Ukuqonda indlela ityala eliguquka ngayo ukusuka kwingcamango elula ekubeni umthetho onyanzelekileyo ufanele ukusetyenziswa kubalulekile ekuqondeni inkqubo yedemokhrasi yaseMerika. Uhambo lwemithetho luntsonkothile, lubandakanya amaqondo amaninzi okuhlola, ingxoxo, ukulungisa, kunye nemvume kumasebe awahlukeneyo karhulumente. Ngoxa isebe lowiso-mthetho lidala lize lidlulise amatyala, isebe elilawulayo lidlala indima ebalulekileyo kumanqanaba okugqibela ale nkqubo, ukugqiba enoba umthetho ocetyisiweyo uba ngumthetho welizwe kusini na.

Isiseko: Yintoni Ibheyile?

Ityala lisisicelo somthetho omtsha okanye utshintsho kumthetho okhoyo. Ngaphambi kokuba nawuphi na umthetho umiselwe, kufuneka ukho njengesindululo esicwangcisiweyo esilandela iimfuno ezithile zobume nomthetho. Imithetho iqala njengezindululo, kodwa ezi ngcamango kufuneka ziguqulwe zibe lulwimi oluchanekileyo lwasemthethweni ngaphambi kokuba zihambe kwinkqubo karhulumente.

Naliphi na ilungu leBhunga – mhlawumbi livela kwiNdlu yeeNdlu okanye kwiNdlu yabameli – onengcamango yomthetho ungenza umthetho. Ezi ngcamango zivela kumalungu eBhunga okanye kubemi bemihla ngemihla kunye namaqela okungalawuleki. Ngaphezu koko, nabani na unokucebisa ukuba kubekho icebo lomntu ngamnye, iqela labathengi, umbutho karhulumente, umbutho karhulumente, okanye irhuluneli. Esi siseko solawulo-demokhrasi siqinisekisa ukuba umthetho uvela kwimithombo eyahlukeneyo, ubonakalisa iimfuno kunye nenkxalabo zabafaki-mali abahlukahlukeneyo kwibutho labantu.

Inkqubo yokuchwetheza ngokwayo ifuna ubuchule obukhethekileyo. Ukwenziwa kwencwadi yezandla kufuna uqeqesho olukhethekileyo olusemthethweni, kwaye kudla ngokuphunyezwa ngabasebenzi beBhili-mthetho yeSizwe saseNew York. Kumgangatho we-ofiding ye-ofice ye-ofisi efanayo, kunceda amalungu eBhunga ekuguquleni iingcamango zenkqubo kwizicelo ezilungiselelwe kakuhle zomthetho-mthetho. Ubuchule bokuyila intelekelelo yemali buqinisekisa ukuba imithetho ecetyiweyo icacile, iyanyanzeleka, kwaye iyahambelana neesiseko ezisemthethweni ezikhoyo.

Ukwazisa nokugqithisa

Xa isibham sibhalisiwe kufuneka singeniswe ngokusemthethweni kwiNdlu yabameli okanye kwiNdlu yeNtlanganiso. Ilungu eliphambili leKhomishini elixhasa eli tyala libizwa ngokuba yi "sponsor". Amanye amalungu axhasayo eli tyala kuthiwa "i-co-sponsers". Indima yomxhasi ibalulekile, njengoko lo mntu ethatha imbopheleleko yokuqala yokwalusa umthetho kwinkqubo entsonkothileyo yepalamente.

Ukuba umelwe nguMmeli, ityala liveliswa eNdlu. Ukuba iSenator ngumxhasi, ityala liyaziswa kwiBhunga. Xa ithe yabhaliswa, kufuneka iqaliswe, kwaye xa kuqalwa, ifumana inani. Le nkqubo yokubala inceda umthetho wendlela yogcino-lwazi ngalo lonke uhambo lwayo. Amatyala endlu afumana i-"H.R" ekwahluleni, ngoxa amaphepha endlu ebhaliswe nge-"S" elandelwa ngenombolo ye-sequenti.

Ixesha lokuqalisa lingaba lihle. Amalungu angafaka iifayile zetyala kwinyanga phambi kokuba kuqalise intlanganiso. Oku kubizwa ngokuba yi "ukufihlwa". Ityala langaphambili liziswa ngokusemthethweni ngosuku lokuqala lwentlanganiso. Oku kuvumela abamisi-mthetho ukuba bafumane indawo yangaphambili kumgca wemithetho kwaye babonise izinto eziza kuqala kwintlanganiso ezayo.

Inkqubo yeKomiti: Apho Iibhiliyo

Emva kwentshayelelo, amatyala angena kweyona nkqubo ibalulekileyo yenkqubo yowiso-mthetho: uhlolo lwekomiti. Xa ithe yaziswa, ibhekiswa kwikomiti. Iinkokeli kwindlu okanye kwiBhunga ziza kugqiba ukuba yiyiphi ikomiti ezakubhekisa kwityala. Oku kusoloko kunxulumene nomxholo wemali.

