Ukwazisa Umbutho Worhulumente waseUnited States

Urhulumente waseUnited States usebenza phantsi kwesiseko somgaqo-siseko esilungiselelwe ukusasaza amandla nokuthintela nayiphi na into ekhoyo ukuba ingalawuleki kakhulu. Kubafundi, abahlohli, kunye nabemi abatshatanga, ukuqonda esi sakhiwo sisisiseko sokufundisa uluntu. Urhulumente asisiso sisixhobo esinye soluntu esifundisayo kodwa sisixokelelwano samasebe ahlukeneyo, imigangatho, kunye neembopheleleko ezidityanisiweyo ezidala inkqubo yolawulo-melo olunamandla. Olu khokelo lubangela ukuhlahlela okucacileyo, ukusuka kumasebe amathathu orhulumente ukuya kurhulumente oluntu ukuya kurhulumente kunye namagunya asekuhlaleni, kwaye luchaza imigaqo engundoqo egcina inkqubo ilungelelanisiwe.

Amasebe Amathathu Karhulumente Womanyano

UmGaqo-siseko wahlula urhulumente wesizwe ube ngamasebe amathathu ahlukeneyo: iLegislative, iGunya, kunye neSebe lezeeJaji. Isebe ngalinye lichaze amagunya nemisebenzi, kwaye lenzelwe ukuvavanya nokulungelelanisa. Oku kwahlulwa kwamagunya lilitye eliphantsi lolawulo lwamaMerika.

Isebe Lomthetho: Abenzi Bomthetho

ISebe loMthetho, elimiselwe kwiGatya I lomGaqo-siseko, lisebenza ekwenzeni imithetho yesizwe. Lisi siko le-bimeya eliyilwe yiNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNdlu zeBamelo. IBhunga likwabamba igunya lengxowa-mali, livakalisa imfazwe, kwaye livelela isebe eliphetheyo ngokuphulaphula nangokuphanda.

IBhunga

ICathenal inamalungu ali-100 .2 ukusuka kwiphondo ngalinye . elisebenza ngeminyaka emithandathu. Esi sakhiwo siqinisekisa umelo olulinganayo kumaphondo kungakhathaliseki ukuba baphi na abemi. Abaququzeleli bakhethwa ekuqaleni ziindlu zowiso-mthetho zikarhulumente kodwa baye bakhethwa ngqo ukususela kwiSindululo se-17 seSiphengululo se-1913. IBhunga linamagunya akhethekileyo aquka izivumelwano zokuqinisekisa (ukufumana ivoti ezimbini-3) nokuqinisekisa ukumiswa komongameli njengonobhala-kabhithsayithi, abagwebi borhulumente, nee-ofisi. Umongameli onguMongameli usebenza njengoMongameli weBhange, ukuvota isala umvoti xa kuyimfuneko.

Indlu Yabameli

Indlu yabameli ngoku inamalungu ovota angama-435, anamalungu alinganayo abathunywa belizwe ngalinye njengoko kuqinisekiswe ngobalo-nyaka. Abameli basebenza ngokweemfuno zeminyaka emibini, besenza ukuba iNdlu iphendule ngqo kunyulo. Zonke iindleko zemali kufuneka zivele kwiNdlu. Indlu ikwanamandla okungawagunyazi amagosa karhulumente orhulumente, kuquka uMongameli, ngovoti-mali elula. USithethi weNdlu, onyulwe liqela elikhulu, ligosalonga-gosa kunye nomlawuli ongundoqo.

Zombini, zombini iigumbi kufuneka zidlulisele umthetho ofanayo ngaphambi kokuba uthunyelwe kuMongameli. Inkqubo yekomiti ingundoqo kwinkqubo yowiso-mthetho, apho kufundwa khona amatyala, kuphikiswana, kwaye kulungiswe phambi kokuqwalaselwa komgangatho. Iikomiti ezinkulu ziquka iiAppropriary, iJadiary, kunye neManyano-Masipala kwiNdlu yeeNdlela, kunye neMimiselo kwiNdlu.

