Umqulu Ohlala Uhleli Wenkululeko: Imbali Yokwahlukana Kwamandla

Ingcamango yokwahlula amagunya imele njengenye yezona ziko zokwakha zihlala ziqinileyo nezibalulekileyo kwimbali yokulawula. Ngumgaqo wokuba igunya likarhulumente lifanele lahlulwe phakathi kwamasebe azimeleyo, ngokuqhelekileyo isebe eliphetheyo, indlu yowiso-mthetho, kunye nejiko-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho, ukunqanda ukubekwa kwamandla nakweyiphi na into ekhoyo. Esi siseko asiyondawo nje entle yokwakhiwa kwendalo; sisakhiwo sendalo soluntu esineedemokhrasi, esilungiselelwe ngokukhethekileyo ukukhusela inkululeko enxamnye nenkohlakalo. Kwiiholo zeepala zamandulo ukuya kukwenza umgaqo-siseko wale siseko sangoku, uhambo lwale njongo lubalasengqondweni wemfazwe, ukuvavanywa kwezobupolitika, ukulandele ulawulo lwezopoliti, nokulandela okungapheli kolawulo loluntu olunolwahlulo lwezilawulo-demokhrasi. Ukuqonda imbali yemikhosi yanamhlanje i-DNA.

Ingxaki Yamandla Apheleleyo

Phambi kokusetyenziswa kwale nkqubo, ucelomngeni olusisiseko lokulawula lwavunywa emhlabeni wonke: amandla onakaliswa. Abalawuli bamandulo, ukusuka koofaro ukuya koomlawuli, balawula ngokupheleleyo, bedibanisa uwiso-mthetho, abalawuli, nemisebenzi yokugweba iyakuba yindawo enye. Imbali yokwahlula amagunya iqala njengempendulo engqalileyo kule mbali ye-absolutism. Umbuzo ongundoqo oqhubela phambili ingqwalaselo zeNkcubeko wawungalawulwa nje ngendlela yokulawula, kodwa indlela yokulawula i-garpt amabamba. Impendulo abafikayo, ephuculwe kwiinkulungwane ezininzi, yayizakwenza inkqubo karhulumente yolwahlulo lolawulo.

Abafumaneka Kwihlabathi Lamandulo

Ngoxa imfundiso yanamhlanje iyimveliso ye-Orlection, imbewu yayo yatyalwa kudala ngaphambili. Ihlabathi lamandulo lalinga ngoorhulumente abaxubeneyo kunye noomatshini abancinane, linika umzekelo wokuqala, nangona ungafezekanga, wegunya elahluleleneyo.

Izithethe ZamaGrike Nemfundiso Karhulumente Oxutyiweyo

EGrisi yamandulo, ingakumbi e-Athene, uqheliselo lwedemokhrasi engqalileyo lwalubandakanya iqondo lokwahlukana okusebenzayo. Nangona ingekokwahlukana okusesikweni kwamagunya, inkqubo yase-Athene yahlula iimbopheleleko phakathi kweNdibano (ekklesia), iBhunga lama-500 (ubule), kunye neenkundla ezidumileyo (idikasteria), isithandi solawulo-moya esithe ngqo. Aristatu [[FLT]], kumsebenzi wakhe Pholitics [[FLT], iinkathi ezithathu], zahlula iziqalelo ezintathu zamandla ayo nawuphi na umgaqo-siseko: ideversigrative, igosagent, kunye negcunts, inguququ yathetha ukuba imo elungeleneyo, imotheneyo, imothelela imothel, okanye imothenjiso, imothe ukuye yakhaba imo-mandla, i-mandla, i-oglonke, ithetha ukuba ikhokelele