Indlu neNdlu yeeNdlu yeekomiti ezahlukeneyo ezibunjwe ngamaqela amalungu eBhunga anomdla ngokukhethekileyo kwimibandela efana nemicimbi yempilo okanye yezizwe ngezizwe. Ezi komiti zimileyo ziphuhlisa ubuchule kwimimandla yazo yemibandela, zizenza zimiselwe kakuhle ukuvavanya iinzuzo kunye neempembelelo ezinokwenzeka zomthetho ocetyiweyo.

Ukuqwalaselwa nokuchongwa kweKomiti

Xa ityala lisezandleni zekomiti, lihlolisiswa ngenyameko kwaye amathuba ayo okudlula yiBhunga lonke agqitywa. Le nkqubo yokuhlola iphelele kwaye ijikelele. Ikomiti isenokukhetha ukuba netyala ukuze iqonde iziphumo ezingcono zetyala. Ukuvakala kuvumela iimbono zesebe elilawulayo, iingcali, abanye amagosa karhulumente nabaxhasi, kunye nabachasi bomthetho ukuba babhalwe phantsi.

Iinjongo ezininzi zekomiti zisetyenziswa. Zilungiselela ulawulo lukawonke-wonke lwabachaphazeli beembono zabo, zivumela amalungu ekomiti aqokelele inkcazelo nobungqina obungoogqhinga, zize zenze ingxelo yowiso-mthetho enokuba luncedo ekutolikeni komthetho kwixesha elizayo. AmaNgqina ekuchongeni asenokuquka amagosa karhulumente, iingcali zemfundo, abameli beenkampani, amaqela oonontlalo-ntle, kunye nabemi abachaphazelekayo.

Iikomiti ezingaphantsi kwekomiti zilungelelaniswe phantsi kweekomiti kwaye zinokuphinda zibekwe ngokukhethekileyo kumbandela othile. Ngokufuthi, iikomiti zithumela amatyala kwikomiti encinci ukuze ifundelwe kunye neendlebe zazo. Olu xwebhu lokwenza uhlolo luvumela uhlolisiso oluthe lwanenkcukacha ngakumbi lomthetho ontsonkothileyo.

Indlela yokuphawula

Emva kokuchongwa nokucamngca, iikomiti zingabandakanyeka kwinkqubo ebizwa ngokuba yi "macrip," apho zitshintsha khona kwityala letyala. IKomiti ingavota ukuphelisa ityala phakathi kweliqonga. Inkqubo yokunyusa ingundawo apho isiseko somthetho sisoloko sitshintshwa ngokuphawulekayo, namalungu ekomiti efaka ingxubusho, ingxoxo, kunye nokuvota ekulungisweni kwemali.

IKomiti inikela ingxelo yayo yokuba ityala "lokudlula", "lidlule njengelilungisiweyo", okanye "lingadluli". La macebiso abaluleke kakhulu, njengoko amatyala neengxelo zekomiti ezilungileyo esenokuqwalaselwa kakhulu kunezo zingenazincomo.

Noko ke, asizizo zonke iindleko ezisindayo kuhlolo lwekomiti. Ukuba ikomiti ayithathi nxaxheba kwityala, ityala lithathwa njengelo "lifile". Oku kuyinyaniso kuthetha ukuba iikomiti zisebenza njengabagcini bamasango ababalulekileyo kwinkqubo yowiso-mthetho, negunya lokuthintela iindleko zokuhambela phambili kungakhathaliseki iminqweno yabaxhasi bazo.

Ukujongana Nomgangatho Nengxoxo

IiBhili eziqhuba inkqubo yekomiti ngempumelelo zifudukela kumgangatho wegumbi lazo lokuqalisa ukuze ziqwalaselwe ngokupheleleyo ngamalungu. Ukuba ikhutshwe yikomiti, ityala libekwa kwikhalenda ukuze livotelwe, liphikiswe okanye lilungiswe. Inkqubo yokuqwalasela umgangatho yahluke kakhulu phakathi kweNdlu yendlu neNdlu yeeNtlalo-ntle, ibonisa iindima zazo ezicacileyo zomGaqo-siseko kunye nezithethe zamaqela.

Jikelele, imithetho nezenzo zendlu zivumela uninzi lwamanani ukuba luqhube umthetho ngokukhawuleza. Imithetho kunye neenkqubo zeNdlu yeeNtlanganiso, kwelinye icala, zixhasa ukuqwalaselwa kwenyathelo elikhawulezileyo, njengoko zinika abalungisi-mthetho ababalulekileyo ababalulekileyo. Oku kwahluka okungokwesithethe kubonisa umbono weziHlamrhu njengegumbi lePhopplist kunye neBhunga njengelungu eliqeqeshiweyo.

Ngexesha lokuqwalaselwa komgangatho, amalungu anganika ingxubusho, abandakanyeke kwingxoxo, kwaye ekugqibeleni avote kumthetho. Zonke iingxoxo zomzimba njenge-"Commettee of the". Izigujiso zinganikelwa ziphinde zivotelwe. Le nkqubo ivumela ukuphuculwa okuqhubekayo komthetho kwaye iqinisekisa ukuba igumbi elipheleleyo linethuba lokubumba umthetho.

