagosa esebe aphetheyo, nokuthethana ngemali ekwiqondo leenkqubo zikarhulumente zamawaka. Xa iNdlu kunye nesebe eliphetheyo lingavumelani ngokuchitha izinto eziza kuqala, inkqubo yezicelo iba yindawo ephambili yokulwa iimbambano zenkqubo.
Izigqibo zohlahlo-lwabiwo-mali kunye nocwangciso
IKomiti yoHlahlo-mali lweNdlu imisela izigqibo zonyaka ezimisela amaxhoba emali kunye neengeniso kurhulumente wengingqi. Ezi zindululo zinika isiseko sokuqulunqwa okulandelayo kunye nomthetho werhafu, ukumisela izinto eziza kuqala kunye nokuthintelwa kwemigaqo-nkqubo yezoshishino.
Iingxoxo zoqingqo-mali kwiNdlu zisoloko zibonisa ukungavumelani okusisiseko ngobungakanani obufanelekileyo kunye nendima karhulumente, ukulungelelana phakathi kokusetyenziswa kwemali kunye nerhafu, nezinto eziza kuqala phakathi kweenkqubo ezikhuphisanayo. Ezi mpikiswano aziyiyo inkqubo engxamisekileyo yezoshishino kodwa zikwayila imikhwa yezoqoqosho yexesha elide kunye nobuchule bukarhulumente bokucombulula iingxaki zesizwe.
Amandla akhethekileyo omGaqo-siseko
UmGaqo-siseko unika iNdlu amandla amaninzi akhethekileyo angaphaya kwegunya layo eliqhelekileyo lowiso-mthetho, abonisa umbono wabafaki-faya weNdlu njengeyona ndawo yedemokhrasi karhulumente worhulumente worhulumente.
Ukuqeqesha uMongameli Kunyulo Olunengcelele
Amagunya akhethekileyo endlu aquka ukunyulwa komongameli ukuba akukho mvoti ufumana uninzi lwevoti kwi-Electoral College. Kule ngxelo inqabileyo, abathunywa borhulumente ngamnye kwiNdlu yelizwe bavota enye, kunye noninzi lwamazwe afunekayo ukuphumelela. Le nkqubo yonyulo oluxhomekeke kunyulo isetyenziswe kabini kwimbali yaseMelika, kodwa imela ukhuseleko olubalulekileyo lwemithetho-siseko.
Unyulo lwemihlathi lunika iNdlu indima eyodwa kukhetho lomongameli, iqinisekisa ukuba abameli babantu banento yokugqibela yokuba iElectoral College ivelisa iziphumo ezizizo. Eli gunya libonisa indawo yendlu njengelona lungiselelo lolawulo-mpukane ngqo kurhulumente worhulumente worhulumente.
Ukuhlaziywa koMgaqo-siseko okuziimvelaphi
Ngeli xesha omabini amaziko eBhunga enokuthi kulungiswe utshintsho lomgaqo-siseko, iNdlu idla ngokukhokela ekuqaliseni ukuhlaziywa kokunwenwa kwe-demokhrasi okanye ukuqwalaselwa kwemiba yokwakha erhulumenteni. Unxibelelwano olusondeleyo lweNdlu luyenza ibe yindawo yokuqala yendalo yokuqalisa iinguqulelo zomgaqo-siseko ezibonisa amaxabiso kawonke-wonke atshintshayo.
Indlu Ekwinkqubo yeepetroli Nolungelelwano
Indlu yabameli isebenza njengelungu elibalulekileyo lenkqubo yomgaqo - siseko yokuhlola nokulinganisela, ithintela amandla amasebe alawulayo nagwebayo ngoxa wona ngokwawo enyanzelwa yiNdlu yeeNtlanganiso kunye noMongameli.
