Isiseko Solawulo Lwale Mihla

Ukwahlulwa kwamagunya lizitye lemithetho yolawulo lomgaqo-siseko, imodeli eyenzelwe ukusasaza igunya nokukhusela ukuxineneka kwamandla nakweyiphi na into ekhoyo. Esi sakhiwo, esidume ngokucacisiweyo nguBaron de Montesquieu Umoya woMthetho [, wahlula urhulumente ube ngamasebe amathathu ahlukeneyo: uLawulo oluPhezulu, iGajistation, kunye neJadiciary. Isebe ngalinye linamandla neembopheleleko ezikhethekileyo, lidala inkqubo yokwalathisa nokulingana.

Ukuqonda ezi ndima asiyonto yemfundo nje; kubalulekile ekubopheleleni ubumi. Abantu abanolwazi bangaqwalasela bhetele izenzo zikarhulumente, baphendule abameli, baqonde ubunkimbini bomthetho kunye nemigaqo. Eli nqaku linikela ukuqhekeka okupheleleyo kwesebe ngalinye, imisebenzi yabo, ii-checks ezithi baphathane, nendlela le nkqubo esebenza ngayo kwiimeko ezahlukeneyo zezobupolitika.

Umgaqo ongundoqo ulula kodwa unzulu: umGaqo-siseko omnye awufanele ukwenza imithetho, ukunyanzelisa imithetho, nokutolika imithetho. Ngokusasaza le misebenzi, inkqubo idala iingongoma zokungquzulana apho amabhongo enzelwa ukulwa namabhongo, ukukhusela inkululeko yomntu ngamnye kurhulumente ophathwe kakubi. uMgaqo-siseko wase-U.S. udibanisa ngokucacileyo le candelo kumanqaku awo amathathu, umisela umgangatho wehlabathi lonke wolawulo lwedemokhrasi.

Isebe elinolawulo oluphezulu: Ukuzalisekisa nokunyanzelwa

Isebe elinoLawulo oluPhezulu lijongene nolawulo lwemini-mini yorhulumente. Umsebenzi walo ophambili kukuqhuba nokunyanzelisa imithetho edluliswa yindlu yowiso-mthetho. Eli sebe lisoloko libonakala kakhulu kubemi, njengoko liquka intloko karhulumente, amalungu ekhabhinethi, kunye nothungelwano olukhulu lwamaqumrhu olawulo.

Imisebenzi nemisebenzi ye-Core

Ngaphezu kokunyanzeliswa okulula, uLawulo oluPhezulu lusebenzisa igunya elibalulekileyo ekulungiseni inkqubo kunye nokulawula izinto eziza kuqala zesizwe. Intloko yesigqeba, nokuba ngumongameli okanye umphathi-mikhosi, isebenza njengenkomfa yemikhosi exhobileyo, iqhuba inkqubo yangaphandle, kwaye inegunya lokumisela amagosa aphezulu karhulumente. Kwakhona umphathi ophethe uqingqo-mali lwesizwe xa luvunyiwe yindlu yowiso-mthetho, ejongene nokwabiwa koovimba bemali kumasebe ahlukeneyo karhulumente.

Oorhulumente bale mihla banamagunya antsonkothileyo olawulo. Izakhono ezifana ne-Evironmental Protection Agency (EPA) okanye iSebe lezeMpilo neeNkonzo zabantu zisebenza phantsi kweambrela elawulayo, zidala imimiselo esekelwe kwimiyalelo ebanzi yowiso-mthetho. Eli gqiza liyimfuneko esebenzisekayo, livumela iingcali ukuba ziphathe imimandla yobugcisa, kodwa kwakhona liphakamisa imibuzo ngegunya elilawulayo nelokuphendula ngeenkonzo zolawulo oluphezulu.

Intloko karhulumente ephikisana

Umahluko obalulekileyo kwinzululwazi yezobupolitika ngumahluko phakathi kwentloko yorhulumente nentloko yorhulumente. Kwinkqubo yomongameli, enjenge-United States, uMongameli usebenza njengentloko yomfuziselo karhulumente kunye nentloko yezopolitiko karhulumente. Oku kudibanisa imisebenzi yemithendeleko kunye negunya eliphezulu.