Ukuhamba Kwigumbi Lokuqala

Ukuba ityala lidlula ngobuninzi obulula (218 of 435), ityala lisiya kwiBhunga leNdlu yeeNdlu. Oku kuthatha isibhengezo somthetho sisuka kwiNdlu; ukuba siqala kwiBhunga leNdlu yeeNtsimbi, okungasemva kuya kuba yinyaniso. Ukudlula kwemali kwigumbi elinye kumela incopho ebalulekileyo, kodwa kukude kakhulu ekupheleni kohambo lomthetho-mthetho.

Ngexesha lenkqubo yonke utshintsho longezelelwe kwaye kwenziwa utshintsho kwimithetho yekomiti nakumgangatho weBhunga neNdlu. Ngalo ndlela ngevoti yokugqibela ityala lisenokuba lidlule kwiimpinda eziliqela zokuzihlaziya kwaye lijongeke ngokwahlukileyo kwimali exhasweyo. Le nkqubo yendaleko ibonisa intsebenziswano kunye nokungalingani komthetho kwinkqubo yedemokhrasi.

Icandelo Lesibini: Ukuhlolwa Kwebhadamaral

Emva kokudlula indlu enye, ityala lemali lidlula kumanyathelo afanayo kwenye indlu. Le mfuneko ye-biobal ingundoqo kwinkqubo yowiso-mthetho yaseMelika, eyenzelwe ukuqinisekisa uhlolo olucokisekileyo nokuthintela ukumiswa komthetho ngokungxama. Ukumiswa komthetho kusoloko kufuna omabini amagumbi ukuba avumelane ngokwahlukileyo kwisivumelwano somthetho esifanayo phambi kokuba asinike uMongameli.

Igumbi lesibini liqhuba uhlolo lwalo, lizigcinele iindlebe zalo ukuba kuyimfuneko, lize libandakanye kwingxoxo yalo yomgangatho kunye nenkqubo yokulungisa. Le nkqubo ifanayo isebenza njengovavanyo kwiimpazamo okanye ulawulo olunokwenzeka kwigumbi lokuqala kwaye liqinisekisa ukuba umthetho ufumana inkxaso ebanzi kwii-contituence ezahlukeneyo.

Ukucombulula Umahluko: IKomiti YeNgqungquthela

Ukuba enye indlu yenza utshintsho kwimali yetyala, indlu yokuqala kufuneka ikholise. Xa iinguqu zincinane, le nguqu isenokuba yeyona nto icacileyo. Noko ke, xa kukho ukungavisisani okuphawulekayo phakathi kweNdlu yendlu neNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNdlu zemali, kufuneka inkqubo enzima ngakumbi yoxolelaniso.

Ukuba iNdlu kunye neNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNtlanganiso ayivumelani neNqaku le, omnye wabo angacela ikomiti yenkomfa. Kwikomiti yenkomfa, amalungu endlu nganye ayadibana aze azame ukuza kwisivumelwano. Xa iNdlu neNdlu yeNdlu yeNdlu yeQela ineelo ineembono ezibalulekileyo kunye/okanye iimvisiso ezininzi, ikomiti yenkomfa imiselwa ngokusemthethweni ukuxolelanisa umahluko phakathi kweentlobo ezimbini kwisivumelwano esinye.

Iikomiti zeNgqungquthela ziikomiti zexeshana ezimanyeneyo zamalungu asuka kuzo zombini iigumbi, ngokuqhelekileyo kuquka amalungu aphezulu kwiikomiti ezimileyo ezifanelekileyo. Ukuba bayavumelana ngoko makwenziwe, ikomiti yenkomfa iza kwenza ingxelo. Le ngxelo yenkomfa imela ukulalanisa phakathi kwezikhundla ezibini.

Zombini izindlu kufuneka zivote ukuze zivume ingxelo yekomiti yengqungquthela yokudlulisa iLegislature. Okubalulekileyo, iingxelo zenkomfa azinakubuyiselwa; amalungu kufuneka avote ukwamkela okanye ukulandula ulalaniso njengeli liphela. Ukuba aba banikeli-mali abangakwaziyo ukufikelela kwisivumelwano, umthetho uyafa, ubalaselisa ukubaluleka kokuphumelela kwengxoxo kweli nqanaba.

Ukunikelwa kweGaza eliLawulayo

Xa omabini amagumbi evumile ukuba irejista efanayo yemali, ihamba iye kwisebe eliphetheyo ukwenzela isenzo sobumongameli. Emva kokuba umthetho udlule iNdlu kunye neNdlu yeNdlu, iLegislature ithumela kuRhuluneli (kwinqanaba lorhulumente) okanye uMongameli (kumgangatho worhulumente). Emva kokuba iNdlu kunye neNdlu yeNdlu yeMali ivumele umthetho olinganayo, ityala lithunyelwa kuMongameli.

Le nkcazelo ibhekiswa kwigunya eliphetheyo imela iNkqutyana ebalulekileyo yomgaqo-siseko. Icandelo I, iCandelo 7, u-Claus 2 linikela ukuba xa ityala lidlula zombini izindlu zeBhunga kufuneka linikwe uMongameli ukuze livunywe okanye linikwe i-veto. Le mfuneko iqinisekisa ukuba isebe eliphetheyo linethuba lokuhlola nokuphendula kwizenzo zowiso-mthetho.