Ukukhangela amandla olawulo
Ngomthetho, ulawulo, kunye nokulawula kwayo, iNdlu inokunyanzela ngokuphawulekayo ukuthatha inyathelo lomongameli. Indlu inokungavumi ukuxhasa amanyathelo okulawula, iphande imisebenzi yesebe eliphetheyo, ize idlulise umthetho ongaphezulu kokuchasa komongameli (ngamandla alishumi elinesithathu). Amandla angenagunya anika uvavanyo olupheleleyo kwihambo engafanelekanga yempangelo.
Ubuchule bendlu bokuva nokufuna ubungqina kumagosa aphezulu esebe buqinisekisa ukuba ukubonakala nokuphendula kwimisebenzi karhulumente. Kwanaxa iNdlu ingenakuwuphumeza umthetho ngenxa yenkcaso yeNdlu yeeNdlu okanye iveto, imisebenzi yayo yokuphanda nokuvelela isenokuguqula uluvo lukawonke-wonke kunye nehambo yempatho-mandla.
Ulawulo lwezomthetho
Nangona iNdlu ingenakusibhukuqa ngokungqalileyo izigqibo zomthetho, isenokusabela kwizigwebo zenkundla ngomthetho, ngokulungisa umGaqo-siseko, nangokulawula uqingqo-mali lwezomthetho. Le ndlu ikwanenxaxheba ekukhutshelweni kweejaji zequmrhu, inika ingqwalasela kwihambo ephosakeleyo.
Ngamandla ayo owiso-mthetho, iNdlu ingalungisa imithetho ekuphenduleni iinkcazelo ezigwebayo, ivelise iinkqubo ezintsha ezithetha ngemicimbi yenkundla, okanye ibeke umda wolawulo lwezomthetho kwiindawo ezithile. Olu nxulumano phakathi kweNdlu kunye nejaji lubonisa ukuba kunamandla okwahlula amagunya.
Indlela Abemi Abanokuba Nayo Endlwini
Indlu Yabameli inikela amathuba amaninzi okuba abe nenxaxheba kwinkqubo yedemokhrasi, ukususela ekuvoteleni nasekuqhagamshelaneni nabameli ukuya kunikela ubungqina ekuchotshelweni nasekukhuthazeni iinguqulelo zenkqubo.
Ukunxibelelana Nommeli Wakho
Ummi ngamnye waseMerika unommeli kwiNdlu ojongene nokuphulaphula inkxalabo zabameli nokumela izilangazelelo zabo eWashington. Abami bangaqhagamshelana nabameli babo ngomnxeba, ii-imeyili, iileta, kunye neentlanganiso ze-oyile kwii-ofisi zesithili okanye eWashington, D.C. abameli bagcina abasebenzi abanikezelwe kwiinkonzo ezibandakanya amaqela nokusabela kwigalelo loluntu.
Unxibelelwano olunempumelelo lungaphembelela indlela abameli abavota ngayo umthetho, imibandela ababeka ngayo indawo yokuqala, nendlela abachitha ngayo ixesha labo nezinto zabo. Abameli banikela ingqalelo esondeleyo kwingxelo equlunqweyo, ingakumbi kwimibandela ebangela umdla okanye impikiswano ephawulekayo kawonke-wonke.
Ukunikela Inxaxheba Ekuchondweni Kwekomiti
Iikomiti ezininzi ezichophela amatyala endlu zivulekele uwonke-wonke kwaye ziyayamkela ingcebiso evela kubemi, kumaqela oonontlalo-ntle, nakwizigcisa. Ukuvavanywa kwikomiti kunika ithuba lokuphembelela ngokungqalileyo inkqubo yowiso-mthetho ngokwabelana ngobuchule, amava obuqu, okanye iingcebiso zemigaqo namalungu eBhunga.
Kwanaxa bengabumeli, abemi bakhona banokuya kumatyala, babhale iingxelo zerekhodi, baze baluphawule ngokwabo umgaqo-nkqubo wowiso-mthetho. Oku kuvumela uluntu ukuba lujonge indlela abaqhuba ngayo ishishini kwaye baphenduliswe ngezenzo zabo.
