Ukuqonda Ingxowa Yomongameli WeOfisi

Isifungo somongameli sesikhundla simi njengenye yezithethe ezingcwele nezineziphumo kwidemokhrasi yaseMerika. Kwiminyaka emine, ngoJanuwari 20, umongameli ozayo uphakamisa isandla aze aphinde aphinde aphinde aphinde avume ukuba ulawulo olumanyeneyo noMgaqo-siseko waseUnited States. Lo mzuzuzu, ujongwe zizigidi ehlabathini lonke, asingomthetho nje oqhelekileyo. Sisenzo esisemthethweni, isenzo esisemthethweni, kunye nozibopheleleko olunzulu kumthetho. Isifungo sidibanisa ulawulo oluzayo noxwebhu olusunguliweyo, kwaye ngolo xwebhu, kukuqonda ukuphakama okupheleleyo kolu mzuzu, kufuneka sihlolisise isifungo, iingcambulo zalo, iingcambuso ezingoko, kunye nolwalamano olunzulu nombono onzulu weBhubileyo.

Umbhalo Ocacileyo WeOath Yomongameli

UmGaqo-siseko ushwankathelwe ngokuphawulekayo kwiSifungo somongameli. Icandelo II, Icandelo 1, uClause 8 unika okuphela kwamagama umongameli-okheta amele awathethe ngaphambi kokuthatha amandla esikhundla. Umbhalo ufundeka ngolu hlobo:

[FLT]]] Ndifunga (okanye ndiqinisekisa) ukuba ndiza kuyenza ngokuthembeka i-Ofisi kaMongameli wase-United States, kwaye ndiza kusebenzisa kangangoko kobukho bekhono bam, ndigcine, ndikhusele kwaye ndikhusele umGaqo-siseko wase-United States.”[FLT]]]

Zininzi izinto eziphawulweyo kule mibhalo. Okokuqala, irejista yobuzali “okanye ivumela abo bangafuniyo ukufunga bafunge endaweni yoko ukwenza isifungo esinzulu. UGeorge Washington wongeza ibinzana elithi “ndincede uThixo” emva kwesifungo, isithethe esilandelwe yinkoliso kodwa asilandelwanga oomongameli abaninzi, nangona kungafunwanga ngokomthetho. Okwesibini, isifungo asibakhankanyi abantu, uhlanga, okanye nawuphi na umgaqo wemithetho okhethekileyo. Sibhekisele ngokupheleleyo kumGaqo-siseko ngokwawo. Umongameli uthembisa ukuyenza ngokuthembeka, kodwa hayi bonke oomongameli abalandelayo, nangona ingeyo, nangona ingeyomfuneko, ikhusela, kwaye ukhusela, kunye nokukhusela [[FLT] umGeqeqesho.

La mazwi ahlukile kwizifungo ezithatyathwe ngabanye amagosa karhulumente, ezichazwe kwiGatya lesi-6 kwaye ziquka isithembiso sokuxhasa umGaqo-siseko. Isifungo somongameli sisebenza kwaye sigxininisa, sibonakalisa imbopheleleko ekhethekileyo yeofisi njengentloko yesebe eliphetheyo.

Kutheni Kusithiwa Ngamagama Ama - 35 Nje?

Izifungo zasigcina ngabom isifungo sifutshane. Abafuni ukuba isifungo eside esinokuba siphantsi kotoliko oludityanisiweyo okanye esinokuthi sigqume umGaqo-siseko ngokwawo. Njengoko uAlexander Hamilton wacacisa ku Fateralist No. 69, isifungo somongameli sasiyilelwe ukuba sibe yi- imbopheleleko ye-" egxininisa ityala lomthetho, hayi iplatifomu yezithembiso zobuqu okanye zezobupolitika. Ubufutshane bukwaqinisekisa ukuba umongameli ngamnye, kungakhathaliseki oko kungasemva okanye ingcamango, uqinisekisa into efanayo.