Iinketho zoPhostoli: Umqondiso, iVito, okanye Ungathathi Nto

Xa efumana ityala, uMongameli uneenketho ezininzi, nganye ineziphumo ezicacileyo zomthetho. Ukuqonda ezi zinto zinokukhethwa kubalulekile ekuqondeni indima yomphathi ophetheyo kwinkqubo yowiso-mthetho.

Ukusayina IBhili kuMthetho

Eyona ndlela icacileyo kukuvumela uMongameli ukuba avume umthetho. Ukuba uMongameli uyawuvumela umthetho, uyatyikitywa kwaye ube ngumthetho. Ukuba uMongameli uyayityikitya ityala, iba ngumthetho. Lo sayino lumela ukuvunywa koMongameli komthetho kwaye ugqiba inkqubo yokwenza umthetho.

Imibhiyozo yokusayina kwe-odesistile isoloko isenziwa ngenxa yomthetho obalulekileyo, inika uMongameli ithuba lokubhiyozela ekuhleni okuphunyezweyo, abaxhasi, nokucacisa ukubaluleka komthetho kubantu baseMerika. Le mithendeleko isenokuquka abaxhasi bemali, abaxhasi nabaxhamli, abafuzisela ukusetyenziswa kwenkqubo yemithetho.

Ukuvumela Ibhili Ukuba Ibe Ngumthetho Ngaphandle Kosayino

UMongameli akuyomfuneko ukuba atyikitye umthetho ukuze ube ngumthetho. Ukuba uMongameli akathathi nyathelo iintsuku ezilishumi xa iBhunga lisentla, ityala lizenzekela ukuba libe ngumthetho. UMgaqo-siseko unika uMongameli iintsuku ezilishumi (ukwenza iiCawa) ukuze enze ngokuvisisana nomthetho okanye umthetho ube ngumthetho ngokuzenzekelayo.

Eli lungiselelo lithintela uMongameli ekubulaleni umthetho ngokungathathi-nxaxheba xa iBhunga lihleli. UMongameli angakhetha olu khetho xa engawuxhasi ngokupheleleyo okanye engawuchasi umthetho, awuvumele ukuba ube ngumthetho ngaphandle kokugunyaziswa kokusayinwa okuza kumela.

IVeto Eqhelekileyo

Inqaku I, icandelo lesi-7 loMgaqo-siseko linika uMongameli igunya lomthetho weveto odluliselwe yiBhunga. Eli gunya lelona sixhobo libalulekileyo uMongameli angalisebenzisayo ukuthintela ukudluliswa komthetho. Ukuba uMongameli uyawuchasa lo mthetho, bangawugunyazisa umgaqo-mthetho.

Iveto eqhelekileyo yiveto efanelekayo engafanelekanga. UMongameli ubuyisela umthetho ongaphawulwanga kwindlu yongxubevange kwisithuba seentsuku ezilishumi udla ngokuphatha imorrandm yokwaliwa okanye "umyalezo oqhelekileyo". IBhunga lingasigqitha isigqibo sikaMongameli ukuba lihlanganisa ivoti efunekayo yendlu nganye.

Umyalezo weveto ngumyalelo obalulekileyo womgaqo-siseko osebenza kwiinjongo ezininzi. Unika iKhomishini indlela yokuqiqa nguMongameli ngokuchasa umthetho, wenze ingxelo kawonke-wonke yokuchasa komphathi-mthetho, kwaye ungaphembelela imigudu yowiso-mthetho elandelayo yokuphendula imicimbi yoMongameli.

Kwanesisongelo seveto singazisa utshintsho kumthetho oqulethwe kudala phambi kokuba ityala linikezelwe kuMongameli. Oku kujongwa kwangaphambili kunika uMongameli impembelelo ebalulekileyo kwinkqubo yowiso-mthetho, njengoko iBhunga linokulungisa amatyala ukuze liphephe ityala lokuba abanalo ivoti yokuzilawula.

Ipocket Veto

Uhlobo olukhethekileyo lwe-veto lukhona xa i-Congress ababambi bengingqi phambi kokuba uMongameli enze umsebenzi wetyala. Ukuba akukho senzo sithatyathwayo kangangeentsuku ezilishumi kwaye iKhomishini sele igqibile, kukho "i-packet" ukuba umongameli akasayisayi kutyikitya kwiphepha lemali kwaye ihlala ingekho sikweni xa iBhunga lingekho kwintlanganiso, ityala liza kususwa ngokungagqibekanga. Esi senzo sibizwa ngokuba yipoko, kwaye asinakutyikizwa yiBhunga.

Iveto yepokotho yiveto epheleleyo engenakungananzwa. Iveto iba nempumelelo xa uMongameli engaphumeleli ukutyikitya isibhengezo somthetho emva kokuba iBhunga lithundelwe kwaye ayikwazi ukukhupha iveto. Olu hlobo lweveto lunamandla ngokukhethekileyo kuba ingafuni iBhunga livumelwe ithuba lokuphendula kwinkqubo yecebo eliphambili.