Ukunganyaniseki kunye neGrassoots
Amaphulo olawulo acwangcisiweyo angaphembelela ngokuphawulekayo inyathelo leNdlu yoMthetho. Ngokukhuthaza amalungu ukuba aqhagamshelane nabameli bawo, alungelelanise izicelo, kunye namaphulo okuququzelela amajelo eendaba, amaqela okulawula anokuphakamisa imiba ephathelele ucwangciso lwendlu kunye namalungu oxinzelelo ukuba athathe izikhundla ezithile.
Umgangatho wokulungiselela ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo zokunyusa isantya kwiNdlu, usebenzisa umjikelo wonyulo othatha iminyaka emibini ukwenza iinjongo zobupolitika kubameli ukuxhasa imigaqo edumileyo okanye ukuchasa ezo zingathandwayo. Olu hlobo lomanyano lumela idemokhrasi ngokwezenzo, luguqulela izikhethelo zikawonke-wonke kwiziphumo zemithetho-siseko.
Indaleko Yendlu Nocelomngeni Lwale Mihla
Indlu yabameli iye yaguquka ngokuphawulekayo ukususela ekudalweni kwayo ngowe - 1789, iqhelanisa neenguqu kwibutho labantu baseMerika, kwezobugcisa nakwezobupolitika ngoxa igcina imisebenzi yalo esisiseko yezomGaqo - siseko.
Imbali
Indlu yabameli yayinamalungu angama-95 ntla, kwaye inani lanyuka emva kokubekwa komGaqo-siseko nguMntla Carolina kunye neRhode Island ngo1790, kunye neKhomishini yokuqala yamaBhunga nabameli abangama-65. Njengoko uhlanga lwalwanda kwaye nabemi banda, le ndlu yanda ngokuhambelana noko de yafikelela kumlinganiselo wayo wamalungu angama-35 ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-20.
Ukutyhubela imbali yayo, iNdlu ibikwiziko leengxoxo eziphambili zesizwe ngobukhoboka, amalungelo abantu, inkqubo yezoqoqosho, imicimbi yamanye amazwe, kunye neenkqubo zentlalo. Isakhiwo nenkqubo zegumbi lendlu iye yaguquka ukuze ilungise iimeko ezitshintshayo ngoxa ilondoloza indima yayo engundoqo njengendlu yabantu.
Iingxaki Zangoku
Indlu yanamhlanje ijongene nocelomngeni oluninzi, kuquka ukuhlahlelana okunzima, impembelelo yemali kwezobupolitika, ukuqhuba i-gerrymanitor, nobunzima bokucombulula imiba yenkqubo entsonkothileyo kwixesha lenguqulelo ekhawulezileyo yezobugcisa nezentlalo. Ukuqeqesha kwamaqela bekungasoloko kukomelela, ngenxa yesibakala sokuba amalungu, amele aphinde akhethe nyaka ngamnye, ngokufuthi avote izilangazelelo zesithili kunokuba akhethe angene kwimibutho yawo yezobupolitika xa kunyuke isibini.
Utshintsho oluye lwabangela ukuba kubekho amathuba angakumbi okubonakala kunye nocelomngeni olunxulumene nenkcazelo ephosakeleyo kunye nokuma kobuzwilane kwezobupolitika.
Iimpikiswano Ngotshintsho
Ingxoxo eqhubekayo emalunga nokuhlaziywa kweNdlu yeeNdlu zoXweso, njengokuthi mhlawumbi bandise inani labameli ukuze babonise ukwanda, indlela yokulwa nokulawula imigaqo, nokuba ungabeka imida kusini na, nendlela yokunciphisa impembelelo yezilangazelelo ezikhethekileyo. Ezi ngxoxo zibonisa inkxalabo enzulu ngempilo-demokhrasi yaseMerika kunye nokuphumelela kwamaziko abameli.
Abanye abaguquli baxhasa ukwandisa iNdlu engaphaya kwama-435 amalungu ukunciphisa abemi besithili ngasinye nokuphucula umelo. Abanye bagxininisa kutshintsho olungokwengcaciso ukunciphisa i-grid lock ephezulu kwaye bakhuthaze intsebenziswano ye-bipartis. Le mpikiswano iyakuqhubeka njengoko iNdlu iqhelanisa nocelomngeni lwama-21.