Noko ke, ezi ndima zahlukile. Intloko yorhulumente idla ngokuba ngukumkani (njengoKumkani uCharles III eMazantsi) okanye umongameli wesithethe (njengaseJamani okanye eIndiya). Intloko karhulumente yiNkulumbuso, engumphathi-mikhosi weqela elikwindlu yowiso-mthetho. Oku kudityaniswa kwamagunya kwiinkqubo zepalamente kudala ulwalamano olusondeleyo phakathi komphathiswa nokumkani wequmrhu nomthetho, evumela ukuphunyezwa ngokukhawuleza kwemithetho-nkqubo kodwa enokuba buthathaka kunye nomlinganiselo. IPalamente ye-UK inikela umzekelo ocacileyo woku nyakazekileyo, apho umPhathiswa wemithetho-yombutho uhlala njengelungu le-compula.

Amandla nezixhobo zoMlawuli

Isikhulu esiphetheyo sixhotyiswe ngezixhobo ezinamandla zokuphembelela ulawulo:

  • [[NTL: 0] I-Veto Power: Kwiinkqubo ezininzi, umphathi angawuchasa umthetho odluliswa yindlu yowiso-mthetho. Oku kusebenza njengovavanyo olubalulekileyo nxamnye nemithetho ebhalwe kakubi okanye engathandwayo. I-veto isoloko ingadityaniswa ngevoti enkulu kwindlu yowiso-mthetho.
  • Imiyalelo ephunyeziweyo: Ezi zizindululo ezikhutshwe yintloko yentloko yesebe eliphethe imisebenzi karhulumente wezwe lonke. Ngelixesha zingenzeli mthetho omtsha ngengqiqo engqongqo, zinamandla omthetho wamaziko asekuhlaleni kwaye zingayiguqula ngokuphawulekayo inkqubo ukusuka kwimiba yokufuduka ukuya kumda wemekobume.
  • Amandla okuMisela: Isigqeba esingunogada simisela abagwebi, amalungu ekhabhinethi, kunye nee-amirari. EUnited States, la madinga afuna i imvume kunye nemvume yeBhunga leNtsimbi, enika ukhangelo oluthe ngqo lwendlu yowiso-mthetho kukhetho lwabasebenzi abaphezulu.
  • Amandla eProvince: Oku kuvumela umphathi ophetheyo ukuba axolele abantu ngabanye kulwaphulo-mthetho olunorhulumente, enika isivalo sokhuseleko kukungabikho kobulungisa obucacileyo kwinkqubo yomthetho.

Ikhangela kumandla olawulo

Indlu yowiso-mthetho kunye nemithetho yezomthetho igcina ulawulo olungqongqo lomlawuli. Indlu yowiso-mthetho ilawula uqingqo-mali, inokusebenza ngokutyibilikayo ize isuse amagosa aphezulu, kwaye kufuneka iqinisekise amagunya amaninzi. Ijaji ingazihlola izenzo zesebe eliphetheyo ize izivakalise ukuba azihambelani nomthetho okanye azivumelani nomthetho. Le khalenda intsonkothile iqinisekisa ukuba nangona isigqeba sinamandla, ikude kakhulu.

Isebe Lomthetho: Injini Yokwenza Imithetho

IMithetho, okanye iKhonkxamenti eUnited States, yeyona iphambili ekubekweni komthetho. Eli sebe lenzelwe ukuba libe ngoyena mmeli, libonisa ngokungqalileyo ukuthanda kwabantu ngamagosa anyuliweyo. Umsebenzi walo ongundoqo kukusebenza ngabom, ngokuqulunqa, nangokumisela imithetho ethetha ngeemfuno nenkxalabo zohlanga.