Iveto yepokotho ibingumbandela wengxoxo yomgaqo-siseko. Igunya leveto lepokotho lithathwe kwiGatya lomGaqo-siseko I, icandelo 7, "iKhomishini ngesivumelwano sayo ithintela ukubuya kwayo, apho ingazukuba ngumthetho. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, iBhunga kunye noMongameli liye langqubana ngokusetyenziswa kwepokotho, ukuphikisana ngegama elithi "indawo yokuxhasa i-ankile". Umkhwa wangoku ubekelwe imiqathango yengxolo engxobeni.

Ulwenziwo & Lwesiqinisekiso

UmGaqo-siseko unika iNgqungquthela inkqubo yokumisela umthetho phezu kokuchasa komongameli. Ukuba uMongameli ukhupha umthetho, iNgqungquthela ingazama ukuwuphelisa umthetho. Ukuba iNdlu yeNdlu yeNdlu yeMali neNdlu idlulisa ityala ngobuninzi obubini obuyisithathu, iveto igqitywe ngokulawula, kwaye umthetho uba ngumthetho.

Xa lifunyenweyo ityala elaliweyo, iKhonkxane iyakwazi ukuqalisa inkqubo yeveto egqithileyo, efuna ukuba ivoti evumayo kuzo zombini iigumbi ukuze irekhodi ibe ngumthetho. Le mfuneko ibalulekileyo iqinisekisa ukuba ngumthetho kuphela onenkxaso ebanzi, i-bipartan enokuyoyisa inkcaso yobumongameli.

Inkqubo yokuqukumbela iqala kwigumbi apho ingcaciso ivela khona. Ukuba uMongameli ukhupha isibhaka-mali esaziswa kwiBhunga, ityala liza kubuyiselwa kuqala kwiNdlu yeQela apho inkqubo enokwenzeka yokuzikhusela iza kuqala khona. Ukuba igumbi lokuqala livota ngempumelelo ukuba lihambele phambili nesibini sesithathu soninzi, ngoko umthetho uhamba uye kwigumbi lesibini lesibini, elimele liphumele kwivoti ezimbini-3 zolawulo oluphezulu ukuphumelela.

Imbali Ethetha NgeVeto Iyayidlala

Ukukhutshwa kwetyala kunqabile kwimbali yowiso-mthetho waseMerika. Abameli baye banyusa amatyala angama-2 576 ukususela ngowe-1789; kwezi, iBhunga lino-1111.3%). Lo myinge osezantsi wokuwehlisa intloko ubonisa amandla abalulekileyo iveto ewanika uMongameli nobunzima bokuhlanganisa inkcitho efunekayo ukuwoyisa.

Akukho nalinye igumbi eliphantsi kwayo nayiphi na imbopheleleko yomgaqo-siseko, esemthethweni, okanye engokwesithethe yokucwangcisa ukuvota ngelungelo. Akunto ingaqhelekanga ukuba iNgqungquthela yenze umgudu wokungawulawuli umthetho ukuba iinkokeli zombutho azikholelwa ukuba zinevoti eyaneleyo. Oku kuyinyaniso kuthetha ukuba iivetoes ezininzi zime zingathintelwa, ngeKhomishini mhlawumbi zisamkela umgwebo kaMongameli okanye zikhethe ukuhlaziya umthetho wokuthetha ngeemfuno zomongameli.

Impembelelo kaMongameli ekuwiseni umthetho

Ngoxa umGaqo-siseko ebeka amandla okwenza umthetho kwiBhunga, uMongameli unempembelelo enkulu kwinkqubo yowiso-mthetho ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo ngaphaya kwamandla asemthethweni.

Izicelo zoMthetho nohlahlo-lwabiwo-mali

Ngeli xesha injini yeengcamango zowiso-mthetho nezenzo ziseziNgqungquthela, uMongameli uphembelela inkqubo yowiso-mthetho, kwakhona. UMongameli uncomela uqingqo-mali lwaminyaka le kumasebe karhulumente yaye usoloko ecebisa ukuba kwenziwe umthetho. Ezi zicelo zomongameli, ngeli xesha zingabopheleli kwiBhunga-mthetho, zidla ngokumisela iingxubusho zemigaqo-siseko.

Idilesi yonyaka yeSizwe se-Union inika uMongameli iqonga eliphambili lokuchaza izinto eziza kuqala kwimithetho yowiso-mthetho nenkxaso kawonke-wonke ukwenzela amanyathelo athile.

IMigaqo-nkqubo yoLawulo yeNkcubeko neMidlalo

Mhlawumbi okubaluleke ngakumbi kukuba, amandla okulawula umthetho weveto angachaphazela okuqulethwe yimali edluliswa yiKhonkxale. Ekubeni kungaqhelekanga ukuba umthetho umiselwe phezu kweveto engumongameli, iBhunga kufuneka lihlalise ukuma kukamongameli kwiinkqubo ezicetyisiweyo.