Isebe elinolawulo oluphezulu: Abanyanzelisi

Isebe eliLawulayo, elichazwe kwiGatya II, lijongene nokunyanzelisa imithetho edluliswa yiKhonkxa. Likhokelwa nguMongameli, osebenza njengentloko yorhulumente nentloko karhulumente. UMongameli unyulwa rhoqo emva kweminyaka emine esebenzisa inkqubo yeKholeji ye-Electoral kwaye ulinganiselwe kumabinzana amabini ngeMpanziso-mda wama-22.

UMongameli noMongameli onguSizwe

UMongameli unawo amandla aphangaleleyo kuquka ukuyalela imikhosi exhobileyo, ukuxolela, ukuqhubana nezivumelwano (ngecebiso leNdlu yeNtlanga nemvume), kunye nokumisela amagosa karhulumente. UMongameli ukwanika uRhulumente weSizwe se-Union kwaye anganikela umthetho. UMongameli osisiSizwe, onyuliweyo kwelo tikiti linye, uxhasa uMongameli kwaye uhlala ekulungele ukuthabatha umongameli ukuba kuyimfuneko. UMongameli uMongameli ukwangamela iNtsimbi, njengoko kuphawulwe ngasentla.

IKhabhinethi namaSebe aphetheyo

IKhabhinethi ineentloko zamasebe alawulayo ali-15, njengeSebe loKhuselo lwezeNtlalo, uBugcisa, uBulungiseleli, kunye nemfundo. Aba nobhala bamiselwa nguMongameli kwaye baqinisekiswa yiNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNkulumbuso. Bacebisa uMongameli kwaye bongamele amasebe abo onke. Ngaphezu koko, isebe elikhulu lesebe elizimeleyo eliquka amasebe azimeleyo afana ne-Epa, i-Federal Reserve, kunye neSizwe saseSiphakaleni solawulo (NASA) kunye nolawulo lwemiqathangosuku-yonke yorhulumente.

Impumelelo yobuMongameli

Ukuba uMongameli uyafa, arhoxe, okanye asuswe, uMongameli onguMongameli onguMongameli waba nguMongameli. UMthetho woMongameli wempumelelo ka-1947 umisela umyalelo emva koMongameli onguMongameli onguMongameli: USithethi weNdlu, uMongameli obhudlayo weNdlu yeNdlu, kwangoko unobhala-mthetho weKhabhinethi ngokokuyalela ukudalwa kwesebe.

Isebe Lejaji: Izaphuli - mthetho

Isebe lezeejaji, elimiselwe kwiGatya III, lichaza imithetho kwaye liqinisekisa ukuba iyavumelana nomGaqo-siseko. Iinkundla zoManyano zinamandla okuhlola ityala, intsingiselo yokuba zingabetha imithetho okanye izenzo zegunya ezichasene nomGaqo-siseko. Eli gunya laqiniswa kwityala [[FLT: 0]] Barbury v. Madison

INkundla Ephakamileyo

INkundla ePhakamileyo yeyona nkundla iphakamileyo kweli lizwe. Iqulethwe ngabagwebi abasithoba `iJaji-eyinye nabagwebi Abasisibhozo Abamanyeneyo ) abasebenza kukumiselwa (ngokulawulwa yihambo entle). Izigwebi zityunjwe nguMongameli kwaye ziqinisekiswe yiBhunga. INkundla iphulaphula izibheno ezivela kwiinkundla ezisezantsi kwaye inegunya lokuqala kumatyala abandakanya amazwe okanye amaqela angaphandle. nyaka ngamnye, iNkundla ikhetha malunga nekhulu eli-50 lamatyala kwizicelo. Izigqibo zayo zingumzekelo okokugqibela kwaye zibekwe kulo lonke uhlanga.

IiNkundla zoMasipala ezisezantsi

Ngaphantsi kweNkundla ePhakamileyo kukho iiNkundla zezibheno (13 iziphaluka) kunye neeNkundla zeSithili (zizizi-94). IiNkundla zeSithili ziinkundla zamatyala apho amatyala karhulumente aqala khona, kuquka imicimbi yamakhaya, izaphuli-mthetho, kunye nokuwa kwemali. IiNkundla zezibheno zihlola izigqibo zeNkundla yeSithili, zigxininisa kwiimpazamo ezingokwasemthethweni nakwimibandela yomgaqo-siseko. Kukho neenkundla ezikhethekileyo ezifana neNkuNkundla yeInkowalelo yeMasiZwe neNkundla yeFederale.

