Yintoni Ukulungelelana Kwamandla?

Ulungelelwano lwamandla ngumgaqo osisiseko kwidemokhrasi yomgaqo-siseko. Ibhekisela kukusasazwa kwegunya ngabom phakathi kwamasebe ahlukeneyo orhulumente . Ngokufuziselayo ulawulo, uwiso-mthetho, namasebe ejaji, ukuze kungabikho siko linye elilawulayo. Lo mahluko wenzelwe ukuthintela ukuxinezeleka kwamandla, nto leyo engokwembali eye yakhokelela ekulawuleni nasekukhukulisekeni kwenkululeko yomntu ngamnye. Ukuqonda esi siseko sibalulekile kubafundi, abafundisi, nabemi abanqwenela ukuyiqonda indlela abasebenza ngayo oorhulumente bale mihla nendlela amalungelo abo akhuselwa ngayo.

Embindini wayo, ulungelelwaniso lwamandla luqinisekisa ukuba isebe ngalinye linomsebenzi owahlukileyo kunye namandla okulinganisela izenzo zamasebe amanye. Le nkqubo yokuvelelana isoloko ibizwa ngokuba iziphekepheke kunye nolungelelwaniso[. Ngaphandle kwesi sakhiwo, urhulumente ubeka umngcipheko kwidentiliki, apho elinye isebe (okanye umntu omnye) linegunya elingathintelekiyo. Umlinganiselo wamandla awuyo ingcamango ecacileyo; uvela ngotoliko lomgaqo-siseko, uqheliso lwezobupolitika, nengxoxo kawonke-wonke.

Amasebe Amathathu Karhulumente

Kwinkqubo zedemokhrasi ezininzi, ingakumbi ezo zifuziselwe umGaqo-siseko waseUnited States, amandla karhulumente ahlulwe abe ngamasebe amathathu alinganayo. Isebe ngalinye linomsebenzi oyintloko kunye neseti yamandla elivumela ukuba lihlole amanye.

Isebe eliphethe i-Advice

Isebe elilawulayo linembopheleleko yokumisa nokumisa imithetho edluliswa yindlu yowiso-mthetho. Ngokuqhelekileyo lilawulwa ngumongameli, umphathi-nkulu, okanye umlawuli, kuxhomekeka kwinkqubo yelizwe. EUnited States, umongameli usebenza njengentloko yorhulumente nentloko karhulumente, esebenzisa amagunya afana nokubeka umthetho, ukumisela imikhosi exhobileyo, nokuqhuba inkqubo yasemzini.

Isebe loMthetho

Isebe lemithetho, elidla ngokubizwa ngokuba yiKhonkxa-siseko okanye iPalamente, linembopheleleko yokwenza imithetho. Limela unyulo kwaye liphethe amandla esikhwakhwa semali − ukulawula irhafu kunye nokusetyenziswa korhulumente. Amagunya asemthethweni asoloko enezindlu ezimbini (i-bimeral) okanye enye (i-iquadral). Kwinkqubo ye-bidameral, njenge-U.S. Congress kunye neNdlustrate, igumbi ngalinye linendima ekhethekileyo. Umzekelo, iNdlumo ye-Canter iqinisekisa ukumiswa komongameli kunye nezivumelwano ze-radioms, ngelixa yemivhohohozo zendlu. Isebe lemithetho likwanegunya lokungathathi ngeniso.

Isebe Lejaji

Isebe eligwebayo lichaza imithetho kwaye lisebenzisa okusesikweni. Liquka iinkundla ekwimigangatho eyahlukeneyo, ukusuka kwiinkundla zamatyala asekuhlaleni ukuya kwiinkundla eziphakamileyo. Amandla angundoqo ejaji angundoqo ngala asemthethweni okuhlola [] .] ukukwazi ukuvakalisa imithetho okanye izenzo zolawulo oluphezulu. Eli gunya liqinisekisa ukuba amanye amasebe asebenze ngaphakathi kwemida emiselwe ngumgaqo-siseko. Abagwebi bamiselwa ngokuqhelekileyo ubomi okanye iimfuno ezinde ukuwakhusela kwingcinezelo yezobupolitika, bewavumela ukuba enze izigqibo ezisekelwe kumthetho nakwisicwangciso-nkqubo.