Isiqalo: Iphepha Eliqaqambileyo Lokubhala Injongo Yesizwe

Ngaphambi kokuntywila kunxibelelwano phakathi kwesifungo neSifungo, kubalulekile ukukhumbula oko kuthethwa nguDaalwano. Iintambo ezivulayo zoMgaqo-siseko zidla ngokucetywa ngabantwana besikolo, kodwa intsingiselo yazo inzulu:

“ Thina bantu baseUnited States, ngokolungelelaniso ukwenza iManyano egqibeleleyo ngakumbi, ukuseka uBulungiseleli, ukuqinisekisa ukugqibelela kwasekhaya, ukubonelela ngokhuseleko oluqhelekileyo, ukukhuthaza iNtlalo-ntle jikelele, nokukhusela iintsikelelo zenkululeko kuthi kunye nePosi yethu, simisela kwaye simisele lo mGaqo-siseko we-United States of America.”

Isiqalo asingomthombo wamandla angokwasemthethweni akhethekileyo. Noko ke, kukuchaza injongo [[FLT: 0] esebenzayo lonke uxwebhu. Isixelela isizathu sokuba umGaqo-siseko ukho: ukwenza umanyano olugqibeleleyo ngakumbi, ukuseka okusesikweni, ukugcina uxolo ekhaya, ukukhuthaza uluntu, ukukhuthaza intlalo entle, nokugcina inkululeko yezizukulwana ezikhoyo nezizayo. Ezi njongo ezintandathu ziyizilangazelelo ezifunyenweyo ze-[ zombutho womthetho.

Ikhonkco Elingqalileyo: Indlela Isifungo Esisizalisekisa Ngayo Isiqalo

Isifungo somongameli asikhankanyi ngokucacileyo naluphi na usukelo lweNkundla emithandathu. Kodwa sisixhobo esiphambili umongameli anokuphenduliswa ngaso kwezo njongo. Isifungo sibopha umongameli kuzo zonke ezo mGaqo-siseko, kwaye umGaqo-siseko sisakhiwo esicetyelwe ukufikelela iinjongo zoMgaqo-siseko. Ngoko ke, ngokufunga ukugcina, ukukhusela, nokukhusela umGaqo-siseko, umongameli, ngokugqithisileyo, uthembisa ukuqhubela phambili ngamnye kwezo njongo zintandathu.

Ukulondoloza umGaqo-siseko kuthetha ukulondolozwa komanyano

Usukelo lokuqala lwesandulela “kukwenza i-Union egqibeleleyo.” Isifungo sokucela“ ukukhusela” umGaqo-siseko sisebenza ngqo esiphelweni. UmGaqo-siseko ligluna elisemthethweni eligcina amaphondo kunye. Umongameli ogcina ngokuthembeka umGaqo-siseko uxhasa isakhiwo solawulo, ukwahlulwa kwamagunya, negunya lomthetho wesizwe. Oku kwakungacacanga ngakumbi kunangexesha lemfazwe yamakhaya, xa uMongameli uAbraham Lincoln waphikisa ngelithi umfuno wakhe ukuba alondoloze i-Manyano ye-omGaqo-siseko, kuquka nokusetyenziswa komkhosi nxamnye ne-session.

Ukumisela Okusesikweni Ngokuphumeza Ngokuthembeka

Ibinzana lePregagey elithi “Ubulungisa obumiselweyo” liqondwa xa umongameli ephumeza imithetho ngokuthembeka. Umongameli ligosa eliyintloko lomthetho. Isifungo siyawabophelela kuloo msebenzi. Xa iSebe loBahluleli livavanya ulwaphulo-mthetho lwaseburhulumenteni, xa umongameli eqinisekisa ukuba imiyalelo yezolawulo ihambelana nemithetho yenkundla, okanye xa engafuni ukuthobela umthetho, bazukisa isithembiso sokumisela okusesikweni. Umongameli otyeshela ngabom okanye olulazalela umthetho ulwaphulo-mthetho, ngoko ke, uyasilela ukuqhubela phambili ubizo lwewongameli lokusesikweni.