Abagwebi abasebenza ngomanyano kuwo onke amanqanaba bamiselwa ubomi babo bonke, bewakhusela kwingcinezelo yezobupolitika.

Iingqikelelo Nolungelelwano Olusebenzayo

Inkqubo yokuhlola kunye nolungelelwano iqinisekisa ukuba isebe ngalinye lingawamisela umda amagunya amanye. Oku kuthintela naliphi na isebe ekulawuleni kwaye lifuna intsebenziswano. Nantsi imizekelo eqinisekisiweyo:

  • [[NTL:0] Iindlela zokuhlola ezigunyazisiweyo kuLawulo oluPhezulu: Congress zingayigqitha iveto nesithathu somongameli kunye namaninzi amabini kwigumbi lazo zombini. Ingala ukuqinisekisa ii-mmine, ukuyeka ukuxhasa ngemali, nokungamniki mali, nokususa uMongameli okanye amanye amagosa aphezulu. IBhunga kufuneka likhuphe izivumelwano zobuPhosa.
  • [[NTL:0] Uvavanyo oluphakathi kuMthetho: uMongameli angawakhupha amatyala adluliselwe yiBhunga. UMongameli angabiza iKhomishini kwintlanganiso eyodwa. UMongameli ophetheyo uvote kwiNdlu yeNtlanganiso ukuze kwaphulwe amaqhina. Imiyalelo yegunya ingalathisa indlela imithetho esetyenziswa ngayo.
  • Ukuvavanya okuqulethwe yi-judicial kumasebe omabini: Iinkundla zingavakalisa imithetho engavumelaniyo nemithetho (uhlolo lwezomthetho). INkundla ePhakamileyo ingazenzi izenzo zegunya eliphetheyo ezigqitha kwigunya lomgaqo-siseko. Abagwebi boManya basebenzela ubomi, ngoko ke abasuswa lula.
  • Uvavanyo lwempuku kwiJadi: uMongameli ugweba abagwebi nabagwebi, ebumba ijaji kangangezizukulwana. UMongameli kwakhona angaxolela amatyala karhulumente, nto leyo ethetha ukuba ukujonga kwisigwebo setyala.
  • Iindlela zomgunyathi kwi Judia: Congress ingaguqula ubungakanani beenkundla zelizwe (nangona ubukhulu beNkundla ePhakamileyo bumiselwe ngumthetho). Ingacebisa ukupheliswa komgaqo-siseko ukubhukuqa izigqibo zenkundla. IBhunga liqinisekisa okanye liyala ukugweba ii-mineines zetyala.

Oku kunxibelelana kwenzeka yonke imihla. Ngokomzekelo, ukuba iKhonkxa idlulisela umthetho ovala inkululeko yokuthetha, iinkundla zingawubetha. Ukuba uMongameli ukhupha umyalelo ophezulu ongaphezulu, iBhunga linokuyiphazamisa iphulo lalo okanye iinkundla zingayivala. Amandla enkqubo ahlebayo nokucinga.

UmGaqo-siseko NeziHlanziso Zawo

UMgaqo-siseko wase-U.S., owabhaliswa ngowe-1787 waza wagunyaziswa ngo-1788, ngumthetho ophakamileyo welizwe. Uchaza isakhiwo sikarhulumente wesizwe kwaye ubala amagunya akhe ngoxa egcina onke amanye amagunya kumazwe okanye kubantu (10th Amendment). UmGaqo-siseko mfutshane ngokuphawulekayo qha phantse malunga namagama angama-4,500 kuphela kodwa uye wakhokela uhlanga ngaphezu kweenkulungwane ezimbini.

Isiqinisekiso Samalungelo

Izilungiso zokuqala ezilishumi, ezazisaziwa njengeBhili yamaLungelo, zagunyaziswa ngo1791 ukukhusela inkululeko yabantu ekuphathweni ngurhulumente. Ziquka inkululeko yokuthetha, yonqulo, yokushicilela, yengqungquthela, neyesicelo (1st Amend Amendment); ilungelo lokuthwala iingalo (2nd); ukukhusela ukuphandwa okungekho ngqiqweni nokuxhwaleka okungaqikelelwanga nokuxhuzulana (4th); inkqubo efunekayo kunye nokukhuselwa nxamnye nokuzikhusela kwityala elikhawulezayo (wesithandathu); kunye nokukhuselwa kwisohlwayo esinenkohlakalo nesingaqhelekanga. La malungelo aye afakwa kumazwe asebenza kumazwe ukutyhubela kwi-14 uMphetho-goso-goso-goso.