Ngoxa amasebe amathathu enendima ecacileyo, unxibelelwano lwawo luntsonkothile. Isebe ngalinye lixhomekeke kwelinye ukuze lisebenze kakuhle, livelisa ulungelelwano olunamandla oluthintela naliphi na isebe ukuba libe namandla kakhulu.

Imeko

Ingcamango yokwahlula amagunya karhulumente ayiyoyangoku; inemvelaphi kwingcamango yamandulo yezopolitiko. IRiphabliki yeRoma, ngokomzekelo, yayinomgaqo-siseko oxubeneyo nomthetho-siseko, i-senate, kunye neendibano ezidumileyo. Noko ke, ingcamango yale mihla yokulungelelanisa amandla yachazwa ngokudumileyo sisithandi sobulumko baseFransi [ Baran de Montesquieu [ [umthetho owenziwe ngumthetho owenziwe ngoomnye . UMmandla oPhakathiswa weMithetho]. UMntescou waphikisa ukuba inkululeko kuphela ikhuselekile ngokwahlula igunya lezobupolitika kwi-Rognogravi, i-gcontive, kunye nemisebenzi yezomthetho, nganye ephakathi kweziququ zahlukeneyo. Walumkisa ukuba xa umntu okanye onke amagunya eeqeqe.

Iingcamango zikaMontesquieu zaphembelela ngokunzulu abalayishi bomGaqo-siseko we-United States. Kwiminyaka yowe-1780, emva kokuphumelela kwinkululeko evela eBritane, iinkokeli zaseMerika zaziwaphaphele amandla akhethekileyo. Zazinamava olawulo phantsi koKumkani George III kwaye zabandezeleka phantsi kwamanqaku abuthathaka. IConvention yeMigaqo-siseko yowe-1787 yayinenjongo yokudala urhulumente wesizwe onamandla omeleleyo lo gama ilondoloza inkululeko. Isiphumo yayiyinkqubo yamagunya ahlukeneyo anokuhlola okwakhelwe.

Iphepha loluhlu lomanyano

Ukukhuthaza ukukhutshwa komGaqo-siseko, uJames Madison, uAlexander Hamilton, noJohn Jay babhala uthotho lweencoko ezaziwayo njenge iMaphepha aManyano e-Federali. uluhlu lwemiGaqo-siseko noNo. 51[, uMadison walungiselela ukukhusela okusesikweni kwee-eviviko kunye nolungelelwano. Wabhala ukuba, “Imfuno yendoda mayiyenzelwe ukulwa nelo. Inzala enxulumene namalungelo omgaqo-siseko wendawo.[[5][5] I-FLT] ingqina indlela zokuxhathisa ezinye iindlela, isakhiwo sorhulumente sigcina ulungelelwano lwaso. Waphawula nokuba ukhuseleko oluphezulu nxamnye nolawulo olululululululo oluphakathi kumgangatho oluphakathi, lungalulunga naluphi naluphi naluphi naluphi naluphi naluphi naluphi naluphi naluphi na ulawulo lobuhlanga.

Ezinye iziganeko ezibalaseleyo zembali ziquka iBhili yamaNgesi yamalungelo onyaka we-1689, eyasikelwe umda amandla asebukhosini yaza yaqinisekisa ukuba ipalamente inegunya eliphakamileyo, kunye nokuphuhliswa kwenkululeko yokugweba kwiinkqubo zomthetho oqhelekileyo. Ngoko ke ulungelelwaniso lwamandla lubangelwa ziinkulungwane zendaleko yezobupolitika, eziphuculwe ngamava kunye nokutshintshwa komgaqo-siseko.