Ukwakhiwa Komthetho

Imimiselo inokwenziwa ngeendlela ezimbini:

  • ``Bicameralis''''':[[FT:1] Yinkqubo enesikhuseli esibini. IUnited States, uUnited Kingdom, Canada, kunye neAustralia isebenzisa le modeli. Kwindlu yabameli imela izithili ezisekelwe kubemi, ngeli lixa iBhahati inikeza umelo olulinganayo kwizwe ngalinye (iingingqi ezimbini kwizwe ngalinye). Le sakhiwo sinyanzelela umthetho ukuba uhambe kwireyithi ezimbini ezahlukileyo zezobupolitika, ukongeza umaleko wohlaluzo nozinzo.
  • UbuUnicamarim: Yinkqubo yechamber enye. Isetyenziswa ngamazwe anjenge New Zealand, Sweden, kunye namazwe amaninzi ase-U.S. (Nebraska). Le modeli isoloko ichazwa njengenobuchule obuninzi kwaye ithambeka kakhulu kwi-gridlock, njengoko kungekho mfuneko yokudibanisa amaphepha amabini ahlukeneyo.

Inkqubo Yomthetho

Uhambo lwemali ukusuka kwicebo ukuya kumthetho lude kwaye lunzima. Ngokuqhelekileyo lubandakanya:

  1. Ingeniso: Ilungu lendlu yowiso-mthetho elixhasa ityala.
  2. [[NTL:0] Impinda yeCommittee: Imali inikwa ikomiti ekhethekileyo ebamba ukuva, iimpikiswano, kunye nokuvota ukuba ingayihambisela phambili na imali. Oku kusoloko kulapho amatyala esifa khona okanye abuye alungiswe ngokuphawulekayo.
  3. [[UMTL: 0] Ingxoxo yeFloor kunye ne Vote: Igumbi elipheleleyo lokuphikisana ngemali kunye neevoti kuyo. Kwindlela ye-bidamal, irekhotha kufuneka igqithe omabini amaziko ngendlela efanayo.
  4. IKomiti yeConference: Ukuba amagumbi amabini agqitha iinguqulelo ezahlukeneyo, ikomiti yamalungu amacala omabini ixolelanisa umahluko.
  5. I- Igunyaziso eliphumezekayo: Imali yokugqibela ithunyelwa kumphathi ophetheyo ukwenzela utyikityo okanye ivato.

Amandla Aphambili Omthetho

Elona gunya libalulekileyo lendlu yowiso-mthetho lingu wamandla emali . Ngundlu yowiso-mthetho kuphela enokugunyazisa irhafu kwaye yahlulele iindleko zikarhulumente. Eli gunya linika amandla amakhulu okutsala phezu kwesebe eliphetheyo. Amanye amandla abalulekileyo aquka:

  • Imfazwe yokucaphula: Kulawulo-melo oluninzi, kuphela indlu yowiso-mthetho enokuthi ngokusesikweni ivakalise imfazwe, iqinisekisa ukuba umkhosi unenkxaso kawonke-wonke.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Ukugqithisela: Imithetho iqhuba amatyala ukuphanda imisebenzi yesebe eliphetheyo, ukuphelisa inkunkuma, ubuqhetseba, nokuxhaphaza.
  • [[UMTL: 0] I-Advice kunye neSivumelwano (Inkonzo): Igumbi eliphezulu lisoloko liqinisekisa izivumelwano zolawulo oluphezulu kunye nezigqibo ezingundoqo kunye nezigwebi.

Ukukhangela Amandla Omthetho

Indlu yowiso-mthetho ikhangelwa ngumphathi onegunya nge-veto kunye nejaji ngokuhlola ityala. Ukuba umthetho uthathwa njengongavumelaniyo nemithetho, iinkundla zingawubetha ngokupheleleyo. Ngaphezu koko, umphathi-ntloko unokubiza iintlanganiso ezikhethekileyo okanye asebenzise iqonga lokungcungcuthekisa ukunyanzela indlu yowiso-mthetho ukuba isebenze, nto leyo ebangela ulungelelwano olunamandla yaye ngokufuthi oluthanda ukulwa.

Isebe Lejaji: Ukutolika uMthetho

ISebe lezeeJaji litolika imithetho nomchasi wobulungisa wokugqibela. Liqinisekisa ukuba imithetho isetyenziswa ngokufanelekileyo nangokungaguquguqukiyo kwaye iyavisisana nomgaqo-siseko. Ngokungafaniyo namanye amasebe amabini, abagwebi badla ngokumiselwa kunokuba banyulwe, bakhuseleke kwingcinezelo yezobupolitika ukuqinisekisa ukuba abakhethi.