Ukuwulondoloza UmGaqo-siseko

UMgaqo-siseko ungalungiswa ngenkqubo engqongqo elungiselelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuba zivunyiwe. Ukulungisa kungacetyiswa mhlawumbi ngevoti ezimbini-ntathu kuzo zombini izindlu zeKhonkqele okanye ngendibano yesizwe ebizwa ziindlu zowiso-mthetho ezimbini ezizisithathu zikarhulumente. Ulwakhiwo lufuna imvume ngeendlu zowiso-mthetho ezintathu ezinesine okanye iindibano zikarhulumente. Zingama-77 kuphela izilungiso eziye zongezwa ukususela ngowe-1791. Imizekelo engacacanga iquka ukuHlunyuliswa kwe-13 (ukuvulwa kobukhoboka), i-19 (iiiii-galelo-mali) kunye neye-26 (inyusa ixesha lokuvota).

Umanyano: Amandla ahlukeneyo phakathi koorhulumente besizwe noBhunga

IU.S. isebenza phantsi kwenkqubo yolawulo lorhulumente, apho igunya lahlulwe phakathi korhulumente wesizwe norhulumente wesizwe. UmGaqo-siseko ubala amagosa akhethekileyo karhulumente (umz., ekhupha imali, evakalisa imfazwe, elawula urhwebo lwamazwe ngamazwe) ngoxa uLawulo lweshumi loMyezo-Myezo-mda lugcine onke amanye amagunya kumazwe. Olu lawulo lubini luvumela ukuba lusebenze njengeejelo leedemokhrasi, ukuzama imigaqo-nkqubo yemfundo, ezonyango, ezothutho, kunye nezobulungisa bolwaphulo-mthetho.

Oorhulumente

Ngamnye kumazwe angama-50 unomgaqo-siseko wawo, omele ungqinelane nomGaqo-siseko wase-United States. Urhulumente ulinganisa isakhiwo sorhulumente ngamasebe amathathu:

  • Isebe eliphumezayo: Likhokelwa yirhuluneli, inyulwe ngabavoti bakarhulumente. Irhuluneli zongamela amaqumrhu karhulumente kwaye zinegunya kumthetho karhulumente. Amazwe amaninzi akwakhetha amanye amagosa aphetheyo afana nerhuluneli, igqwetha jikelele, nonobhala-rhulumente.
  • [[NTL:0] Isebe elinguMgaqo-siseko: amaphondo angama-49 anamaqumrhu owiso-mthetho (Nebraska inenkqubo engangeni manzi). Abaphathi-mthetho bamisela imithetho karhulumente, bavumele uqingqo-mali, kwaye baqinisekise ukubekwa kwe-gbernarcator. AmaGama kunye nobude bentlanganiso bahlukene.
  • Isebe lephondo: iinkundla zephondo zisingatha amatyala amaninzi asemthethweni, kuquka umthetho wentsapho, izivumelwano, iimbambano zempahla, kunye nemiba emininzi yolwaphulo-mthetho. Iinkundla eziphakamileyo zelizwe zelona gunya liphezulu kumthetho karhulumente. Abagwebi banganyulwa okanye bamiselwe ngokuxhomekeke kurhulumente.

Oorhulumente Basekuhlaleni

Imimandla, izixeko, iidolophu, iidolophana, kunye nezithili ezikhethekileyo (ezinjengezithili zesikolo) zingumgangatho wasekuhlaleni. Zidalwa ngoorhulumente besizwe kwaye zinikwe igunya ngumgaqo-siseko okanye imimiselo. Oorhulumente basekuhlaleni basingatha iinkonzo ezichaphazela ubomi bemihla ngemihla ngqo: amapolisa kunye nomlilo, izikolo zikawonke-wonke, ulawulo lwenkunkuma, kunye neendlela zasekuhlaleni. Iintlobo zikarhulumente wasekuhlaleni ziquka umlawuli wesigqeba, umbutho webhunga-masi, kunye neenkqubo zogunya. Abami basoloko besebenzisana rhoqo namagosa asekuhlaleni, ukuya kwintlanganiso zesikolo okanye kumabhunga esixeko.

