IBhunga le-United States limi njengesiseko senkqubo yowiso-mthetho eMelika, isiko le-bamaral elilungiselelwe ukulungelelanisa amandla phakathi kwamazwe amakhulu namancinane ngeli xesha liqinisekisa ngokucokisekileyo kwimicimbi ebalulekileyo yesizwe. Njengoko isebe lemithetho-siseko, iBhunga linegunya elipheleleyo lokwenza imithetho, ukuvakalisa imfazwe, ukulawula ukusetyenziswa kwezorhwebo, kunye nokulawula irhafu. Ukuqonda isakhiwo, imisebenzi, kunye nocelomngeni lweBhunga loMbutho kuyimfuneko kubafundi nabafundisi ngokufanayo, njengoko kucacisa indlela idemokhrasi esebenza ngayo. Oku kubhekisa phambili kwisiseko sembali, iprocrialcutic iincuties, kunye neengcinezelo ezikhoyo kule nkqubo, inikeza imbono ebanzi yenkonzo eqhubekayo kwinkqubo yezobupolitika yaseMelika.

Isiseko somGaqo-siseko seBhunga

Abaququzeli bomGaqo-siseko, abadibana ePhiladelphia ngowe-1787, abayila iNgqungquthela njengesebe lokuqala likarhulumente, befaka ngabom amagunya anezicatshulwa kwiGatya I. Isigqibo sokwakha indlu yowiso-mthetho ebizwa ngokuba yi-bimearral savela kwiNkulu yokuLawulwa, eyasombulula imfazwe phakathi kwamazwe amakhulu axhasa ubuchule bobuzwinakele kunye namazwe amancinane afuna ilizwi alinganayo. Indlu yabameli izakuhlulwa ngokwahlulwa ngokwabemi, iyenze yamkeleke ngqo kunyulo olukhethekileyo, ngelixa ngalinye elinomthetho, lobunjani obungalinganiyo, inika uvavanyo kwinkoliso nolawulo lwesizwe. Olu cwangciso lubini lwalufuna ukucotha kwenkqubo yomthetho, inyanzelela ukudlula kwizindlu ezimbini ezihlukeneyo nemijikeleyo kunye nemijikelezo-mthetho.

Ingqungquthela yenza uludwe lwamandla . njengawokuqamba imali, ukuseka ii-post ofisi, kunye nokunyusa imikhosi, kwaye amandla athatyathwe kwi-I eyiyo nefanelekileyo ka-Claus (ISiqendu I, iCandelo 8, Claus 18). Ngaphezu kweenkulungwane ezimbini, umlinganiselo wegunya lombutho unyukile kwiinkcazelo zeNkundla ePhakamileyo kunye neemfuno zolawulo eziluncedo, ukade uhlale ungonakalanga. Ukuqwalasela ngokunzulu okubhaliweyo komgaqo-siseko, tyelela umGaqo-siseko wogcino-siseko wesizwe

Indlu Yabameli: Ikomkhulu Labantu

Indlu yabameli inamalungu anokuba ngama-465 okuvota, ngalinye lisebenza iintetho zeminyaka emibini kwaye limela izithili ezizotywe phakathi kwamaphondo awo. Inani lezihlalo kwiphondo ngalinye liphinda libalwe rhoqo emva kweminyaka elishumi emva kokuba kubhaliswe inani labantu abakwiminyaka elishumi, inkqubo eyaziwa ngokuba kukuchola. Ixesha elifutshane lonyulo linempazamo: abameli kufuneka bajonge abavoti rhoqo, besenza iNdlu ibe yeyona ndawo isondeleyo yoluvo lukawonke-wonke. Indlu ikwanelungelo lokuqalisa iindleko (irhafu kunye nokuhlawula) kunye namagosa angoorhulumente abaququququzelelayo.