Isisongelo singangqineka sisiso sisixhobo esisebenzayo kuMongameli, ngamanye amaxesha sinyanzelisa iKhomishini ukuba ilungise umthetho phambi kokunika ulawulo kuMongameli. I-Ofisi yoLawulo noHlahlo loHlahlo ilungelelanisa uquko lweNgxelo yeNgxelo yoLawulo (SAPS), enxibelelana ngokusesikweni nokuma koMongameli kumthetho olindayo kwaye isenokuquka izisongelo.

ISAPS zisisibonakalisi sokuqala esisesikweni soMphathi-mikhosi onenjongo yokukhupha isisombululo. I-SAPS equlathe izisongelo ziqulathe ulwimi olubonisa injongo kaMongameli yokubeka ityala, uMongameli ecetyiswa ukuba abeke iliso kumaqumrhu, okanye uMongameli ocetyiswa ukuba aphumeze kubaphathi abakhulu. Ezi ngxelo zivumela iBhunga ukuba lilindele ukuphikisa umongameli kunye nomthetho wokulungisa okwaziyo ukunqanda umgaqo we-veto.

Ukuzalisekisa: Ukusuka Kumthetho Ukuya Kwisenzo

Xa isibhengezo sithe saba ngumthetho----- nokuba kunokwenzeka ngosayino lomongameli, kugqithe kummiselo we-veto, okanye ukumiswa okuzenzekelayo (ukumele kwenziwe kwaye kunyanzeliswe. Eli qondo lokuzalisekisa limele utshintsho ukusuka kwinjongo yowiso-mthetho ukuya kwinqanaba lokwenene.

Indima Yezongxamiseko

Amasebe alawulayo anembopheleleko eyintloko yokumisela imithetho emitsha. La masebe aguqulela ulwimi olusemthethweni kwimigaqo eqinisekisiweyo, iinkqubo, kunye nokusebenza komsebenzi. Inkqubo yokusebenza isoloko ibandakanya:

  • Ukuphuhlisa imimiselo enenkcukacha echaza indlela umthetho oza kusetyenziswa ngayo
  • Ukusekwa kweenkqubo zolawulo ukwenzela ukuthobela nokuqinisekisa
  • Ukunikezela ngoovimba nabasebenzi ukuphumeza izindululo zomthetho
  • Ukusekwa kwenkqubo yokuhlola nokunika ingxelo
  • Ukunika ukhokelo kumaqumrhu alawulwayo kunye noluntu

Inkqubo yokumisela imithetho ngokwayo inokuba nkulu, isoloko ibandakanya isaziso sikawonke-wonke kunye namaxesha okugqabaza avumela abagcini-mathiriyeli ukuba banike igalelo kwimigaqo ecetyisiweyo. Le nkqubo yolawulo iqinisekisa ukuba ukuzalisekisa kubonakalisa iinjongo zomanyano kunye nolwazelelelo olusebenzisekayo.

Imihla Esebenzayo Namaxesha Okutshintsha

Asiyomithetho ethatha isiphumo ngoko nangoko xa kumiselwa. IBhunga lingachaza imihla ethile esebenzayo okanye amaxesha okuguqula ukuze kuvunyelwe uzalisekiso olulungeleleneyo. Umzekelo, inkoliso yemithetho emitsha isebenza kuAga. 1 ilandela intlanganiso yowiso-mthetho ngaphandle kokuba uxwebhu luchaza omnye umhla. Iindleko ziintlawulo eziqulathe iziphumo ezisebenzayo ngoJulayi 1, lo mhla mhla mnye unyaka oqalisa ngawo.

Ezi ziganeko zilibazisayo zisebenza kwiinjongo eziliqela: zinika abameli ixesha lokumisela imimiselo, zivumela abantu abachaphazelekayo balungiselele ukuthobela imithetho baze batshintshe ngokulula ukususela kudala ukuya kwiimfuno ezintsha ezingokwasemthethweni.

Unyanzeliso kunye nonikezelo

Xa ithe yaphunyezwa, imithetho kufuneka inyanzeliswe ukufezekisa iinjongo zayo. Iinkqubo zokunyanzelisa ziyahluka kuxhomekeka kwindlela umthetho oyiyo kodwa zisenokuquka:

  • Isohlwayo saBantwana sokungahambelani
  • Isigwebo sesaphuli-mthetho
  • Izenzo zolawulo
  • Isalathisi somsebenzi wePhondo
  • Iinkqubo eziphambili zokukhuthaza ukuthobela

Amaziko asebenza ngokusemthethweni amele alungelelanise ukusetyenziswa komthetho ngokungqongqo nolungelelwano.

Uhlalutyo Olukhethekileyo Kwinkqubo Yomthetho

Umlinganiselo womGaqo-siseko kwiiBhili Ezithile

Yindlu kuphela enokumisela umthetho werhafu kunye nengeniso enxulumene nengeniso. YiNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNkulumbuso kuphela enokumisela umthetho onxulumene nokutyunjwa komongameli kunye nezivumelwano. Ezi mfuneko zomGaqo-siseko zibonisa ukwabiwa ngocoselelo kwamagunya phakathi kwala magumbi mabini.