Iingqikelelo Nolungelelwano Olusebenzayo

Iingqiniba kunye nolwahlulo luzimo ezikhethekileyo ezivumela isebe ngalinye lisike amandla amanye. Ezi ndlela zithintela naliphi na isebe ukuba lingasebenzi lingakhangeli mva kwimimandla engundoqo. Ngezantsi zizona zixilongwe zibalulekileyo kwinkqubo yomongameli oqhelekileyo njenge-United States.

  • I-Veto Power: Umongameli angawudlulisa umthetho weveto nguMbutho. Noko ke, iBhunga lingawugqitha umva kunye nama-3 amabini uninzi kumagumbi omabini, enika i-check kwigunya eliphetheyo.
  • [[FLT: 0] Impinda yeJodicial:[ Inkundla ePhakamileyo kunye neenkundla ezisezantsi zezwe zingawisa imithetho okanye izenzo zegunya ezichasene nomGaqo-siseko. Eli gunya lamiselwa kwityala lesazisi Marbury v. Madison[[FL:3] [1803]).
  • Imithetho-siseko: Indlu yabameli ingakhupha (ityala elingumfuziselo) umongameli, isekela lomongameli, okanye abagwebi besizwe ngenxa “yomcimbi, yokunyoba, okanye obunye ulwaphulo-mthetho obuphezulu kunye nabasebenzi abangekho mthethweni.” Indlu yendlu yecawa iqumrhu ngoko iqungamela ityala kwaye, ngevoti ezimbini-ntathu, ingalisusa igosa elisemthethweni eofisini.
  • Isiqinisekiso sokuqinisekisa: Umongameli ubeka amalungu ekhabhathi, abagwebi borhulumente, kunye nee-arhente, kodwa iNdlu yeeNgwebo kufuneka iqinisekise olo nyulo ngovote oluninzi. Oku kunika isebe lemithetho ilizwi kubasebenzi abalawulayo nabagwebi.
  • [[UMTL: 0] I-Ratiation: Umongameli uthethana nezivumelwano namazwe asemzini, kodwa uthatha isiphumo kuphela emva kwesibini sesithathu seBhunga leNtlanga-ntle evumelayo.
  • [[UMTHETHO:0] Amandla ePurse: Congress ilawula yonke inkcitho karhulumente. Akukho mali inokuzotywa kuTshela-mali ngaphandle komthetho wokukhupha izicelo, inika indlu yowiso-mthetho isixhaso ngaphezu kwemigaqo yegunya.
  • [[NTLA: 0] Izigqibo zobuGqibo zoBumi eziBalulekileyo: abagwebi boMasipala basebenza ngexesha lokuziphatha okuhle, intsingiselo yokuba abanakususwa ngumongameli okanye iBhunga ngaphandle kokungagunyaziswanga. Oku kukhusela ijaji kwimpindezelo yezobupolitika.

Oku kuhlola kudala inkqubo yamagunya ahlukeneyo. Umzekelo, umongameli angakhupha imiyalelo yegunya eliphakamileyo, kodwa iinkundla zingawavala ukuba agqithe igunya elisemthethweni. IBhunga linokuyidlulisa imithetho, kodwa umongameli angayichaza, kwaye iinkundla ziyakwazi ukuyichaza okanye ukuyiphelisa. Oku kunyanzela amasebe ukuba athethe kwaye alalanise, kunciphisa ingozi yokuzenza ngequbuliso okanye ngokugqithisileyo.

Isizathu Sokuba Ukulungelelana Kwamandla Kube Yimibandela

Ulungelelwano lwamandla asiyonto nje ekhoyo; luneengenelo ezicacileyo kwidemokhrasi nenkululeko yomntu ngamnye. Nazi izizathu ezingundoqo ezibangela ukuba luhlale lubalulekile:

Ukuthintela Ukucinezelwa

Eyona mpikiswano inyanzelisayo yamagunya ahlukeneyo kukuba ithintela nawuphi na umntu okanye iqela ekufumaneni igunya elingathintelwayo. Imbali izele yimizekelo yoozwilakhe abachitha iipalamente, abahlambulula iijaji, nabalawulayo ngemithetho. Inkqubo eyomeleleyo yokuhlola nokulinganisela yenza ukuba i-ethe tye. Nokuba elinye isebe liba nogonyamelo, abanye bangavala okanye bacothelise izenzo zalo, bethengela ixesha inkcaso yasekuhlaleni kunye neengxaki ezisemthethweni.