Indima Yemibhiyozo Neenkalo Zezobupolitika

Ngeli xesha ingakhankanywanga kuMgaqo-siseko, amaqela ezobupolitika adlala indima ephambili ekulungelelaniseni urhulumente. Amaqela amabini aphambili `Democratic kunye neRiphabliki'afumana amandla kuwo onke amanqanaba. Unyulo lugqiba ukuba ngubani obani ophethe isikhundla, kwaye inkqubo yonyulo ilawulwa yintlanganisela yemithetho karhulumente neyolawulo. UMongameli unyulwa ngeKholeji ye-Electoral, apho urhulumente ngamnye afumana abavoti abalinganayo nabathunywa bakhe (izihlalo zendlu kunye nezihlalo ezimbini ze-Senators). Uninzi lwabachongi balawula bonke abaphumeleleyo kwivoti ethandwayo. Iindlu zowiso-mthetho, ii-mthetho zolawulo, neeofisi zengingqi zinyulwa ngokungqalileyo. Ii-crivertiesssss zivumela ukuba zingakhethi beqela, ngexesha lonyusotho lwemali, ukuvota, ukurhola nokungena kwemiqathangongongongongongongongongongongongongongongongongongongongongongongo.

Indlela Abemi Abasebenzisana Ngayo Norhulumente

Ukuqonda isakhiwo linyathelo lokuqala; ukuba nenxaxheba lelilandelayo. Abami banokubandakanyeka ngeendlela ezininzi:

  • Ukuvota: Esona senzo sibalulekileyo. Bhalisa ukuvota nokuthatha inxaxheba kunyulo lwengingqi, lwelizwe, nololawulo.
  • Abameli abahambelanayo:[ Ukubiza, i-imeyili, okanye ukubhalela amalungu eBhunga, abamisi-mthetho besizwe, namagosa asekuhlaleni. Amabali obuqu angaphembelela inkqubo.
  • ekuququzeleni iintlanganiso zikawonke-wonke: ibhodi yesikolo, ibhunga lesixeko, neentlanganiso zengingqi yengingqi yengingqi zivulelwe uwonke wonke. Amaxesha okuphendula kukawonke-wonke akuvumela ukuba uthethe.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Ukukhonza kumaqumrhu ejuli: Ngumsebenzi woluntu oqinisa isebe lejaji.
  • Ukuqhuba iofisi: ii-ofisi ezininzi zasekuhlaleni kunye norhulumente zifumaneka kubemi abaqhelekileyo ngaphandle koqingqo-mali lwephulo elikhulu.
  • Advocis kunye nezenzo: Dibanisa okanye inkxaso yeentlangano ezihambelana nezilangazelelo zakho. UMthetho wokuGcription Wokuqala ukhusela ilungelo lokucela urhulumente.

Uphando olunzulu, uphando lobuxhakaxhaka olusemthethweni olufana ne USUSA.gov, [[FT:2] umGaqo-siseko wogcino-lwazi wesizwe iphepha, kunye nenxuwa elisemthethweni leNkundla ePhakamileyo[.

Isiphelo

Ukulungelelaniswa korhulumente wase-U.S. kuntsonkothile ngabom ukukhusela inkululeko nokuqinisekisa ukuphendula. Ukusuka ekwahlulweni kwamagunya kumgangatho worhulumente ukuya kwinkqubo egqunywe ngurhulumente kunye noorhulumente bongingqi, yonke inxalenye inendima. Ukwazi indlela amasebe asebenza ngayo, indlela asebenza ngayo, nendlela umGaqo-siseko onika ngayo isiseko esiphilayo amandla abemi ukuba bathathe inxaxheba ngokunempumelelo kwidemokhrasi yabo. Enoba ungumfundi olungiselela ukuvavanya imvume yesizwe, umfundisi-fundisi ocacisa ezi ngcamango, okanye umfundi ofundisa ubomi bakhe bonke, lo khokelo lunika isiseko esiqinileyo kule nkqubo. Eli gunya linesiseko esipheleleyo sixhomekeke kubantu, ababumba urhulumente wabo ngolwazi oluthe kratiso kunye nebhokisi yebholoti.