Amandla endlu apheleleyo phezu kwamatyala engeniso asuka kunxibelelwano oluthe ngqo kubantu ngemibandela emifutshane kunye nee-continuence ezincinci. Indima yeNdlu yeQembu ekwimirhumo nezivumelwano ibonakalisa umsebenzi wayo ocetyiweyo njengequmrhu elifuna ukusetyenziswa njengelinobuchule obukhethekileyo kwimicimbi yangaphandle kunye namalungiselelo aphezulu.

Imithetho yeOmnibus

Imali yetyala ye-omnibus yimali enkulu equka imiba emininzi eyahlukeneyo phantsi kwesihloko jikelele esinjengemfundo. Idla ngokuba yimali yokubhalisa, inamaphepha amaninzi, kwaye isoloko iquka amatyala amaninzi. Ityala le-Omnibus liye laxhaphaka kwinkqubo yomthetho yanamhlanje, ingakumbi kwiinkqubo zonyaka.

Nangona amatyala ebhuzi enokwenza kube lula ukudlula komthetho oqulunqiweyo nokucombulula imibandela emininzi ngaxeshanye, kwakhona baphakamisa inkxalabo ngokuvela kwembonakalo nokuqiqa. Abahlalutyi baphikisa ngelithi amalungiselelo abalulekileyo anokugqunywa kwityala elikhulu, nto leyo eyenza kube nzima ukuba abalawuli noluntu bakuqonde ngokupheleleyo oko bakuquletheyo.

Ubunzima Nobuchule Benkqubo

Inkqubo yokuba ityala libe ngumthetho inqabile ukuqikelelwa kwaye isenokuhluka-hluka ngokuphawulekayo ukusuka kwimali ukuya kwenye. Enyanisweni, kwiindleko ezininzi, inkqubo ayiyi kulandela ukulandelana kwamaqondo okuhlanganisa adla ngokuqondwa njengenkqubo yowiso-mthetho. Oku kuguquguquka kubonisa ukuba bhetyebhetye kwemigaqo yembutho kunye nohlobo olwahlukeneyo lwezindululo zemithetho-mthetho.

Amanye amatyala ahamba ngokukhawuleza kwinkqubo ephikisana kancinci, ngelinye ixesha amanye asenokutyhafa kwikomiti kangangeminyaka. Umthetho wexesha likaxakeka ungadlula kwiinkqubo eziqhelekileyo, ngelixa amatyala esiqhelo elandela indlela esesikweni. Ukuqonda oku kuguquguquka kubalulekile kuye nabani na ofuna ukuphembelela okanye umthetho wendlela.

Uguqu-guquko lwenqanam lemeko

Ngeli nqaku ligxininise kakhulu kwinkqubo yowiso-mthetho karhulumente, izindlu zowiso-mthetho zikarhulumente zilandela iinkqubo ezifanayo kodwa azifani. Urhulumente ngamnye uneemfuno zomGaqo-siseko nemithetho emiselwe ngokwemithetho elawula indlela izikwelo eziba ngayo imithetho.

Bonke oorhulumente kunye nabalawuli belizwe banamandla afanayo, njengoko kunjalo nangabanye oomatiloshe kunye namaqumrhu aphezulu ephondo. Kumaphondo amaninzi kunye namaphondo irhuluneli anamagunya ongezelelweyo eveto, kuquka i-vetoe, i-oyileki kunye nonciphiso. La mandla ongezelelweyo anika abalawuli abaphezulu belizwe izixhobo ezingafumaneki kuMongameli.

Umxholo womgca iveto, ngokukodwa, uvumela abalawuli ukuba balahle amalungiselelo athile emali enkcitho ngeli xesha bevumela eseleyo. Oku kunceda ukuba kuqwalaselwe ngakumbi ukusetyenziswa komthetho olawulayo, nangona kukwaphakamisa imibuzo malunga nokulungelelana okufanelekileyo phakathi kwegunya lowiso-mthetho nelolawulo.

Oku kufuna amavoti amabini anesithathu kwindlu (amavoti ali-90) kunye neCantein (45 amavoti) ukukhupha i-veto yerhuluneli eMinnesota, ebonisa indlela imiqobo yevoti eyahluka ngayo ngokobuzwe ngokwesayizi yendlu yowiso-mthetho.

Ukubaluleka Kokubonisana Ngokucaceyo Nokubandakanyeka Kukawonke - wonke

Ubugcisa bezi mini buye benza inkqubo yowiso-mthetho icace kwaye ifikeleleke kunanini na ngaphambili. Xa kuvezwe ityala, lingafunyanwa kwiBhunga.gov, eyiwebhsayithi karhulumente esemthethweni emisela umthetho karhulumente. Lo mnikezi we-intanethi uvumela abemi, intatheli, namaqela e-advocacy ukuba ajonge umthetho ngexesha lokwenene, afunde umbhalo wephepha-mvume, alungise intelekelelo, alandele inkqubela yemali kwiBhunga-mthetho.