Inkqubo yokhokelo neyomsebenzi

USithethi weNdlu, onyulwe liqela elininzi, ngumphathi-mikhosi wolawulo wegumbi kunye nomnye wawona manani anamandla eWashington. USithethi ulawula amatyala eekomiti, kwaye umisela amalungu kwiikomiti ezikhethekileyo kunye neekomiti zengqungquthela. Phantsi kweSithethi, umphathi omkhulu kunye noninzi lwesabhokhwe balawula ingxoxo yomgangatho kunye nokhuhlo. Inkqubo yekomiti ye-injini yeNdlu: iikomiti ezimileyo njenge-Approprias, Iindlela kunye ne-Atem, iJaudiary, kunye neMiqathango yeMiqathango. Ngaphantsi kwemimandla ekhethekileyo yeNkqulukwano. Ikomiti engaphantsi kwe-Phosahlulo, iphethe imicimbi yokuchola, ihambo yokuchola apho imiqathango inokwenziwa khona, kwaye incomela umthetho kwikomiti epheleleyo. Indlu isebenzisa neKomiti yeMimiselo, ibizwa ngokuba yi-coffactive proce" kwimiqatha yemiqatha yemiqatha yemiqatha, enikezelwa, nokuba inikwa phantsi komthetho, okanye iqwa, nokuba iqwa phantsi komthetho, okanye

Umgangatho kunye nohlahlo

Emva kokuba kuphume isibham kwikomiti, kufuneka sibekwe kwikhalenda ukuze kuqwalaselwe umgangatho. Iqela elininzi lilawula ucwangciso lomgangatho, ngokufuthi lisebenzisa imithetho ekhethekileyo ukukhulula okanye ukuvala ingxoxo. Indlu isebenza phantsi kwengxoxo ecwangcisiweyo enexesha elilinganiselweyo. Iivoti zokugqibela zibhalwe ngekhompyutha, kwaye uvotelo oluqhelekileyo ukuba onke amalungu akhona) luyafuneka ukuze angene. IQuorum iqinisekisa ukuba ubuncinane bamalungu angama-218 akhona phambi kwevoti. Ukufumana ulwazi oluphilayo kwimicimbi yasendlwini, bona indlu yendlu. [[FT:0]

IBhunga Leengqungquthela: Icandelo Eliphezulu Lokukhulula

IBhunga leNtsimbi linamalungu ali-100, amabini avela kwiphondo ngalinye, asebenza amabinzana ama-6 eminyaka. IBhunga likhethwe ekuqaleni ziindlu zowiso-mthetho zikarhulumente, abaququzeli baye bakhethwa ngqo ukususela ekuhlaziyweni koMphetho-mda we-17 ngowe1913. Igama elide ligquma ii-senator kwiminqweno kawonke wonke ekhawulezayo, lizivumela ukuba zijolise kwizilangazelelo zexesha elide lesizwe. I-Cantenet ibamba amandla akhethekileyo: ukuqinisekisa ukumiswa komongameli (amalungu e-cabinet, abagwebi borhulumente, abagwebi bolawulo borhulumente, ii-omatila) kunye nezivumelwano zokuqinisekisa izimvoti ezimbini ezi-3. Ikwaqhuba iimvavanyo ezifuna ukuvoti ezimbini ezi-3.

Ukhokelo Nezithethe Zendlu Yezigebenga

Umongameli onguMongameli oyisekela we-United States ukhonza njengoMongameli weBhunga leNtlanganiso, kodwa angavota kuphela ukwaphula iqhina. Indlu yeNdlu yeeNtsimbi ikhetha uMongameli wexesha elingaphambili (ngokuqhelekileyo elona lungu likhulu leqela) ukuba akhokele ekungabini koMongameli onguMongameli ophetheyo. Inkokeli yeMajoni yinkokeli ededo, emisela ikhalenda yowiso-mthetho kunye nokuqhubana nezihlalo zeekomiti. Amaxabiso eSihlalo seBhunga soMkhosi wamazwe, kuquka ilungelo elingasigxina, kuquka ilungelo elingasipheliyo lokusebenzisa i-genebuster.