IRiphabliki YaseRoma Neengxaki Zoqheliselo

IRiphabliki yeRoma yanikela umzekelo oluncedo nonempembelelo engakumbi. IRiphabliki yanika amandla anzima kakhulu phakathi kweziqu ezininzi: iBhunga leNtsimbi (ilungu lolawulo oluphezulu), iNtlanga (ithetha abantu), kunye neConsuls (izigwebi). IRiphabliki yabalaselisa ii-ofisi ezikhethekileyo ezicetyiweyo, ezifana ne- [iiiNtlanga] yePlebs, enokuthi ikwazi ukuthatha inyathelo leNtsimbiso nezinye izigwebo, kunye [[FLT] ne-[FLT] i-actrectedromes ezilungeleneyo, [iiiiiced , apho ulawulo olunamandla olunamandla, xa kugunyazwe nakwenye ingumbuso weRoma, xa kusetyenziswa nayiphi nayiphi nayiphi nayiphi na enye indlela ekhoyo, xa kulawulo olunamandla olunamandla olukhoyo.

Ukukhanyiselwa: Imvelaphi Yemfundiso

Imfundiso esesikweni yokwahlulwa kwamagunya yaveliswa ngenjnge yengqondo yenkulungwane yeshumi elinesixhenxe neyeshumi elinesibhozo. Imfazwe yabemi baseNgilani, iMvukelo Ezukileyo, nokuvela kwempembelelo yobuGlowusayo kwilizwekazi leYurophu yanika imeko yezobupolitika ukuqiqa okunzulu ngolongamo nenkululeko.

UJohn Locke Nobugqwirha Obusemthethweni

Isithandi sobulumko saseNgilani uJohn Locke wabeka isiseko esibalulekileyo kwisivumelwano sakhe Speciend Treaudi of Govern [1689]. Ukusabela kwimiba yookumkani, uLocke wathetha ukuba urhulumente wayeyinteza, wadalwa kukuvunywa kwemvume yokukhusela amalungelo abo emvelo obomi, inkululeko, nempahla. Wachaza iintlobo ezintathu zamandla: [[FLT:] uhlaselo oluyingozi[FLT] [FLT] [5] [ukuthika amandla anamandla anamandla angaphaya kwawo, ngoko ke, imigaqo [FLT] ekwayayimele i-evreast , i-egrave i-expt [Fout] kunye ne-egroupt) yalease yalenze ingumthetho ombane ombane wambini, ingumba ekwayawufumana ulawulo olunamandla, ingawahlulayodubulo olunamandla, njengoko ithelela abantu

UMontesquieu: Umyili Wemodeli Yale Mihla

Ukwahlulwa okupheleleyo, okusemthethweni komthetho wamagunya kwavela kumntu onegunya waseFransi nosisithandi sobulumko [[FLT: 0] uBaron de Montesquieu. Kumsebenzi wakhe omkhulu wewaka linamakhulu ali-1748, Umoya woMthetho [, Montesquieu waqhuba ufundo oluthe ngqo loorhulumente ukutyhubela imbali. Waphenjelelwa kakhulu kukufunda kwakhe iRiphabliki yeRoma kunye nengqwalaselo yakhe yomgaqo-siseko wesiNgesi, awathi (ngokungathi ululo olulungeleyo) abone njengemodeli karhulumente olungeleleneyo. Kwincwadi XI, isahluko 6, somsebenzi wakhe, wavakalisa umgaqo oza kubumba ihlabathi lanamhlanje: [FLD:4] xa edityaniwe, okanye engathi awenziwe ngumntu omnye, akakwazi ukusetyenziswa, kwaye akanawo ukukhulula, kwakhona, ukuba umlawuli wencwadi uG.[FFod]

Umodeli weMontesquieu wayelula kwaye eqinile kunoLocke. Wagxininisa kumandla ahlukileyo alawulayo njengesebe elilinganayo, ephikisa ukuba abagwebi bafanele babe yindawo engekho nto ingaphaya "kumlomo ochaza amazwi omthetho." Akazange akhuthaze icandelo elitywinwe ngokuchanekileyo; waqonda ukuba amasebe azakudibana kwaye amele abe namandla okukhangelana elinye nelinye. Ikrele lakhe lalingenalo elo candelo njengelishwa elisebenzayo kodwa njengeyona ibalulekileyo yenkululeko yezopolitiko. [[FLT] Umoya woMthetho [FLT] waba sisiseko sombhalo wokuqalisa kweMelika, ukulungiselela ukurhoxilonga nokuquququzelela kwe-Europe, imigaqo yomthetho, inganiki mvume yokunikezela ngemithetho yemithetho yemithetho.

