Isebe elilawulayo lorhulumente waseUnited States yi-injini eguqulela injongo yomthetho kwisenzo esibonakalayo. Ngeli xesha iingxoxo zeBhunga kunye nokugqithisa amatyala, kwaye isebe lejaji eliphetheyo lichaza umthetho, isebe eliqinisekisa ukusebenza kwemini yonke, ukunyanzelisa urhulumente. Eli candelo likhulu, eliquka izigidi zabasebenzi abangathathi-nxaxheba, abasebenzi basemkhosini, kunye nothungelwano oluninzi lwamaqumrhu agunya, lubekwa umthetho wesiseko somthetho, umsebenzi omkhulu: ukuthatha imiyalelo jikelele yomthetho nokuwuguqula ube yimithetho engqongqo, iinkonzo, kunye neziphumo. Eli nqaku linika ukujonga okubanzi kwiinkqubo, abadlali, abaphathi bemidlalo, kunye nemigaqo-siseko ekhokelayo ekuphumezeni umthetho, ukusuka kwimisebenzi yomthetho kaMongameli, kwimibutho yemithetho-ograli yemithetho yomthetho kunye nomthetho-ograc.

Isiseko somGaqo-siseko samandla alawulayo

Iplani yesebe elilawulayo ifumaneka kwiGatya II lomGaqo-siseko wase-U. Ngokungafaniyo namandla achaziweyo, adwelisweyo eBhunga kwiQumrhu I, Inqaku II lifutshane kwaye liqulunqwa. ICandelo I libeka amandla alawulayo kuMongameli omnye, icebo elenziwe ngabalawuli ukuqinisekisa amandla, ukuphendula, nokugqibela kurhulumente. Oku kugxininiswa kwegunya kwaba kukusabela ngqo kubuthathaka boMgaqo-nkqubo weNtlalo, obengenalo linegunya elinamandla lokuthobela imithetho yesizwe.

ICandelo III leQumrhu II liqulethe esona myalelo ubalulekileyo wokuphumeza umthetho: uMongameli "Uyakukukhathalele ukuphunyezwa koMthetho ngokuthembekileyo. Oku Kunyamekela uClaus likhundla lomGaqo-siseko ukuze kusebenze bonke abalawuli. Kumisela umsebenzi ongelula kuMongameli ukuqinisekisa ukuba imithetho edluliswa yiBhunga iphunyezwa ngokunempumelelo nangokholo olulungileyo. Le ngxelo ibonakala ilula itolikwa ngabaphengululi neenkundla ukunika umphathi obalulekileyo onegunya kuwo wonke urhulumente. Ithetha ukuba amandla okukhokela abangaphantsi, ukutolika imithetho egunyaziswayo ngokusebenza ngokusebenza okufanayo kwenkqubo karhulumente kulo lonke ilizwe.

UMgaqo-siseko ukwanika uMongameli amandla okumisela amagosa ayintloko eUnited States, afana noonobhala kunye nabagwebi beSigqeba, nangona eli gunya liphantsi "kokusebenza nokuvuma" kweNdlu yeNdlu yeeNkulumbuso. Ngaphezu koko, uMongameli usenokufuna uluvo, ngokubhala, lomphathi-mikhosi oyintloko kwisebe ngalinye elilawulayo kulo nawuphi na umsebenzi wabo. Eli lungiselelo lilula lavela kwinkqubo yeKhabhinethi, apho uMongameli athelela iintloko zesebe eliphetheyo ukuze alulekwe kwaye asebenzisane. I-ofisi yoomongameli isenokufuna uluvo, ngokufumana igunya elingakumbi kuVescaeleacle, elinika "uphathiswa" kuMongameli, ibinzana eliqondwayo ukuqulungela onke amandla omgangatho omgangatho ophezulu, umgangatho omgangatho ophezulu, umgangatho ophezulu kunye nokunikwa kwegunya kwimiGwawomGwamathelela.

Ukuqonda okunzulu okubhaliweyo kwasekuqaleni kunye nokutolikwa kwako, ugcino-lwazi lwamazwe lunika umbhalo opheleleyo wenqaku II.

UMongameli njengoMphathi-mikhosi Oyintloko

Oomongameli bale mihla benza indima ephambili kwaye edla ngokuba yeyona iphambili kwinkqubo yowiso-mthetho, befumana isiqu esingacwangciswanga se "Sigqeba somthetho-mthetho oPhambili" Le mpembelelo isetyenziswa phambi nasemva kokuba iBhunga lidlulise umthetho, ubumbano, umlinganiselo, kwaye ekugqibeleni uphunyezwe komthetho worhulumente.