Amandla Okuphengulula Ngokweejaji

Amandla anamandla nangaqhelekanga ngu uhlolo olubalulekileyo. Lumiswe kwingqikelelo yeNkundla ePhakamileyo ye-U.S. Ityala leNkundla ePhakamileyo . [Madison [1803] i-Magnital]. [[FLT]], oku kungubuchule beenkundla bokuhlola imithetho nezenzo zekhampathiso zenqanawa zibhengeze ukuba ziyabhangisa kwaye azinanto. Eli gunya lenza ukuba i-judiary isebe elilinganayo-'admital', elikwaziyo ukuqwalasela zombini i-controgent.

Uhlolo lwezeejaji alukhankanywa ngokucacileyo kumGaqo-siseko wase-United States, kodwa luye lwaba yisiseko somthetho-siseko waseMerika. Amanye amazwe, njengeJamani neKhanada, amisele iinkundla ezahlukeneyo zomGaqo-siseko ngokukhethekileyo ngenxa yale njongo, ebalaselisa ukubaluleka kwendalo ekuqinisekiseni imigaqo-siseko kunye nezenzo zempatho-siseko ezihambelana namalungelo asisiseko nemigaqo.

Isakhiwo seSizwe

EUnited States, inkqubo yenkundla yelifa lesizwe isebenza kumanqanaba amathathu:

  • [[UMTHETHO: 0] IiNkundla zephondo: Iinkundla zamatyala apho kuqalisa khona amatyala. Zisingatha imicimbi yasekuhlaleni neyolwaphulo-mthetho.
  • IiNkundla zesiphatho zeQumrhu: Iinkundla zejelo ezihlola izigqibo ezenziwa ziinkundla zesithili. Azibangeni iinkundla kodwa kunoko zihlola iimpikiswano ezingokwasemthethweni kwiimpazamo okanye ekutolikeni.
  • INkundla ePhakamileyo: Inkundla ephakamileyo yelizwe. Inegunya elilawulayo, ithetha ukuba ikhetha amatyala okuva kwiinkundla zesiphaluka kunye neenkundla eziphakamileyo. Izigqibo zayo zimisela umzekelo onyanzelisa lonke uhlanga.

Ukuzimela geqe kwejaji

Ukuzimela geqe kujongwa njengelibalulekileyo kumthetho. Abagwebi kufuneka bakwazi ukugqiba amatyala asekelwe kwizibakala nakumthetho ngaphandle kokoyika ukuziphindezelela koluntu okanye kwamanye amasebe orhulumente. Ukumiselwa kobomi kubagwebi besizwe (ngaphantsi kweGatya III) kucetyelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuba le nkululeko. Noko ke, le nkululeko ingenza inkxwaleko nokuziphendulela ngokwedemokhrasi.

Impikiswano isoloko ivela ngaphaya [[FLT: 0] komthetho wokuthintela (ingcamango yokuba abagwebi bafanele bathathe amasebe anyuliweyo naninina kunokwenzeka) ngokuchasene no' ukwenziwa komsebenzi wobuhlanga [ (ukuvuma kweenkundla ukubetha imithetho okanye ukuseka imiqathango emitsha esemthethweni). Ezi ntanda-bulumko ziphikisanayo zibumba iimfazwe zemibono kuqinisekisiso lwabagwebi kunye nomgaqo womthetho.

Iingxelo Ngamandla Eejaji

Ijaji ayithintelwanga. Indlu yowiso-mthetho ilawula uqingqo-mali nolawulo lwenkundla, ithetha ukuba iKhomishini ingamisela iindidi zeemeko ezinokuviwa ziinkundla ezisezantsi. Ngaphezu koko, isebe eliphetheyo linyanzelisa imiyalelo yenkundla; ukuba umphathi-mandla akavumi ukunyanzelisa umthetho, inkundla ayinakuncedwa. Okokugqibela, indlu yowiso-mthetho ingenza isigqibo sokuphelisa ukucaciswa kwenkundla, kwaye inokuvala imiyalelo yenkundla yomgaqo-siseko ize isuse abagwebi ababandakanyekileyo kwihambo ephosakeleyo.