IFilibuster Nesinyithi

I-filbuster ivumela umphathi-mngeni ukuba alibazise okanye avimbele uvoti ngokuthetha ngobude okanye ngokubonakalisa nje injongo yokuphikisana. Ukuphelisa i-finbuster, iNdlu yeNyanga ingacela amaza, inkqubo efuna amavoti angama-60 evoti-/a egrafisi ephezulu efuna ngokunempumelelo i-bipartisstan isebenzisane yomthetho omkhulu. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, ukusetyenziswa kwe-ficialster kunyuke ngokuphawulekayo, kukhokelela kwi-drooctickbock nokhuphiso lwexesha. Uhlahlolo lwemiqathango, olufuna kuphela isininzi sezixhobo ezifunekayo kwi-bolicbuster, ezikhethelweyo kumthetho weqela lerhafu, emalini eninzi efunekayo, ekhokhwaseni, esetyenziswayo, nokuncitshiswa kwemali. Ukufundwa okuqhubekayo kokufundwa kwenkqubo ye-Stelets, ukutyelelwa kwe-'ie-Romati.[F]

Inkqubo yoMthetho oziinkcukacha: Ukusuka kuBhili ukuya kuMthetho

Ukuqonda uhambo lwetyala kwiKhonkxamenti kunika ukuqonda ubuntsonkotha bokwenza umthetho. Inkqubo engezantsi ichaza indlela esezantsi, nangona ingenayo imijelo enqumlayo negqithayo.

Ukwazisa kunye nokubuyisela

Naliphi na ilungu leBhunga lingazisa isiBhodi kwigumbi lalo. Endlini, kuphoswa umthetho kwi "sonke"; kwiBhunga leNtlanganiso, umququzeleli wequmrhu uvakalisa ityala eliphantsi. Imali nganye ifumana inani (umz. H.R. 1 okanye S. 1) kwaye ibhekiselwe kwikomiti emileyo efanelekileyo yi-palemente. Isitulo sekomiti sigqiba ukuba ingaba siyabela na ityala kwilungu elingaphantsi lekhompathisi.

IKomiti neNkqutyana

Iikomiti zibamba amatyala apho amangqina ````ikomiti'' evumela ukuba amangqina, amagosa esebe, kunye nabameli benzala bangqina.' Emva kokuva, ikomiti encinci ithatha intlanganiso yokulungisa ityala le ngxelo ize ivote kulwimi lwetyala. Ikomiti epheleleyo ngoko iyayiphinda inkqubo. Ukuba ikomiti iyawuvumela lo mthetho ("uxwebhu"), ithumela uxwebhu kwigumbi elipheleleyo kunye nengxelo echaza amalungiselelo ayo kunye nengxelo. Ukuba ikomiti iyasilela ukwenza, isibongozo "amalungu ekomitini"." ukukhupha izibongozo kwindlu (i-Phondo 218) kusayinwaywa) kungayinyanzela ukuba i-ript, kodwa esi sixhobo siphumelele.

Ingxoxo yomgangatho kunye neNkqubo yoHlomelo

Kwindlu, iMimiselo ikhupha ingxoxo yeKomiti yolawulo olukhethekileyo lomthetho. Phantsi komthetho ovaliweyo, akukho zinguquko zivumelekileyo; phantsi komthetho olungelelanisiweyo, kuphela izilungisi ezikhethekileyo ezimkelwe yiKomiti yeMimiselo ziqwalaselwe; phantsi komthetho ovulekileyo, nasiphi na isilungiso se-gnome kunganikelwa kumgangatho. IBhunga alinayo iKomiti yeMimiselo enamandla afanayo; endaweni yoko, abaquququzeli banganikela intengi yezo zimpetho (abatshati) kwimiba, ngokufuthi esetyenziselwa ukudibanisa amalungiselelo okungangeni ngokomthetho wokudluliswa. Ingxoxo kwiBhaluneli idla ngokuba negxa-bala ingabi.

Ukukhanyisa nokudlula

Emva kokuqukumbela ingxoxo, umphathi-mikhosi olawulayo uyabiza ukuba kuvotelwe. Endlwini, amavoti arekhodiweyo athathwa ngombane. KwiBhunga leNtlanganiso, amavoti atsalwa ngelizwi okanye ngombane, ngezandi ezibhengeza iivoti zabo. Uninzi oluqhelekileyo luthumela ireji kwenye igumbi. Ukuba igumbi lesibini lidlulisa uhlobo olufanayo, irejistal iyabhaliswa kwaye ithunyelwe kumongameli. Ukuba igumbi lesibini lilungisa irekhodi, iinguqulelo ezimbini kufuneka ziphinde zivuselelwe.