Ucwangciso LweAgenda Nemeko Yomanyano

Inkqubo yokuzalisekisa idla ngokuqalisa ixesha elide ngaphambi kokuba isibhaka-mali sityikitywe. UMongameli umisela imimiselo yemithetho ngokwedilesi yonyaka yeSizwe se-Union, isindululo soqingqo-mali esinikelwe kwiNdlu yowiso-mthetho, kunye nezicelo ezithile zowiso-mthetho ezicetyiweyo zeNdlu eWhite. La maxwebhu abonisa izinto eziphambili zolawulo kwaye anika iplani yeBhunga, echaza isiseko somhlaba nokuchaza indalo yonke yeenketho zenkqubo. Uqingqo-mali, ngokukodwa, sisixhobo esinamandla, njengoko icebisa ukuxhasa imigangatho yeenkqubo zorhulumente, ngokunempumelelo ekumiseleni imithetho ekhoyo kunyaka ozayo.

Amandla eVeto Nendlela Asetyenziswa Ngayo

Xa iKhompathimente igqithisa ityala, uMongameli usebenzisa igunya, uvavanyo oloyikekayo kwisebe lemithetho. UMongameli angasayisayina ireyibhile kumthetho, i-veto, okanye ayivumele ukuba ibe ngumthetho ngaphandle kosayino emva kweentsuku ezilishumi. I-veto ithumela irekhoda yokubuyela kwiKhomishini, enokuthi inyanzelise kuphela ngesithathu esiphezulu esiphezulu esiphezulu esimagumbini. Olu bhanki lungenza ukuba lungabi sisixhobo esingalunganga. I-veto asiyosixhobo esingalunganga nje esingalunganga; sisixhobo esicebisi esithe ngqo. Isisongelo nje seveto sinyanzele ukuba siqhube ungqungqubano nomthetho onyathela umthetho oya kumongameli ngaphambi kokuba ufike edesiki. Udidi oluthile lwemali oluthe ngqo lwemali luye lwathatha inyathelo ngemini ye-10, kwaye lungabulawa ngaphandle komthetho ofanelekileyo.

Ukusayina iintetho kunye nokucaciswa kwegunya

Isixhobo esinempikiswano kakhulu kumongameli wale mihla yingxelo yokutyikitywa komthetho. Xa etyikitywa umthetho, uMongameli angakhupha ingxelo ebhaliweyo echaza indlela abawuchaza ngayo umthetho, ngokufuthi ebonisa indlela isebe eliphetheyo elizimisele ngayo ukwenza amalungiselelo athile. Ezinye iingxelo zokutyikitya ziphakamisa iimpikiswano zomgaqo-siseko, zikhokela amaqumrhu alawulayo ukuba anganyanzeli amalungiselelo ajonge ukuchaswa kwamandla olawulo. Ngoxa la magama engagunyaziswanga kwiinkundla, asebenza njengesikhokelo esingqalileyo semithetho ye-orhulumente. Abachasi baphikisa ukuba abumba umgqaliselo-mente, abawuhoyi umthetho njengoko kubhaliwe. Abameli bawajonga njengokusetyenziswa okufanelekileyo koMphathiswa woMgaqo-siseko ukutolika kunye "ukunyamekela" ukuba imithetho isetyenziswe ngendlela yomgaqo-siseko.

Imiyalelo nemiyalelo yegunya

Mhlawumbi esona sixhobo singqalileyo sokulungisa ukwenziwa kolawulo ngumyalelo olawulayo. Imiyalelo egunyazisiweyo yimiyalelo ekhutshwe nguMongameli kumaqumrhu anegunya lomthetho. Kufuneka ibekwe kwigunya elikhoyo lomthetho okanye umGaqo-siseko ngokwawo. Imiyalelo yesiLawulo esiPhezulu isetyenziswa ukwalathisa imisebenzi karhulumente wesizwe, ukwenziwa kolawulo, ukucalula imigaqo-nkqubo, kunye nokuzalisekisa izinto eziphambili. Imizekelo efana noLawulo lwegunya 9981, eyathi yayeka imikhosi exhobileyo, kunye noMthetho olawulayo 9066, eyagunyazisa i-Japan Merika edivenentssion ephakathi kwemfazwe yehlabathi II, ibonisa amandla amakhulu kunye nomphumo wesixhobo. Umongameli we-ccrial projectladadandssionerrence kunye nezibhengezo zisebenza kwimisebenzi efanayo, isalathisa umsebenzi wombutho ngaphandle kokulandelela ngokusesikweni kwendlela yendlela yendlela yolawulo.