Ubungqina obusemgangathweni kwinkqubo yowiso-mthetho buziintlobo ezininzi:

  • Ukunxibelelana nabameli ukuvakalisa inkxaso okanye ukuchaswa kwamatyala
  • Ukuvavanywa kweekomiti
  • Ukunikezela amagqabaza abhaliweyo ngexesha lamagqabaza asesidlangalaleni
  • Ukuba nenxaxheba kukhuphiswano lokurhwaphiliza
  • Ukukhuthaza abameli abanolwazi olunxulumeneyo ngemithetho ephambili

Oku kuthabatha inxaxheba kukawonke-wonke kubalulekile kulawulo-demokhrasi, ukuqinisekisa ukuba umthetho ubonisa ukuthanda neemfuno zabantu. Inkqubo yowiso-mthetho, nangona intsonkothileyo, yenzelwe ukusabela kwigalelo likawonke-wonke ngamanqanaba amaninzi.

Iingqikelelo Nolungelelwano Olusebenzayo

Uhambo lwemali esuka kwingcamango ukuya kumthetho lubonisa umgaqo-siseko wokuhlola nokulinganisela. Akukho sebe elinye lorhulumente elinokukwazi ukwenza umthetho ngaphandle kokuphuma kweminye imiba. Ingqungquthela kufuneka idlulise umthetho kuwo omabini amagumbi, kodwa uMongameli angawukhupha. UMongameli angawumisela umthetho, kodwa akanawo ukuwumisela ngaphandle kwemvume yomthetho. IBhunga linokuwulawula lomongameli, kodwa kuphela nge-veto ebalaseleyo.

Le nkqubo yokuhlolana iqinisekisa ukuba ukwenza umthetho kufuna intsebenziswano, ukulalanisa, kunye nokuvumelana okubanzi. Ngelixesha ingenza inkqubo icothe kwaye idimaze, ikwathintela umthetho ongxamayo okanye oqwalaselwe kakubi kwaye ikhusela ukuxinezeleka kwamandla nakweliphi na ilungiselelo.

Isebe lenkundla linikela uhlolisiso olongezelelekileyo ngamandla alo okuhlola ikomiti, liqinisekisa ukuba imithetho emiselwe ihambelana neemfuno zomGaqo-siseko. Iinkundla zingayibetha imithetho echasene namalungiselelo omgaqo-siseko, zongezelela olunye ulwaleko lokukhusela amalungelo omntu ngamnye nemigaqo yesiseko somGaqo-siseko.

Isiphelo: Inkqubo Yedemokhrasi Neyokude

Umendo osuka kwingxelo yomthetho ukuya kumthetho untsonkothile, ubonakalisa ukuzinikela kwabalawuli kwidemokhrasi ekhululekileyo kunye norhulumente omncinane. Iqonga ngalinye lenkqubo(ukusuka ekuqaleni kokulungisa ngengxubusho yekomiti, ingxoxo yomgangatho, imvume ye-bidamal, kunye nesenzo solawulo oluphezulu------------------------------ siseko sisebenza ngokubalulekileyo ekuqinisekiseni ukuba imithetho iyimfuneko, ixhotyiswe kakuhle, kwaye ixhaswe kukuvumelana okubanzi.

Indima yesebe eliphetheyo kule nkqubo, xa lisondela ekupheleni, ibalulekile. Uhlolo lomongameli lunika uhlolo lokugqibela kumthetho, luqinisekisa ukuba imithetho ayibonisi nje ukwenziwa kombutho kodwa ikwalugwebo oluphezulu malunga nokuzalisekiswa kunye nenkqubo. Amandla eveto, nokuba asetyenziswa okanye asongelwa, anika uMongameli impembelelo ebalulekileyo kwiziphumo zemithetho-mthetho.

Ukuqonda le nkqubo kubalulekile kubemi abanolwazi. Ibonisa indlela ulawulo lwedemokhrasi olusebenza ngayo, lubonisa iingongoma ezininzi apho abemi banokubandakanyeka kwaye baphembelele khona kwinkqubo. Kubonisa ukubaluleka konyulo, njengoko amagosa anyuliweyo ukuba akhonze kwiBhunga kunye nesebe eliphetheyo liza kwenza izigqibo ezichaphazela zonke iinkalo zobomi baseMerika.

Kubo bafuna ukufunda okungakumbi ngenkqubo yowiso-mthetho, oovimba abaninzi bakhona. I-website inika ulwazi olubanzi malunga nomthetho wesizwe, kuquka ii-website ze-odoli, ukuhlaziya, kunye neengxelo zekomiti. Indlu yabameli kunye [FLT:]] ne SATE[] iiwebhsayithi zemfundo malunga neenkqubo zazo ezizimeleyo. Imithetho yowiso-mthetho yesizwe igcina oovimba abafanayo begunya-mthetho.

Inkqubo yowiso-mthetho, ngelinye ixesha ephazamisayo kukuntsonkotha nokucotha kwayo, imele idemokhrasi esebenzayo. Iquka umgaqo-siseko wokuba imithetho ifanele ivele ngokucinga ngenyameko, ngokuthabatha inxaxheba, nangokuhlola okubanzi, kunokusuka kukuthanda kwakhe nabani na okanye kwiqumrhu. Ngokuqonda indlela amatyala aba yiyo ngayo imithetho, abemi banokuba nenxaxheba ngokulunge ngakumbi kwidemokhrasi yabo baze bagcine amagosa abo anyuliweyo ebeke ityala ngemithetho abayilayo kwaye ayisebenzise.