IiKomiti zeNgqungquthela Nokunconywa Kokugqibela

Ukuba iNdlu kunye neNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNdlela neNdlu yeeNtlanganiso zidlulisa iinguqulelo ezahlukeneyo, ikomiti yengqungquthela `iququzelela kuzo zombini iigumbi', ityunjwe ukuba ithethe ngokunyenyelisa. Ingxelo yenkomfa mayivunywe ngawo omabini amagumbi ngaphandle kokubuyiselwa kotshintsho. Xa igqitywe, ityala libhaliswa lize linikwe umongameli. Umongameli uneentsuku ezilishumi zokuyisayina umthetho, i-vetous, okanye ingabina ngqongqo. Ukuba umongameli umongameli u-vetoes, iBhunga lisenokukhombeka ngobuninzi obuzii-3 kwigumbi ngalinye. /aa kunokwenzeka ukuba imikhosi exhasa i-bilisparnan.

Ulawulo lweBhunga: Ukubeka ityala kuMlawuli oLawulayo

Ngaphandle kokubekwa komthetho, iBhunga lilawula isebe eliphetheyo ukuqinisekisa ukuphunyezwa komthetho ngokuthembeka. Eli gunya liboniswa liQumrhu I kwaye linyuswe ngemithetho efana ne-Inpector General Act kunye noMthetho woLawulo loMbutho kunye noLawulo lwe-Impoundment. Ulawulo olunempumelelo lubalulekile ekuthinteleni ukuphanga, ukuchitha inkcitho, nokusetyenziswa kakubi kwegunya.

Izixhobo zobuGcisa

IBhunga lisebenzisa iindlela ezahlukahlukeneyo zokulawula amaqumrhu asekuhlaleni:

Indima Yoqingqo - mali Yengqungquthela

Ingqungquthela ilawula izihlalo zemali yemali ngolawulo lwesikhwama semali. Indlu iqalisa ukukhupha iindleko zemali, yiyiphi inkqubo yoqoqosho lohlahlo-mali. Inkqubo ibandakanya isicelo soqingqo-mali somongameli, izigqibo zoqingqo-mali (ukwenza isimbuku sigqibelele), kunye neshumi elinesibini lamatyala emali emali ebhaytwayo ngonyaka. Xa iBhunga lisilela ukudlulisa ii-appropriations, ukuvalwa korhulumente kuyenzeka. I-ofisi yoHofisi yoHlawulo loHwemali (CBO) inika izicwangciso-mali ezingeyo zoNxazulu, inika abafaki-mthetho iziqinisekiso ezizinzileyo zezigqibo.

Iingxaki Ezijamelene Neentlangano

Nangona ingumgaqo - siseko onamandla, iNgqungquthela ilwa nemibandela emininzi ephelisa ukuphumelela kwayo nokuthenjwa kwayo ngabantu.

Ukwenziwa kwelanga kunye nokutshixwa kwe-Grid

Kumashumi eminyaka aliqela adluleyo, isithuba sengqiqo phakathi kwamaqela amabini aphambili siye sakhula. Amalungu aphakathi anyamalala kakhulu, athathelwa indawo zii-cessives ezidibeneyo ezinqabileyo ezinqamleza imigca yeqela. Oku kuthamba kwethafa kukhokelela kwi-gridlock, apho iindleko ezinkulu zidlula ngaphandle kokuba iqela elinye lilawula omagumbi omabini kunye nolawulo. Ukusetyenziswa rhoqo kwe-Ndoublebuster exerbacba, kufuna amavoti angama-60 kwiNtsimbi yemithetho emininzi efuna ummiselo omninzi, qhaqhinga ekunzima ukufikelela kuwo kwimekobume eyahlukeneyo engama-50-50.