Ukukhuselwa Kwamalungelo Omntu Ngamnye

Oorhulumente banamandla amakhulu kubemi.

Ukhuthazo Lokulalanisa

Ngenxa yokuba kungekho sebe linokuthatha inyathelo lodwa, le nkqubo ikhuthaza ingxubusho kunye nokuvumelana. Ukudlulisa umthetho, amasebe aphetheyo kunye nemithetho kufuneka avumelane ngoko ikuquletheyo, ngokufuthi kufuna imvume egosayo. Oku kunciphisa ukwenziwa kwenkqubo kodwa kuthintela ukukhutshwa kwezigqibo zequbuliso. Imfuneko yokwakha imibutho nokufuna umhlaba omnye ikhuthaza inkqubo engaphezulu yokungalawuleki nokuzinzileyo.

Ukuphendula kunye nokubonisa ngaphaya

Iingqinipho kunye nolungelelwano lwenza iingongoma ezininzi zobuveleli. Iikomiti zeBhunga zingahlola izenzo zolawulo oluphezulu; isebe lezomthetho lingahlola izigqibo zolawulo; kwaye amaphephandaba akhululekileyo, akhuselwe zisiqinisekiso somGaqo-siseko, angabhenca ukuxhatshazwa kokuziphatha okubi. Olu luhlu lokuziphendulela lunokwenza kube lula ukuba ihambo engafanelekanga ifunyaniswe ize yohlwaywe. Amagosa aqeshiweyo ayazi ukuba izenzo zawo ziya kuhlolisiswa, nto leyo ephelisa ukonakala nokusetyenziswa kakubi kolawulo.

Ucelomngeni Lokusebenzisa Igunya

Kumashumi eminyaka akutshanje, iinkalo eziliqela ziye zavavanya indlela eqhelekileyo yokuqonda iicheketho nokulungelelana.

Imiyalelo yegunya nesenzo esingahambisaniyo

Oomongameli baye basebenzisa imiyalelo yegunya elilawulayo ukudlula kwiNkqutyana yeyelenqe kwiimbambano eziphikisanayo. Umyalelo olawulayo ngumyalelo okhutshwe ngumongameli onegunya lomthetho, kodwa awumiselwanga yindlu yowiso-mthetho. Ngoxa umGaqo-siseko, abahlalutyi bephikisa ukuba abanye oomongameli baye basisebenzisa kakhulu esi sixhobo, ngokunempumelelo ukubhalisa kwi-ofisi yeOval. Imizekelo iquka ukutshintsha kwemigaqo-nkqubo ephambili yokufuduka, imithetho engokusingqongileyo, kunye nokhuseleko lwesizwe. Abachaniseki besebe lemithetho yowiso-mthetho banokuthi le nto ilulaza indima yomthetho kwaye bagxininise kulawulo lwegunya elikhulu. I-jadicaliary ingabetha imiyalelo engaphaya kwemithetho esemthethweni okanye igunya lomthetho, kodwa ithatha imingeni engomthetho yexesha, kwaye oomongameli besenokunyanzela imidale imidanga ebheke phambili.

Ukungaququzeli kwemithetho yezomthetho

Izenzo zomthetho zibhekisela kwizigwebo zenkundla ezigqitha kwiingcaciso ezithe tye zomthetho kwaye zenza inkqubo entsha ngokuphumelelayo. Xa iinkundla ziwisa imithetho edumileyo okanye ziphakamisa amagunya karhulumente amakhulu, maxa wambi zibekwa ityala lokutyeshela indima yazo. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, abameli bezomthetho baphikisa ukuba iinkundla zifanele zithobele amasebe anyuliweyo ngaphandle kokuba kukho ulwaphulo-mthetho olucacileyo. Iingxoxo ngemimiselo yeNkundla ePhakamileyo kunye nenkxaso yeNkundla ePhakamileyo ziye zachasana, kunye neqela ngalinye lifuna abagwebi abanembono efanayo nayo.