Oomatshini bakarhulumente: IKhabhinethi kunye nePhondo

UMongameli usenokuba yintloko yesebe elilawulayo, kodwa owona msebenzi wokuzalisekisa umthetho wenziwe luthungelwano olukhulu lwamasebe, amasebe, amaqumrhu, iikhomishini, kunye namaqumrhu karhulumente. Eli gunya lingumatshini osisigxina karhulumente, ojongene nokuphunyezwa komthetho ngesiseko sosuku olunye. Ukuqonda isakhiwo salo matshini kungundoqo ekuqondeni indlela inkqubo enokwenziwa ngayo yokwenene.

ISebe eliLawulayo

Kukho amasebe alawulayo ali-15, ngalinye elikhokelwa nguNobhala (ngaphandle kweSebe loBulungiseleli, elikhokelwa nguSosiba-jikelezo we-Attorney) okhonza njengelungu leKhabhinethi kaMongameli. La masebe makhulu, aqwalaselwe ziinkonzo anezixanduva ezibanzi zentlalo-ntle yaseMerika.

  • Isebe lokhuselo: imigaqo enxulumene nokhuseleko lwesizwe kunye nemisebenzi yomkhosi.
  • Isebe leSebe lezempilo neleeNkonzo zoluntu (HHS): Abalungiseleli iMedicaid, iAffordible Care Act, kunye noLawulo lweFood kunye neDrug Administration (FDA).
  • Isebe loKhuseleko lwasekhaya (DHS): imithetho ye-irfticess, ilawula ukhuseleko lomda, kwaye ilungelelanisa impendulo yentlekele nge-FEMA.
  • Isebe leNgxelo-mali: iqokelela irhafu nge-IRS, ilawula imali yesebe, kwaye izalisekisa izigwebo zezoqoqosho.

Isebe ngalinye lingumbutho weentloko kunye nabamiselwe bezobupolitika abaphezulu nabasebenzi abasebenzayo abaphumeza imisebenzi engundoqo yeli sebe.

Izicelo neeKhomishini ezizimeleyo

Ngaphaya kwe-15 yamasebe alawulayo, uthotho olubanzi lwamaziko azimeleyo adlala indima ephambili ekuzalisekiseni. Imisebenzi efana ne-Evironmental Protection Agency (EPA), iKhomishini yoBungameli kunye ne-Exchange (SEC), iFederal Reserve, kunye ne-Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) jikelele igcinwa ngaphakathi kwisebe elilawulayo kodwa isebenza ngeqondo elikhulu lokuzimela ngokwasemthethweni kulawulo oluthe ngqo. Amaninzi alawulwa yibhodi okanye yikhomishini enamalungu ashukumathezeko okushukuma kwemithetho e-omatshini okanye ayakwazi ukususwa kuphela ngenxa yezizathu (njengokusebenza okanye ukukhubazeka). Esi sakhiwo sicelelwa ukuba siwa zikhuthane kwingcinezelo yezopolitiko, eziwazisa izigqibo ezisekelwe kulawulo lwezobugcisa kunye ne-omatshini, ezingundoqo kakhulu kwimisebenzi ye-odikidiance.

Amaqumrhu karhulumente

Eminye imisebenzi karhulumente yenziwa ngamaqumrhu karhulumente, njengeNkonzo yeposi yase-U.S., iAmtrak, kunye neGunya leNtlambo yaseTennessee (TES). La maqumrhu asebenza njengamashishini obuqu kodwa angawawo urhulumente wezwe. Aneqondo eliphezulu lokuzilawula kwaye axhaswa ngemali eninzi ngemirhumo yomsebenzisi kunokuba anikwe inkxaso-mali yonyaka, awavumele ukuba anikele iinkonzo kuhlobo olungakumbi lweshishini ngoxa esakhonza umsebenzi kawonke-wonke.