Ulingelo LwaseMerika: Imigaqo Yomgaqo Icetyiswe

Owona mphumo unamandla nonempembelelo wokuphunyezwa kwengcamango yeMontesquieu yenzeka ngaphaya kweAtlantiki. Abaseki baseMerika, belwe imfazwe nxamnye noko babekubona njengokudibanisa igunya elinobuzwilakhe kwiBritane nePalamente, babezimisele ukwakha urhulumente omtsha oza kuthintela ukuxhatshazwa okunjalo. Imbali yokwahlulwa kwamagunya iba yindawo ephikisanayo kwibali lomGaqo-siseko waseUnited States.

INdibano yoMgaqo-siseko kunye namaPhepha oLuntu

Abathunywa kwiNdibano yePhiladelphia ngo1787 bangenele kwiincwadi zeMontesquieu. Isicwangciso sokuqala, iVirginia, sacebisa urhulumente wesizwe onamandla onemithetho eyahlukeneyo, igqeba, namasebe eejaji. Ingxoxo yayingekuko nokuba ingawahlula amagunya, kodwa yayizakwenza ngokunempumelelo xa kusenziwa urhulumente wesizwe. Olona khuselo lomthetho-siseko wokugqibela lwavela [[FLT: 0] i-FFLT Papers, ngokukodwa [[FLT:]FOD]FEDA list.[47]], 48, kunye nolubhaliwe [FLT: 4,5]

UMadison wathetha ngqo ngetyala lokuba umGaqo-siseko awukhange wahlule amagunya ngokupheleleyo ngenxa yenkqubo yokuhlola kunye nolungelelwano (umz., umongameli we-veto, uqinisekiso lweNdlu yeQela lokumisa). KwiFederal uNo. 47, waphikisa ngelithi iMontesquieu ngokwakhe ayikhange ifune "ngokupheleleyo" kodwa kunokuba i-'athorator" kumele ibe nolawulo oluthe ngqo kwenye. Kumongameli oyiNtentengiso u-No. 51, uMadison wanika uqinisekiso lwengqondo kunye nolwezobupolitika lwenkqubo: " Imfuno-Ambs kufuneka yenziwe ukuba ilwele. Inzala yomntu ifanele idibane namalungelo oluntu kwindawo ethile.[FM][1]

Ukwakhiwa komGaqo-siseko wase-U.S.

UmGaqo-siseko umisa amasebe amathathu kuamanqaku awo amathathu okuqala, nto leyo eyenza ukwahlukana okucacileyo:

  • [[FLT: 0] IArticle I: Isebe loMgaqo-siseko (Icala). Imangalelwe ngokwenza imithetho, ukulawula ingxowa-mali, nokubhengeza imfazwe. Indlu neCathenal ihlolana (iBharami).
  • Article II: Isebe eliphetheyo (umongameli). limangalelwe ngokunyanzelisa imithetho, ukuyalela umkhosi, nokuqhuba inkqubo yelizwe lasemzini.
  • [[UMTHETHO: 0] Article III: Isebe lezahlulelo (Iinkundla). Limangalelwe ngokutolika imithetho nomGaqo-siseko.