Umkhosi othe ngqo kunye nokwahlula-hlula

I-Hyper-partinal ikhokelele ekupheliseni rhoqo kwiBhunga, la maqela mabini engakwazi ukuphumelela uqingqo-mali, ukuqinisekisa ii-mineines, okanye ukuphendula imibandela emikhulu. Abanye baphikisa ngelithi le ntambo yegrid ngokwayo kukuwohloka kolungelelwano lwamandla, njengoko isebe lemithetho yemithetho ingakwazi ukuzalisekisa imisebenzi yalo. Noko ke, iiNkundla eziphezulu zinokuwuguqula ngokwazo umlinganiselo wamandla ngendlela engacacanga.

Amandla eengozi nokhuseleko lwesizwe

Ngamaxesha entlekele ``imfazwe, izifo ezimandundu, ubugrogrisi , abalawuli badla ngokuthi banikwe amandla aphezulu. I-War Powers Resolution, iPatriot Act, nokusetyenziswa kwezindululo zongxamiseko zesizwe konke kukwandisiwe igunya lolawulo oluphezulu. Nangona kusenokufuneka ulwandiso olufunekayo ukuze kuphendulwe ngokukhawuleza kwizisongelo, lungaphelisa ulawulo lwembutho kunye nenkululeko yabemi. Ijajingathanga maxa wambi iye yarhoxa isithi ityala kubaphathi abaphezulu kwimicimbi yokhuseleko yesizwe. Ukugcina ulungelelwano ngexesha likaxanduva kufuneka kuphando lwawo onke amasebe kunye noluntu.

Ukunganeliseki Kwemali Nokuthembeka

Ukulungelelana kwamandla ekugqibeleni kuxhomekeke kunyulo olukhululekileyo nolufanelekileyo oluvumela abantu ukuba bakhethe abameli babo. Iimpikiswano zakutshanje ngemithetho ye-ID, ihlomelo, kunye nemali yephulo ziye zaphakamisa inkxalabo yokuba ngabanyuli banokuwuphendula kusini na urhulumente. Isebe eligweba lingene kwiimeko zokuphinda unyuso nakumalungelo okhetho, kodwa izenzo zomthetho zisenokusenakongeza indawo yokudlala. Idemokhrasi esempilweni ayifuni nje kuphela amandla okwahlukeneyo kodwa ikwafuna ummi wabemi abanokuthabatha inxaxheba ngokunentsingiselo ekukhetheni abo banegunya.

Imbono Ethelekisayo: Ukulungelelaniswa Kwamandla Kwezinye Iimeko

Ukulungelelana kwemodeli enamandla akungqinelani kuyo yonke idemokhrasi. Ukuqonda iinkqubo ezahlukeneyo kunceda ekukhanyiseni amandla nobuthathaka bendlela yokusebenzisa amaMerika.

Inkqubo yePalamente

Kulawulo-mthetho lwepalamente (umz., waseManyene, eKhanada), umphathi-mikhosi ukhutshwe kwindlu yowiso-mthetho. Umphathi-mikhosi kunye nomphathi-mikhosi angamalungu epalamente yaye angasuswa ngevoti yokungathembani. Oku kudityaniswa kwamagunya kwenza inkqubo ephumelelayo yemithetho-mthetho, njengoko umphathi olawulayo edla ngokukwazi ukuzalisekisa izakhelo zakhe ngaphandle kwe-drock log. Noko ke, ii-checks zolawulo zibuthathaka: akukho kwahlukana okungqongqo, kwaye i-judiciary inokuba namandla amancinane okuwisa imithetho (kwi-UK, ipalamente ingumlawuli). Abanye baphikisa ukuba iinkqubo zepalamente zinokuchatsha ngelixanduva kuba abavotiweyo benokulungela ngaphandle kolawulo, ngoxa abanye bexhalabele ukunyaniswa kwegunya elilawulayo.