Imeko yehlabathi: Indlu Kwingqikelelo Elinganayo
Ukuqonda iNdlu yabameli yase-U.S. kuyingenelo ngokuyithelekisa namaqumrhu owiso-mthetho kwezinye idemokhrasi. Isakhiwo seNdlu, amagunya, kunye nolwalamano lwayo namanye amaqumrhu karhulumente lubonakalisa ngokucacileyo imigaqo yomGaqo-siseko waseMerika lo gama usabelana ngeempawu ezithile neepalamente ehlabathini lonke.
Iimpawu Ezikhethekileyo Zendlu YaseUnited States
Ngokungafaniyo neenkqubo zepalamente apho umphathi onegunya ephuma kwindlu yowiso-mthetho, iNdlu isebenza ngokuzimeleyo ngaphandle komongameli, idala ukwahlulwa kokwenyaniso kwamagunya. Oku kuzimele kuvumela iNdlu ukuba ihlole igunya elilawulayo ngokunempumelelo ngakumbi kunezindlu zowiso-mthetho ezikwinkqubo zepalamente, apho urhulumente ngokuqhelekileyo elawula uninzi lwemithetho-mthetho.
Amandla endlu apheleleyo phezu kwamatyala engeniso nendima yayo ekuhlolweni kwahlula wona kwamanye amagumbi emithetho. Umjikelo wonyulo ominyaka emibini mfutshane kunakuninzi lwedemokhrasi, udala amandla akhethekileyo okuphendula nokusabela.
Izifundo Ezivela Kwabanye Abacekisekileyo
Ukuhlolisisa indlela ezinye izibonelelo zolawulo-melo ezinokuzisa ngayo iindlu zowiso-mthetho zazo malunga notshintsho lwendlu. Iinkqubo ezahlukeneyo zonyulo, izicwangciso zeekomiti, kunye nemithetho yesithethe zinika ezinye imizekelo yokulungiselela umsebenzi wowiso-mthetho nokuqinisekisa ukuba umelo lwedemokhrasi lungamele.
Ukuthelekisa kwezizwe ngezizwe kugxininisa amandla enkqubo ye-U.S., kuquka ukuzinza kwayo, ukuzimela kweNdlu ekulawuleni, namathuba okuba nabemi abathathi-nxaxheba kwinkqubo yowiso-mthetho. Ezi zilumkiso zothelekiso ziyakwazi ukunceda amaMerika aqonde amaziko awo ngoxa echaza iindawo anokuphuculwa kuzo.
Ikamva Lendlu Yabameli
Njengokuba ibutho lamaMelika liqhubeka liguquka, iNdlu yabameli iza kujongana nocelomngeni olutsha kunye namathuba okufeza iimbopheleleko zalo zomGaqo-siseko. Iinguqu zophuhliso lobugcisa, uqhagamshelwano lwehlabathi lonke kunye nolungelelwaniso oluguqukayo lwezopolitiko ziya kuyilo lonke indima yexesha elizayo yendlu.
Ii-Shifts kunye nomelo lwe-Demographic
Ukutshintsha kwamanani abantu eMelika kuza kuqhubeka kuphembelela ukwakhiwa kwezindlu nezinto eziza kuqala. Njengoko abantu beya behluka, iNdlu kuza kufuneka iqinisekise ukuba bonke abantu banomelo olusebenzayo kwaye izinto eziphambili zemithetho zibonakalisa uludwe olupheleleyo lwamava nenkxalabo yamaMerika.
Inkqubo yokufumana iziphumo rhoqo iza kutshintsha umelo lwamazwe, neziphumo zempembelelo yengingqi kunye nenkqubo ephambili. I-odoli efumana ukwanda kwabemi iza kufumana abameli kunye namandla ezobupolitika, ngeli xesha amazwe ahlayo eza kuphulukana nezihlalo, idala iingxoxo eziqhubekayo malunga nomelo olulungileyo kunye nolwabiso lovimba.