Inkcubeko yenkqubo yaseMelika ikwindlela ezihamba-hambanayo ezithintela ukuba naliphi na isebe lingabi lilawula. UMongameli angawulawula umthetho, kodwa uMongameli umisa abagwebi kunye nabaphathi-mikhosi, kodwa iNkundla kufuneka iqinisekise. INkundla ingavakalisa imithetho engavumelaniyo nemithetho (uhlolo lwasemthethweni, olumiselwe ku [FLT: 0]] [umthetho we-Marbury v. Madison ngo-1803), kodwa iBhunga linokuguqula ulawulo lweNkulawula kweNkundla, kwaye uMongameli umisela iinkundla ezintsha. Lomatshini ontsonkothileyo ungqindilili ungqine ngokuphawulekayo, nangona ukwangumthombo wemfazwe yezopolitiki eqhubekayo.

Umahluko Wehlabathi Neemeko Zalo

Impumelelo yemodeli yaseMerika, idibene nempembelelo yengcamango yeMvukelo yamaFrentshi, yaqhubela ulwahlulo lwamagunya kwinqanaba lehlabathi. Isibhengezo samalungelo abantu kunye nowabemi (ngowe-789) savakalisa ukuba "naliphi na ibutho apho ukuqinisekiswa kwamalungelo kungaqinisekiswanga, okanye ukwahlulwa kwamagunya akunawo umGaqo-siseko.

Iinkqubo zePalamente

Ukusetyenziswa kwalo mgaqo kuye kwakhokelela kwimizekelo emibini ephambili yolawulo lwedemokhrasi:

  • Iinkqubo zePresidentials (umz., United States, uninzi lwaMalaphu aseMzantsi Merika). Ezi nkqubo zibonakalisa ukwahlukana okunamandla phakathi kwamasebe aphetheyo nowiso-mthetho. Umongameli unyulwa ngokuzimeleyo kwindlu yowiso-mthetho kwaye usebenza ngexesha elisisigxina. Oku kudala ukwahlulwa okucacileyo kwamandla noxanduva kodwa kuthwele umngcipheko ophezulu we-gridlock.
  • Iinkqubo zokwahlula-hlula (umz., United Kingdom, Canada, Indiya). Apha, umphathi-mphathi (iNkulumbuso neKhabhinethi) ukhutshelwa ukusuka kwindlu yowiso-mthetho (ipalamente). Oku kudala udityaniso lwamagunya, hayi ukwahlukana okungqongqo. Indlu yowiso-mthetho ingasusa umphathi-mthetho ngevoti yokungathemba. Abaxhasi baphikisa oku bavumela urhulumente ophumelelayo nowamkelekileyo, ngoxa abagxeki begxalanisa ngamandla amaninzi kwindlu yolawulo, ingakumbi xa iqela elinye liphethe uninzi. Noko ke, iinkqubo zepalamente ezininzi, zigcina inkqubo ezomeleleyo kwaye ezizimeleyo.

Ukuqhelisela Umahluko

Amazwe awahlukeneyo asungule amaziko akhethekileyo ukuze alungelelane nezithethe zawo zobupolitika. Umzekelo, amanye amazwe aneBhunga loMgaqo-siseko elinamandla amakhulu. Ukwahlulwa kwamandla akuyo enye imigaqo-mali epheleleyo (njenge Fransi) ehlola imithetho phambi kokuba ichazwe, kunokuba ibe yinkundla ehlola ezo zinto emva koko. Amanye, njengoMzantsi Afrika, aneeNkundla zomGaqo-siseko ezinamandla amakhulu. Ukwahlulwa kwamandla akuyo inkqesho-o enkulu; ngumgaqo omele ulungiselwe kwiimeko ezithile zembali nezentlalo yohlanga ngalunye, usoloko unosuke ujolise usukelo olupheleleyo lwalo lwalo lwalo naliphi nala sebe elinye.

Ucelomngeni Lwanamhlanje Nengcinezelo Engapheliyo

Kule nkulungwane yama-21, ukwahlulwa kwamagunya kujongene nocelomngeni olubalulekileyo oluvavanya ukuqina kwalo mgaqo wesiseko. Urhulumente wezolawulo wale mihla, ukunyuka kwamandla olawulo, kunye nokuncitshiswa kwezobupolitika konke kuye kwawuphazamisa lo mzekelo wamandulo.