Ukusebenzisa Ubuchule Basekhaya

“Isiqinisekiso sokuqinisekisa ukunqongophala kwamakhaya” kuthetha ukugcina uxolo nocwangco phakathi kwesizwe. Isifungo somongameli sikuxhasa oku ngokuwabophelela ukuba akhusele umGaqo-siseko kuzo zonke iintshaba, asemzini namakhaya. UMongameli unegunya elingumGaqo-siseko lokubiza amajoni ukuba aphelise ukuvukela (ISiqendu I, Icandelo 8, Ceki ye-Celas 15) nokuqinisekisa ukuba imithetho karhulumente iyaphunyezwa. Ngamaxesha onke umongameli ubeka umthetho karhulumente owisela umthetho wokuphelisa izibhedubedu, okanye asebenzise uLongameli wesizwe ukubuyisela ucwangco emva kweentlekele zemvelo, basebenza kwimbopheleleko yokulondoloza ubuqaqaqaba obusemakhaya.

Ukulungiselela Ukhuselo Oluqhelekileyo

“ Isiqinisekiso sokhuselo oluqhelekileyo” mhlawumbi lunxibelelwano olucacileyo. Umongameli nguMlawuli kwiNtloko yemikhosi exhobileyo. Isithembiso sesifungo ‘ sokukhusela nokukhusela'' umGaqo-siseko siquka ukukhusela uhlanga ngokwalo kwizisongelo ezingaphandle. Xa umongameli eyalela ukuba lulwe, luququzelela izivumelwano, okanye lugunyazise intsebenziswano yobuchule, bazalisekisa le nxalenye yeSihloko-nkqubo. Isifungo asiyiniki umongameli amandla okuqalisa iimfazwe, kodwa siyafuna ukuba basebenzise amandla agunyaziswe nguMgaqo-siseko ukuze bakhusele ilizwe.

Ukukhuthaza Ulonwabo Oluqhelekileyo

“ Ukuqinisekisa ukuba iNtlalo-ntle-ntle yehlabathi” ingumyalelo omkhulu wokuba iquka imisebenzi emininzi karhulumente, ukusuka kwinkcitho yemali ukusa kwimpilo kawonke-wonke. Imfuneko yesifungo sokuphumeza ngokuthembeka iofisi ithetha ukuba umongameli kufuneka ajonge isebe eliphetheyo ngendlela enceda uluntu, hayi izilangazelelo zobuqu. Ukusayina umthetho wokuba iinkqubo zemali, ukukhusela imekobume, nokulawula uqoqosho konke kuwele phantsi kwale ambrela. Ngoxa kukho impikiswano eninzi ngoko kumele kukuthi kukuthi kukuthi kuyintoni “intlalontle,” isifungo sinyanzele umongameli ukuba enze oko kulungelo lwasekuhlaleni lonke uhlanga, hayi nje inteleko.

Ukufumana Iintsikelelo Zenkululeko

Usukelo lokugqibela “kukusigcinela iintsikelelo zenkululeko nakuthi.” Le yinjongo egqithisileyo yomGaqo-siseko. Isifungo sikhusela inkululeko ngenxa yokuba umGaqo-siseko uqulethe iBhili yamaLungelo kunye nezinye izikhuseli nxamnye nokuqhatha kukarhulumente. Umongameli ohlonela inkululeko yabemi, ongawi miyalelo engekho mthethweni, kwaye oxhasa ukuzimela kwejaji yejaji ugcina isifungo. Ngamaxesha onke umongameli uthetha isifungo esiphazamisana nenkululeko yokuthetha, okanye amisela abagwebi abakwinkululeko yomgaqo-siseko, bakhusela inkululeko yezizukulwana ezizayo.

Imizekelo Engokwembali Yesitya Esinguvimba Esebenzayo

Ukudibana kwesifungo neSifungo asiyonto ithethwayo. Ukutyhubela imbali yaseMerika, oomongameli baye bakhankanya isifungo sabo xa benza izigqibo ezinzima. Cinga ngamathuba ambalwa abalulekileyo:

  • George Washington (1789): Umongameli wokuqala wongeza “ngalo ndlela nceda uThixo” kwaye wamanga iBhayibhile, wamisela umzekelo. Bonke ubungangamsha bakhe babulikhondo lokugcina umGaqo-siseko, njengoko waseka inkqubo yekhabhinethi nesithethe sokutshintsha koxolo igunya.
  • Thomas Jefferson (1801): kwidilesi yakhe yokuqalisa, uJefferson wabiza umGaqo-siseko ngokuthi “umlawuli weriphabliki yethu” kwaye wabhenela kwisifungo sakhe sokulawula ngokuthintela. Kamva wakhusela umGaqo-siseko xa wabeka inkululeko kulawulo lwamagunya karhulumente kwingxoxo yeLouisiana Purchase.
  • Andrew Jackson (1833): Ngexesha leNqanawa yeNkcubeko, Jackson wachaza ukuba umGaqo-siseko kunye ne-Union zazingamanyani. Wasongela ukusebenzisa umkhosi nxamnye noMzantsi Carolina, ephikisa ngelithi isifungo sakhe sasifuna ukuba agcine i-Union nxamnye ne-secession.
  • Abraham Lincoln (1861): umongameli wonke kaLincoln wabunjwa sisifungo sakhe. Wachaza ukuba ukulondoloza i-Union yayingumsebenzi wakhe ophambili phantsi komGaqo-siseko, kwaye wathethelela iEmancation Proclation njengomlinganiselo wemfazwe ofunekayo ukugcina uhlanga. Kukuqala kwakhe, wathetha ngodumo, “Ndisithabatha isifungo esisemthethweni namhlanje ngaphandle kwemiqathango yengqondo, kwaye akukho njongo yokumisela umGaqo-siseko okanye imithetho enzima.
  • Franklin D. Roosevelt (1933): Kubunzulu bokwehla komgangatho omkhulu wolawulo, FDR wathabatha isifungo kwaye kwangoko wasebenzisa amandla abanzi okulawula ukuqinisa inkqubo yogcino-mali. Kamva waphikisa ukuba isifungo sasifuna ukuba enze nantoni na efunekayo ukukhuthaza intlalo-ntle jikelele, ikhokelela kwi-New Dec.
  • John F. Kennedy (1961): Kennedy idilesi yokuvula ye khalenda yabhengezwa ngokudumileyo, ]“ Ungabuzi oko ilizwe lakho lingakwenzela kona, buza oko ungakwenzela ilizwe lakho. Wasenza isifungo njengobizo kumsebenzi kawonke wonke kunye nenjongo yohlanga, ukuphinda ugxininiso lwePregnowle kwintlalo elungileyo.
  • Joe Biden (2021): Biden yagxininisa indima yesifungo ekubuyiseleni izithethe zomGaqo-siseko emva kwexesha loxinzelelo lwedemokhrasi. Wabhekisela ngqo kwisiqalo sentetho yakhe yokuqalisa, esithi, “ Thina bantu” [[FLT: 3] simbono omele ulwelwe yiyo yonke idesidentili.

Ingxowa Njenge Ankile Yokuziphatha Neyomthetho

Isifungo somongameli asiyosithethe nje; yimbopheleleko esemthethweni enokuba neziphumo zokwenene. Ukuba umongameli uyasophula isifungo, umGaqo-siseko unikela indlela yokuziphendulela: iCandelo II, ICandelo lesi-4 lichaza ukuba umongameli angasuswa ngenxa ,“ Isifungo, isiSigwebo, okanye ezinye ii-Crimes kunye neziNkulu. [igama elithi “izenzo eziphezulu kunye namaXhobelo” alichazwangachazi, ngokusesikweni liquke ukusetyenziswa kakubi kwamandla okulula umGaqo-siseko. Yiyo loo nto isifungo singumbano ephambili kwimicimbi engahambisani. Indlu yabameli ithenjiweyo ngenxa yezenzo ezibonwa njengobuqhekeko, njengezobubuxoki okanye isifungo (i-Clinmentmentalment) (exmond) yezobupolitist) (Trum).

Ngaphezu koko, isifungo siqinisa indima yomongameli njengendawo yokugweba umGaqo-siseko. Abangokumkani. Basisicaka somthetho. Le ngcamango isekelwe ekungathembini koBawo okuFunyekayo amandla akhethekileyo. Njengoko uJames Madison ebhalile ku [[FL:0] u-FUDALIS. 51, “ Ukuba abantu bebeziingelosi, bekungayi kubakho rhulumente ofunekayo. Isifungo sesinye sezivikelo esigcina umongameli ephendula kubantu nakumGaqo-siseko.