Inkqubo yobuxhakaxhaka kunye noMthetho
Inkqubela yobugcisa iza kuqhubeka iguqula indlela ishishini leNdlu lezorhwebo, inxibelelana ngayo neenkqubo zedilesi kunye neengxaki zedilesi. Izixhobo zamanani zinganyusa ukubonakala, ziphucule iinkonzo zowiso-mthetho ezisebenza kakuhle, kodwa zinyusa inkxalabo ngokhuseleko, ukuzimela, nobunjani bobudemokhrasi.
Indlu kuza kufuneka ilungelelanise iinkqubo zayo namandla ayo ukuze icombulule imiba ebangelwa bubulumko obungeyonkqubo, ukukhuselwa kwekhompyutha, ukuzimela ngokwamanani, kunye nezinye iinkqubo zobugcisa.
Ukuqinisa Iinkokeli Zedemokhrasi
Ukulungiselela iNdlu kuseyinkqubo esebenzayo nesemthethweni yedemokhrasi kuya kufuna ingqalelo eqhubekayo kwimibandela yokubonakala, ukubulela, nokuganana kwabantu ngokubanzi. Ukwakha ukukholosa ngeBhunga, ukukhuthaza ukuba nenxaxheba kwezentlalo-ntle yoluntu, nokugcina inkululeko nengqibelelo yendlu kuya kuba yimfuneko ekulondolozeni ulawulo-demokhrasi lwaseMerika.
Ubuchule bendlu bokulungisa iingxaki ezinkulu zesizwe, ukusukela ekutshintsheni kwemozulu kunye nokunyamekela impilo kunye nokungalingani kwezoqoqosho kunye nokhuseleko lobuzwe, kuza kuxhomekeka kubuchule bayo bokukhuthaza ingxubusho enemveliso, ukwakha imibutho, nokuguqulela izikhethelo zikawonke-wonke kwinkqubo esebenzayo. Ukuqinisa iNdlu njengeqela lokhuseleko lolawulo-moya lwaseMelika njengeqela.
Isiphelo: Indlu Njengesebe Labantu
Indlu yabameli iquka umgaqo wokuzilawula kwedemokhrasi, osebenza njengelungiselelo eliyintloko amaMelika asebenzisa ngalo ulawulo oluqhelekileyo. Amandla awo okulawula, imali efanelekileyo, ulawulo, kunye namagosa angomnye akwinkqubo yomgaqo-siseko ayenza ibe ligumbi lesiseko lenkqubo yokuhlola nolungelelwaniso.
Ukuqonda oko kwenziwa yiNdlu , ngokusuka kumandla ayo apheleleyo emali engeniso ukuya kwindima yayo yokumela ii-continuences ezahlukeneyo `ibalulekile kubemi abanolwazi. Ukusabela kwendlu kuluvo lukawonke wonke, idibene namandla ayo amakhulu omGaqo-siseko, kuyenza ibe kukubonakaliswa kwedemokhrasi yaseMelika kunye namandla amakhulu ekuxonxeni ikamva lesizwe.
Njengoko abemi bebandakanyeka nabameli babo, benenxaxheba kwinkqubo yowiso-mthetho, kwaye benoxanduva lorhulumente wabo, bazalisekisa umbono wabafaki-fashoni bendlu njengegumbi labantu. Impilo yedemokhrasi yaseMerika ixhomekeke kwiNdlu yabameli esebenzayo, esabelayo, nenoxanduva emela iintetho nezilangazelelo ezahlukahlukeneyo zabantu baseMerika.
Kulwazi oluninzi ngeNdlu yabameli, tyelela i-website esemthethweni .gov., ukujonga imisebenzi yemithetho ekhoyo e .Gov[, funda ngomGaqo-siseko kwiZiko loMgaqo-siseko wesizwe [ , ulandele abameli bakho .