Inkonzo Yamakhaya Nenkqubo Enika Imali

Umqulu osisiseko wokuzalisekisa yinkonzo karhulumente karhulumente. IPendleton Act ka-1883 yaseka inkqubo esekelwe ekuqeshweni nasekunyuseni, endaweni ye "isipoils" apho imisebenzi karhulumente yanikwa khona njengokhuselo lwezopolitiko. Namhlanje, i-Ofisi yoLawulo lwabasebenzi (OPM) ijonge ukuqeshwa nokuhlelwa kwezigidi zabaqeshwa besizwe abawenza umsebenzi wemihla ngemihla karhulumente. Lo gqirha, ongengomsebenzi wecawayo, unenjongo yokuba aqhubeke nobuchule bokusebenza kwisebe, kuqinisekisa ukuba imithetho isebenza ngokuqhubekayo nangokufanelekileyo nokuba ngabasebenzi abakwiNdlukwano abamhlophe.

Ukwenza Injini: Indlela Ingxamiseko Edala Ngayo Umthetho Onyanzelekileyo

Kuninzi lwabameli besizwe, isixhobo esiyintloko sokuzalisekisa umthetho ophangaleleyo kukudalwa kwemimiselo ngendlela eyaziwa njengeyokwenza umthetho. Xa iNgqungquthela idlulisa umthetho, idla ngokumisela iinjongo ezibanzi nemigaqo kodwa ishiya iinkcukacha ezicacileyo kubuchule bombutho. UMthetho we-Administrative Procedure (APA) ka- 1946 umisela inkqubo yokuyila le nkqubo, inika inkqubo equasi-lective yemibutho ukuba ivelise imithetho enamandla nesiphumo somthetho.

Le nkqubo iqalisa ngamanqanaba amaninzi angundoqo:

  1. [[NTL:0] Igunya lomfundisi- ntsapho:[ Congress igqithisa umthetho, njengoMthetho wococeko womoya, oyalela iEPA ukuseka imigangatho yobunjani bomoya besizwe (NAAQS) ukukhusela impilo kawonke-wonke.
  2. Umthetho ocetyiweyo: Umxhasi uphanda umba kunye needrafti umthetho ocetywayo. Ipapasha eli nqaku lomthetho ocetyisiweyo (NPRM) kwi Frederal Register. Esi saziso kufuneka siquke igunya lombutho elisemthethweni, umbhalo womthetho ocetyisiweyo, kunye nengcaciso enzulu yenjongo yayo kunye nengqiqo yayo.
  3. Inkcazo yePublic: I-APA igunyazisa ixesha "lokuchophela kunye namagqabaza", eliqhele ukuthatha iintsuku ezingama-30 ukuya kumashumi asibhozo. Naliphi na ilungu likawonke-wonke, kuquka abantu ngabanye, iinkampani, iinkampani, iimbutho zorhwebo, kunye namaqela ezinomdla woluntu, zingangenisa amagqabaza abhaliweyo. Umbutho ufunekayo ngokusemthethweni ukulesa, ukuqwalasela, nokuphendula kumagqabaza abalulekileyo.
  4. Umthetho oPhambili: Emva kokuqwalasela amagqabaza kawonke-wonke, umbutho wenza uguqulelo kwaye ukhupha umthetho wokugqibela kwi Faceral Register kunye [[FLT]] nomthetho [[FLT]] Idedede yeFoderal Regagement (CFR). Umthetho wokugqibela uquka isahlulo esichaza intlukwano somzinziso-mali kwiziphumo ezingundoqo nesiseko esisemthethweni sesiphumo sokugqibela. Kwangoko kupapashwa, umthetho unamandla omthetho. Ukungaphumeleli ukuthobela iziphumo ezintle okanye ezinye izibhambo.

Inyathelo elibalulekileyo kule nkqubo kukubukelelwa yi-Ofisi yeNkcubeko yoLwazi kunye neNkqutyana (OIRA). Ibekwe phakathi kwe-Ofesi yeNdlu emhlophe yoLawulo noHlahlo, i-OIRA ihlola imimiselo ebalulekileyo neyokugcina kumaziko aphetheyo. I-OIRA iqinisekisa umthetho ukuba uyavumelana nezinto eziphambili zikaMongameli kwaye ifuna uhlalutyo olunzima lwexabiso-bekolonga, iqwalasela enoba iingenelo zomthetho ziwathethelela na amaxabiso awo. Iwebhsayithi ye-'FLTY] inika iinkcukacha ezithe kratya kule nkqubo yokuhlola. Oku kumbindi wohlolo lunye lwezixhobo ezinamandla zophando lomthetho kulawula umgangatho.