Ukuthelekisa iNqanawa Yomongameli Neminye Imiqobo

UmGaqo-siseko wase-U.S. ufuna izifungo ezivela kwiindidi eziliqela zamagosa. Uthelekiso olufutshane lubalaselisa uhlobo olukhethekileyo lwesifungo somongameli:

  • Article VI Oath yabaphathi besizwe neyasezweni: “Abaququzeleli nabameli ngaphambili, kunye namalungu amaGaqo-siseko aliqela eSizwe, kunye nabo bonke abalawuli abaphezulu kunye nabaphathi-mthetho, bobabini baseUnited States kunye namaZwe amaninzi, baza kubotshwa ngu-Oath okanye uqinisekiso, ukuxhasa lo Mgaqo-siseko.” Oku kusisiqinisekiso esiqhelekileyo sokuxhasa [[[[FLT:]] umGaqo-siseko, hayi njengomsebenzi womongameli , ikhusela, kunye nokukhusela [FFLT].
  • Jodicial Oath (28 U.S.C. 763): Abagwebi boMbutho bafunga ukuba “baphumeza okusesikweni ngaphandle kokuhlonela abantu, kwaye balingana ngokufanelekileyo namahlwempu nezityebi.” Esi sifungo sibhekisela ekungakhethini kwimisebenzi yokugweba, kanti isifungo sikamongameli sibhekiselele kwingqibelelo epheleleyo yesebe eliphetheyo.
  • Umphathi-mikhosi weOath (10 U.S. 502): [ Amagosa afunga ukuba ‘ ayakuxhasa nokukhusela umGaqo-siseko weUnited States kuzo zonke iintshaba, asemzini nabemi basemzini." Oku kusondele ngolwimi kwisifungo somongameli, ebonisa ukuzithoba komkhosi kukhokelo lwasekuhlaleni kunye nomGaqo-siseko.

Umahluko ongundoqo ngowokuba isifungo somongameli siso sodwa esithembisa ngokungqalileyo ukuphumeza ngokuthembeka [ iofisi kunye nomgangatho, ukhusela, kwaye ukhusela [ umGaqo-siseko. Sisona sifungo someleleyo esifunekayo nguMgaqo-siseko.

Imimandla Engqongwe Yindawo Yokulala

Ngoxa isifungo singumbhalo olula, ukutolika kwaso kubangele impikiswano. Abanye oomongameli baye bathatha imbono yokoqobo, bephikisa ngelithi umsebenzi wabo kukwenza imithetho njengoko ibhalwe, nokuba ingekho sikweni. Abanye baye bamkela imbono ebanzi ngakumbi, bekholelwa ukuba isifungo sibafuna ukuba bakhusele umGaqo-siseko nasiphi na isisongelo, kuquka nakurhulumente. Uxanduva oluphakathi kwaba bantu lubonakalisa impikiswano ebanzi ngokuchazwa komgaqo-siseko.

Enye impikiswano ephindaphindwayo kukuba isifungo esidibanisa umongameli ukuba athobele imithetho yeNkundla ePhakamileyo. UMongameli Andrew Jackson ucatshulwa ngokudumileyo njengothi, “ uJohn Marshall wenze isigqibo sakhe; ngoku makasinyanzelise. Le mbono ithandabuzekayo yejaji iye yaphindwa ngabanye oomongameli bale mihla, kodwa uvumelwano phakathi kwabaphengululi bomgaqo-siseko lulokuba isifungo sifuna ukuthobelana kokholo nemiyalelo yenkundla, ngenxa yokuba umGaqo-siseko wenza iNkundla ePhakamileyo ibe ngumtoli wezomthetho.