Iinkqubo Zokuthelekisa Neengxaki Zale Mihla

Ngelixesha umzekelo wamasebe ahlukeneyo ase-U.S. udla ngokuchazwa njengohlobo olungundoqo, ulawulo-melo oluninzi lusebenza ngempumelelo ngokusasazwa kwamandla ahlukeneyo. Ukuqonda ezi ntlobo zinceda ukuqwalasela imo-mo-zulu namandla nobuthathaka bayo nayiphi na inkqubo enye.

Iinkqubo zePalamente

Njengoko kuchaziwe, iinkqubo zomongameli zinokwahlulwa okucacileyo kwamagunya ngonyulo oluzimeleyo lwendlu yowiso-mthetho ephetheyo. Oku kunokukhokelela kwi-gridlock (njengoko kubonwa rhoqo e-U.S.) kodwa kunika iingqikelelo ezinamandla kunye nolungelelwano. Iinkqubo zePalamente, ngokuphikisanayo, zidibanisa amasebe alawulayo kunye nemithetho-mthetho. UMphathiswa-mikhosi oMphathi-mikhosi uyinkokeli yecawa, uvumela ukuba kumiswe inkqubo ekhawulezileyo. Noko ke, ngokufuthi, aswele uvavanyo olungqongqo oluvela kwindlu yowiso-mthetho, axhomekeke kumthetho ozimeleyo, kwisebe le-jajini, kunye nenkcaso yezopolitiko yezo.

Ukuvela Kwamandla Alawulayo

Phantse kuzo zonke idemokhrasi yale mihla, amandla esebe elilawulayo akhula ngokuphawulekayo, isiganeko esidla ngokubizwa ngokuba yi- sivela kurhulumente wolawulo . Ukuntsonkotha kwezoqoqosho kunye noluntu lwale mihla kufuna ngokukhawuleza, ukwenziwa kwesigqibo sobuchule nto leyo iwiswa ziindlu zowiso-mthetho zicotha kakhulu ukunikezela. Oku kuye kwakhokelela kubaphathi abalawulayo abasebenzisa igunya elifanelekileyo ngemithetho, imiyalelo yempatho, kunye nemigaqo yamanye amazwe, ukuphakamisa imibuzo efuna ingcebisayo enoba iingqikelelo kunye nolungelelwano oluqhelekileyo kuhlala kuhamba ngesantya esiphezulu sangoku.

Imibandela efana nelungelo eliphezulu, ukufihla ukhuseleko lwesizwe, nokusetyenziswa kwamazwi okutyobela zizinto ezibangela impikiswano enzulu engokomGaqo-siseko. Ummi onolwazi umele azi ukuba ulungelelwaniso lwamandla luhlala luhamba ngokunyanisekileyo.

Isizathu Sokuba Oku Kubaluleke Kuwe

Ukwahlulwa kwamagunya asiyongcamango yezobupolitika; sisakhiwo esisebenzayo esikhusela ubomi bakho bemihla ngemihla. Simisela ubunjani bemithetho ohlala phantsi kwayo, ububulungisa benkqubo yokusesikweni, nokuphendula kweenkokeli ezikulawulayo. Ukuqonda iindima ezahlukeneyo zoMlawuli olawulayo, uMthetho, kunye noMbutho kukunika amandla okulawula imimandla yezobupolitika, iimbono ezinolwazi, kwaye uthathe inxaxheba ngokunentsingiselo kwidemokhrasi yakho.

Xa ubona inkqubo entsha, zibuze: Ngaba yayingumthetho odluliswa yiLegislature, okanye umyalelo ovela kuMphathi-mikhosi? Xa uva isigqibo senkundla, cinga ukuba utolika umthetho okhoyo okanye ubetha ixhoba amanye amasebe. Olu lwazi lululuhlu lokuqala lokuzikhusela ekulondolozeni ulwakhiwo lwengingqi olukhululekileyo nolulungeleleneyo. [ukukhupha ubuncwane obusemthethweni kula masebe [ linyathelo elilungileyo kuye nabani na okhangela ukunyusa ukuqonda kwawo intlalo.