Ukunyanzeliswa, Ubulumko Nokugwetywa Kolawulo

Ukwenza imimiselo kuyinxalenye yomsebenzi. Ukuzalisekisa kukwafuna ukunyanzeliswa komthetho osebenzayo yaye, kwiimeko ezininzi, inkqubo yangaphakathi yokusesikweni.

Ubulumko Bokutyholwa

Amasebe omanyano akakwazi ukuphanda okanye ukunyanzelisa ukuba kunokwenzeka ukuba kwaphulwe umthetho. Kufuneka bamisele izinto eziza kuqala. Oku kwaziwa njengomthetho womtshutshisi. Umzekelo, iSebe leJaji (DOJ) lingagqiba ukujolisa kulwaphulo-mthetho logonyamelo kulwaphulo-mthetho lwelanga olumhlophe kunyaka onikiweyo, okanye iSEC ingabeka phambili kumatyala okurhweba aphakathi kwabancinane abaxeli bokwaphula umthetho. Le ngqiqo ngumsebenzi oyimfuneko wesebe eliphetheyo elimele linike oovimba abambalwa abambalwa, kodwa kwakhona linokuba ngumthombo wempikiswano yezobupolitika, ingakumbi xa uMongameli ethumela abameli abasebenzi abasebenza ngokukhuthulula ulwaphulo-mthetho kwiindawo ezithile.

Ugwebo lolawulo

Amaqumrhu amaninzi aneenkqubo zawo zangaphakathi zokumisa izivumelwano ezimanyeneyo eziqukunjelwa phantsi kwemimiselo yawo. I-Social Security Administration (SA) inenkqubo enkulu yaBagwebi boMthetho (ALJs) abaphulaphula izibheno ezivela kubantu abakhanyelwe iingenelo. I-Ofisi Yolawulo lwe-Immigation Review (EIIR) yoomphathi beenkundla zokungena emakhaya apho abagwebi bagqibayo ukuba iinkundla zezokhuseleko zingagxothwa na. I-Federal Trade Commission (FTC) icela ukuvavanywa kwemicimbi engekho semthethweni. La maqumbhulumente anika ingqwala yezo ezikhethekileyo kunye (ingcamango) nenkqubo yokucothathisa ngokukhawuleza kunenkundla yezorhulumente. Le nkqubo ilawulwa ngamalungiselelo e-APAdic, isiqinisekiso sokuchomela, isaziso, kunye nesigqibo sokuchonga kwingxelo.

Indima Yabahloli Jikelele

Ukuqinisekisa ukuba isebe elilawulayo linetyala, umbutho ngamnye omkhulu une-Ofisi yeNkulumbuso (OIG). Ezi zigebenga zizimeleyo ziphanda ngezityholo zokuqhatha, ukulahlwa, ukuxhatshazwa, nokusetyenziswa kakubi kweziko lazo. Zinikela iingxelo zikawonke-wonke kwaye zinokubhekisa amatyala olwaphulo-mthetho kwiSebe loBululamisi. Umsebenzi wazo ulungiselela ukuvelela okusuka ngaphakathi, uqinisekisa ukuba imithetho ayiqukwa kuphela kodwa ukuba urhulumente ngokwakhe uqhuba ngokunyaniseka nangempumelelo.

Iingqikelelo, Ulungelelwano, kunye nokuphendula

Amandla amakhulu esebe elilawulayo okumisela umthetho agcinwa ejongiwe yinkqubo eyomeleleyo yokuvelela kwamanye amasebe amabini karhulumente nayimithetho ekhuthaza ukubonakala.

Ulawulo lwequmrhu

IKhomishini asingomntu nje oziqwalaseliyo emva kokudlulisela umthetho.