Enye impikiswano ibandakanya ulwandiso “lundincede kakhulu uThixo.” Ngexesha uGeorge Washington eqalile isithethe, kwada kwaba yinkulungwane yama-20 ukuba ikho phantse yonke indawo. UMongameli uFranklin Pierce wasebenzisa iBhayibhile kwaye wathi“ndincede ngolo hlobo uThixo” ngo1853, kodwa abanye oomongameli bangaphambili abazange. UMongameli uRutherford B. Hayes usebenzise incwadi yomthetho. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, abanye oomongameli baye bakhetha ukuqinisekisa kunokuba bafunge (umz., uHerbert Hoover, kwaye uFrank Pierce wasebenzisa isiqinisekiso). Ubhedulu lubalulekile kwinkululeko yonqulo, kodwa u-“ ukunceda uThixo uthe .

Isinyithi Esifumaneka Kule Mihla

Kwinkulungwane yama-21, isifungo somongameli siyaqhubeka sisisilingo kwintetho yezobupolitika. Umongameli ngamnye ugwetywa ngendlela aphila ngayo. Abagxeki bomongameli bangabatyhola ngokusigqitha isifungo ukuba abawutyesheli amaqumrhu angoorhulumente, abafuni ukunyanzelisa imithetho, okanye bahlasele amaqumrhu edemokhrasi. Abaxhasi basenokuphikisa ukuba umongameli uxhasa isifungo ngokusebenzisa igunya lempangelo ukuvavanya ijaji okanye ukukhusela ukhuseleko lwesizwe.

Isifungo sikwasebenza njengomanyano lomzuzu kuhlanga olwahlulelwe ngokunzulu. Xa umongameli okhethayo ebeka isandla kwiBhayibhile (okanye omnye umbhalo) aze aphinde amazwi, badibanisa umgca omde wabaphambili. Elo sithethe sikhumbuza uluntu ukuba nokuba iyintoni na iziphumo zonyulo, umGaqo-siseko uhlala uphakamile. Ukufuduselwa koxolo kolawulo, okuye kwenzeka rhoqo kwiminyaka emine (kunye okuchaseneyo ngo1861 ngexesha lemfazwe yamakhaya), ngumphumo othe ngqo wesithembiso sokulondoloza umGaqo-siseko.

Isiphelo: IOath Nesiqalo Seentsika Ezibini

Isifungo somongameli kunye neSifungo soMgaqo-siseko asingomaphepha ahlukeneyo. Ziinxalenye ezimbini zesibopho esinye. Isaziso esinzulu sivakalisa iinjongo eziphakamileyo zelizwe; isifungo sibopha umongameli ukuba enze ezo njongo zibe zezokwenene. Wonke umongameli ofungayo akathembisi nje ukuthobela umthetho. Bathembisa ukuhambisela phambili okusesikweni, uxolo, ukhuseleko, intlalo-ntle, kunye nenkululeko wonke amaMelika. Loo mbopheleleko inzima yeyokuba isifungo sinyathelele ekungaguquki ukususela ngowe-17. Sisikhumbuzo esicacileyo, esinamandla sokuba amandla aphakamileyo ayisokuthemba nje kuphela, akangomkrwelo.

Njengabemi, ukuqonda isifungo kusinceda sigcine iinkokeli zethu zinokuphendula. Xa umongameli esenza ngendlela ephikisana nesiqalo, /nakanjani na ngokuthob'isa okusesikweni, ngokutyeshela iintloni zasekhaya, okanye ngokuphelisa inkululeko--------------------------------------------------kanjani uyakwazi ukubuza ngokufanelekileyo: Ngaba bayasizalisekisa isifungo sabo esinzulu sokulondoloza, ukukhusela, nokukhusela umGaqo-siseko? Impendulo yaloo mbuzo ibhekise kwintliziyo yedemodemokhrasi.

[[FLT: 0] Ukuqhubeka ufunda ngemvelaphi yesiseko somGaqo-siseko, bona uhlalutyo olucacisiweyo lwenqaku II, Icandelo 1, Claus 8. Ukutshona okunzulu kumongo wembali, ugcino-lwazi lwelizwe olunentsingiselo entle [[[FLT]]. Ulwalamano phakathi kwamandla kamongameli kunye nesifungo luhlolwe iSikolo soMthetho [[FLT]].[FLT]