Ukunyuka Kwamandla Alawulayo Norhulumente Wolawulo

Enye yezigxeko ezizingisileyo zolawulo lwangoku kukukhula kwamandla alawulayo. Ukuntsonkotha kobomi banamhlanje kuye kwakhokelela ukuba izindlu zowiso-mthetho zinikezele igunya elibalulekileyo lokumisela amasebe aphetheyo, zidala oko kubizwa ngokuba "ngurhulumente wolawulo oluphezulu" imo yemekobume okanye i-Securities and Exchange Committery isebenzisa inkqubo (ulawulo), igunya elilawulayo, kunye nemithetho elawulayo (ulawulo). Oku kusetyenziswa kwesebe elinye kuhlala kunxushubile kukwimo enzulu yokwahlula amagunya. Imithetho yolawulo, evumela uMongameli ukuba alawule ngaphandle kogunya elivunyiweyo, ngokufanayo axhalabisayo. Uxanduvano phakathi kwemfuno olufanelekileyo, ulawulo olufanelekileyo nolawulo lwemithetho yezomthetho, inkxaso somthetho olawulayo, ityala eliphantsi komthetho womthetho womthetho-mthetho-siseko walentengowawodwa. [5] [Upt.[0] Isivumelwano se-Expporttiontivetion se-ogration se-ogration , i-

Ukwenziwa Kwenkcazelo Yezobupolitika Nokuxinana

Ngoxa ukwahlukana kwamagunya kwakuyilelwe ukwenza uphando nokuthintela isenzo sokungxama, abagxeki bawo baphikisa ngelithi ngoku ibangela ukutyhalela phambili kweqhinga elinamandla. Kwimekobume egabalekileyo, ixilonga ukuba elinye isebe lineemeko ezingafaniyo . Njengendlu yendlu yendlu yabalawuli okanye umongameli iveto.

Ukufikelela ngokugqithisileyo kwezeejaji nokukholosa

Indima yecandelo lejaji ikwayindawo enkulu yokulwa. Amandla okuhlola isigwebo, ngeli lixa kuseko lolawulo lomgaqo-siseko, kubekwa amandla amakhulu ezandleni zabagwebi abangamiselwanga. ICritiques ze "justial sivivition" ziphikisa ukuba iinkundla ziye zayiqabela indima yazo yokuchaza kwaye zaqalisa ukubhalisa izithuba kwibhentshi, ziphazamisa amagunya esebe lemithetho yowiso-mthetho. Inkqubo yokumisela ikomiti, ingakumbi eUnited States, iye yaba ngumthetho owenziwe ngowona mgaqo-nxaxheba nowahlulo. Ukugcina ukuthembana kuwonke kwicandelo elizimeleyo elibonwa njengemfuneko yokuqhubeka kusebenza kwegunya. Umqulumbizi njengemi [FL:]

Isiphumo: Ukulungelelaniswa Okuthe rhoqo

Imbali yokwahlulwa kwamagunya asiyontsomi epheleleyo yesisombululo esigqibeleleyo esifunyenweyo, kodwa ibali elinamandla neliqhubekayo lomgaqo osoloko unxulunyaniswa nezibakala zegunya. Ukusuka kurhulumente oxubeneyo wolawulo lwamandulo ukuya kuvavanyo oluntsonkothileyo loMgaqo-siseko waseMelika kunye nokuzitshintsha kwawo umhlaba wonke, ingqiqo engundoqo ihlala ibalulekile kunanini na ngaphambili: ukuxinzelelwa kwegunya lutshaba lwenkululeko. Imizekelo ecetyiweyo lutshaba olunenkululeko. [[FLT: 0] [intesquieuts] kunye nolusulungeko lwayo lwe- Ison] [[FLT]] [ison:] [ison] urhulumente obalulekileyo] ayidalwanga sisombululo siso siso siso sisebenza siso sisombululo sinye esisebenzayo, njengoko kungenziwangasebenzi siso siso siso siso siso siso siso siso siso sisebenzayo.