Ukuphelisa Intembelo Kawonke - wonke

Ukubekwa kwemvume kawonke wonke kweBhunga kuye kwanda kwiminyaka yabantwana namashumi amabini yakutshanje. AmaMerika amaninzi ajonga isiko njengelonakalisayo, elingasabeliyo, nelingasebenziyo. Oku kungathembani kubangelwa yimbono yokuphembelela okungafanelekanga ngabahlali, ukuxambulisana okuqhelekileyo, nengqiqo yokuba amalungu anomdla kakhulu ekunyulweni kunokumelweni ngokunyanisekileyo. Ukuthemba okuphantsi kunciphisa ukubophelela kwezentlalo-ntle kwaye kunokukhuthaza oomongameli ukuba baphephe iBhunga ngemiyalelo yegunya kunye nolawulo lweziko.

Imali Kwezobupolitika

Imali yenkamkelo iye yaba ngumba wembambano. Isigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo yowama-2010 sikwayi-CIIN [i-FEC'. ivumele ukusetyenziswa kwezopolitiko ngokungenasiphelo ngemibutho kunye namaqumrhu, nto leyo ekhokelela ekunyukeni kwePucial PaCs namaqela e-mali amnyama. Ityala lidla ngokuchitha isahlulo esibalulekileyo semali yabo yemali ebhankini kunokusetyenziswa kwemilenze. Olu hlanga lwezixhobo lwemali lungagqwetha umelo, njengoko amalungu enokuthi anelise izityebi ezityebileyo ngaphezulu kwii-adia. Ukuhlazinziswa kwemali, bona iingxelo Brenan iziko zeJajini zeJaji [[FLT][FL:3].]

Umgaqo-nkqubo

Inkqubo yokulungisa, elawulwa ziindlu zowiso-mthetho zikarhulumente, ivumela abaxhasi beGarrymandering .", ukutsala imigca yesithili ukuba ithande iqela elinye. Oku kunciphisa ukhuphiswano lwezinyusi kwaye kungenza izihlalo ezikhuselekileyo apho abantu abakwizintlu bejongene nomngcipheko omncinane wokuphumelela. Ngenxa yoko, abameli banokuba baninzi ngakumbi ukwanelisa abavoti babo abaphambili, ngokubhekele phandle iNkundla. Ngelixesha iNkufumana iGarryman ingumbuzo wezopolitiko ngaphandle kokuqwalaselwa, amanye amaphondo amisele amagunya okuzingela ukuthoba.

Ikamva Lengqungquthela Kulawulo - melo LwaseMerika

IKhomishini ihlala ilisebe elimela urhulumente, kodwa amaziko ayo kufuneka aqhelane nezinto zale mihla. Iinkqubo zotshintsho ziquka imida yamalungu, iinguqu kwi-nfilbuster, intguqu zezenkxaso yemali, kunye nokusetyenziswa kakhulu kobugcisa bokuveza ukukhanya kunye nokudibanisa. Ukuvela kwezixhobo zonxibelelwano lwezentlalo ngokusisiseko kuye kwayiguqula indlela amalungu anxibelelana ngayo nabavoti, ukudlula kwezesithethe kodwa kwanokukhuthaza amagumbi eendlebe. Abafundisi kunye neenkokeli zezentlalo-ntle kufuneka bakhuthaze abafundi ukuba baqonde ezi mpembelelo zingeyo njengeengcamango ezingaqondakaliyo, kodwa njengemikhosi ebumba zonke iinkalo zolawulo .

Ngokufunda iBhunga, abafundi bafumana uxabiso olunzulu ngokuntsonkotha kokwenza umthetho nokulungelelana kwamandla okuchaza inkqubo ye-U. Kukuba ngummi onolwazi, ukuba nenxaxheba ngokukhutheleyo kunyulo, nokunika abameli ityala lokuba iBhunga linokuzalisekisa isithembiso salo somGaqo-siseko. Uhambo oluya kwindlu yowiso-mthetho ephumelelayo lufuna ukuba kubekho utshintsho oluthenjiswayo kunye nocelomngeni oluqhubekayo oluchaza amandla edemokhrasi yaseMerika.