  • [[UMTL:0] Ukuva kunye nee-Subpoenas: iikomiti zoMbutho zibekwa amatyala ukuze zibuze amagosa olawulo ngezenzo zazo. Bangakhupha oopopu abasezantsi ukunyanzela ubungqina kunye nokuveliswa kwamaxwebhu.
  • Amandla entengiselwano: IBhunga lilawula inkxaso-mali yesebe ngalinye eliphetheyo. Ingasebenzisa iindleko zezicelo ukuvuza, ukusohlwaya, okanye ukuthintela inyathelo lombutho. Ingavala ummiselo okhethekileyo ngokudibanisa umkhweli kwingxelo yesixhobo.
  • I-Ofisi yobuNika-tyala yoRhulumente (GAO): GAO lisebe elizimeleyo, elingaphakamisiyo elisebenzela iBhunga. Ikhankanya iinkqubo zesebe lorhulumente kwaye ikhupha izimvo ezisemthethweni nokwenziwa kwesebe eliphetheyo. Iingxelo zayo zinempembelelo enkulu kwaye zisenza isiseko soova abaninzi.
  • I-Ofisi yoHlahlo loHlahlo-mali yeKhompyutha (CBO): ihlalutya iziphumo zoqingqo-mali zomthetho nemithetho ecetyiweyo, inika iKhomishini uhlolo oluzimeleyo lwamaxabiso neengenelo zesenzo segunya.

Impinda yezeejaji

Ijaji yephondo isebenza njengendawo egxekayo, iqinisekisa ukuba izenzo zesebe eliphetheyo azidluli kwigunya lomgaqo-siseko okanye lomthetho. Abantu ngabanye, iinkampani, kunye namagunya anganikela isiqinisekiso sokucela umngeni umthetho okanye inyathelo lokuqinisekisa. Iinkundla zihlola izenzo zomaziko phantsi kwe-APA, ezivumela ukuba zimisele bucala izenzo ezingu "ooknakekeli kunye nezingalawulekiyo" okanye "ogqithisileyo kulawulo lomthetho

Kwiminyaka engamashumi amabini, iinkundla zasebenzisa imfundiso [[[FLT:] IChevenron, eyafuna ukuba abagwebi bathobele utoliko olusengqiqweni lombutho olucacileyo lomthetho owawudibeneyo. Noko ke, ngo-2024, iNkundla Ephakamileyo yarhoxa IChevron[[FLT]] [kunokuba abameli] kulindeleke ukuba ikwenze kube lula ukuvavanya imimiselo kwinkundla yenkundla, ukucutha amandla okulawula. [[FLT][FLT][5]. Oku kuguqula okukhulu kubeka ityala lokuchaza imithetho ecacileyo ngokupheleleyo kwi-judiary, kunokuba kucelwe ukwenza kube lula ukuvavanya ulawulo lweziko lwenkundla, ukucuthelela ukulungiselela ukuphatha nokuphatha igunya elikulawulayo.[5] [F]

Imisebenzi yesakhelo seMithetho yokuSebenza

Imithetho emininzi ifuna ukuba isebe elilawulayo lisebenze ngaphandle, likwazi ukukhokela uluntu:

  • Inkululeko yoMthetho woLwazi (FOIA): Ivumela nawuphi na umntu ukuba acele iirekhodi ezivela kumasebe karhulumente, enyanzelisa ukuba kubonakale gca kwisigqibo sikarhulumente.
  • UMthetho weKomiti woManyano woMbutho (FACA): ufuna ukuba iikomiti zokwalathisa namalungu angaphandle kukarhulumente zilungelelaniswe kwaye zibe neentlanganiso ezivulekileyo.
  • [[URhulumente:0] URhulumente kuMthetho weSunshine: Ufuna ukuba iintlanganiso zamalungu amaninzi (njengeSEC okanye FTC) zivulelwe uwonke-wonke.

Isiphelo

Ukuphunyezwa komthetho yinkqubo entsonkothileyo, eshukumisayo, nenzulu enzulu ehambela phambili ngaphaya komsitho wokusayina kwiNdlu emhlophe. Ibandakanya umda ocekecekileyo phakathi kwamasebe amathathu karhulumente, umlamli ongoonontlalo-ntle nonyanzelwa yinkqubo eqinileyo yemithetho, imimiselo, kunye nenkqubo yolawulo. Isebe elilawulayo aliyonkqubo yokunyanzelisa imigaqo enyanzelisayo; lingumtoliki osebenzayo, umlawuli, umlamli, umgcini-mikhosi, kunye nomenzi wenkqubo. Ukuqonda le nkqubo ibalulekile yokuqonda indlela enokwenziwa ngayo nyani eUnited States. Inkqubo ixhomekeke ekulungelelaniseni ukufudula, ukuphendula, ukuthatha inxaxheba ekuqinisekiseni ukuba imiyalelo yomthetho iguqulelwe kwimpumelelo, impumelelo, kunye nokusebenza komgaqo-siseko somgaqo-siseko somthetho, kunye nomgaqo-siseko somthetho osetyenziswa ngabantu baseMelika.