Iinkqubo zeSemi-Presidential vs.

Iinkqubo zomongameli njengamazwe amaninzi ase-U.S. kunye namazwe amaninzi aseMzantsi Merika anexesha elisisigxina elizimeleyo lomongameli wendlu yowiso-mthetho. Oku kunokukhokelela kukwahlulwa kukarhulumente kunye nomkhosi ongasebenziyo, kodwa kwakhona kunika iimvavanyo ezomeleleyo. Inkqubo yeSemi-presitial system (umz., iFransi) inawo omabini umongameli kunye nomphathiswa-magunya olawulayo, ukwabelana ngegunya. Oku kunokudala ubuhlalisane apho umongameli kunye noninzi lwepalamente lusuka kumaqela awohlukeneyo, lunyanzelela ulalaniso. Inkqubo nganye ineenkqubo zayo ezilungelelanisayo, njengeenkundla zomgaqo-siseko, abameli abazimeleyo, kunye norhulumente.

Umanyano njengengcebiso eyongezelelekileyo

Kwinkqubo zikarhulumente (umz., wase-U.S., eJamani, e-Ostreliya), igunya lahlulwe kwakhona phakathi koorhulumente besizwe naborhulumente. Oku kwahlulwa okuthe nkqo kwamandla kunika olunye ulwahlulo lovavanyo, njengoko amazwe enokuxhathisa ukuphanjwa korhulumente. INkundla ePhakamileyo yase-U.S. isoloko ikhusela ulawulo lukarhulumente kwiindawo ezinjengemfundo, ulawulo, kunye nokusetyenziswa komhlaba. Umkhosi weFederalismu uphehla amandla ngokubhekele phaya, uwenza kube nzima ngakumbi nakuwo nawuphi na umgangatho karhulumente wokulawula.

Isiphelo

Ulungelelwano lwamandla asingomthetho okhoyo wenkulungwane ye-18; ngumgaqo ophilayo, ojikelezayo oqhubeka ubumba ulawulo lwedemokhrasi. Abafundi kunye nabafundisi abafunda le ngcamango bafumana ukuqonda ngendlela oorhulumente abangayikhusela ngayo inkululeko ngexa behlala bephumelela. Amasebe amathathu karhulumente (ukunqunyulwa, ukuwiswa kwemithetho, kunye nokugwetywa kwetyala) alungiselela ukuqwalasela, ukuphendulana, nokuvelela. Iingcali zembali ezifana noMontesquieu kunye noMadison zibekwe isiseko, kodwa isizukulwana ngasinye kufuneka sikhusele kwaye silungelelanise la maziko kwiingxaki ezintsha.

Iingxoxo ezingemiyalelo yegunya eliphakamileyo, ukumiswa kwekomiti elawulayo, kunye ne-gravislock zibonisa ukuba ulungelelwano lwamandla alunakukhuselwa ngokusisigxina. Kufuna ukuganana okusebenzayo kwabemi, abamisi-mthetho, nabagwebi. Ukuqonda iimvavanyo kunye nezingqino kunika amandla abavoti ukuba bavavanye iinkokeli zabo, baziqonde, baqonde, kwaye bakhuthaze iinguqu ezilondoloza ingqibelelo yedemokhrasi. Kubafundisi, abafundisa ukulungelelanisa amandla akuthethi nje ngokuchaza izakhiwo .

[[FLT: 0] ufundo oluphinda-phindiweyo: lunxulumanisa noovimba bakho abanegunya. Cwangcisa umGaqo-siseko wesizwe''''''iSiko loMgaqo-siseko''oManyano-siseko' [ukuchaza ngokuphindaphindeneyo kwisigaba ngasinye. Funda [[[FLT:]][FLT]][5] umahluko opheleleyo kwiprojekthi nganye. [FLT]