Imvelaphi Nokubaluleka Kwamandla KaClaus Afunekayo Nafanelekileyo Kumthetho

Imfuneko neNkqutyana kaClaus efunyenwe kwiGatya I, Icandelo le-8 Claus 18 loMgaqo-siseko waseUnited States, ngomnye weyona miqathango ilandelayo kodwa ecacileyo kumthetho wezomgaqo-siseko waseMerika. Inika iKhomishini yeNgqungquthela "yenze yonke imithetho ezakuyimfuneko nefanelekileyo yokuphatha amagunya angaphezulu, kunye nawo onke amanye amagunya anikwe ngulo Mgaqo-siseko kuRhulumente waseUnited States, okanye nakweliphi na iSebe okanye naliphi na iSebe okanye umphathi-gosa-gosa-siseko. Inika iBhunga elibizwa ngokuba "IElast Classicle," linika iBhunga elingenakucalulwa ngokucacileyo kodwa liyimfuneko ekuphumezeni amagunya alo. Lo mthetho ube ngowokuqala ekunyusweni kwegunya likarhulumente, ukuhlala ingxube-angxube-aal-ant-at shoreat siseko.

Imvelaphi: Ukulungisa Ucamagusho Oyi - Elastic Claus

I-Iact neSeant Claus yavela kwiNgqungquthela yezomGaqo-siseko yowe-1787. Abathunywa bajamelana nengxaki engundoqo: indlela yokudala urhulumente wesizwe onobugorha ngokwaneleyo bokucombulula iingxaki zesizwe ezidibeneyo ngoxa igcina inkululeko nengcinezelo. Ngaphantsi kweMigaqo yeNkxaso yeKhompathiso, iBhunga yayingenalo igunya lokuhlawula irhafu, ukulawula urhwebo, okanye ukunyusa umkhosi ngokunempumelelo. INdibano yazama ukucombulula ezi ngxaki, kodwa abathunywa abaninzi babesoyika ukunika igunya eliyintloko.

UJames Madison, odla ngokubizwa ngokuba nguYise woMgaqo-siseko, waqonda ukuba urhulumente upheleliselwe kuludwe olumxinwa lwamagunya athile angawaxhobi ukusingatha iingxaki ezingabonwanga. u-Federalir No. 44, wakhusela igalelo, ephikisa ukuba "inyanzelo engundoqo" ukunqanda "uqeqesho olona bunzima obuninzi" olunokuvela ukuba iBhunga lingenza kuphela xa igunya lalo lishicilelwe ngokucacileyo. Isivumelwano sasicelelwe ukuvumela iBhunga ukuba likhethe iindlela zalo zokufikelela iinjongo zalo zomgaqo-siseko, logama laso lalisithi "luyimfuneko kwaye lifanelekile"".

Ukuzigquma ngokwako kwaye kwenziwa ngobuchule ukuze kuphephe ubugqithiso obubini. Kwesinye isandla, igama elithi "eyimfuneko" lakhethwa ngaphezulu kwemiqathango ebanzi njenge "contenfient" okanye "ukusebenzisa" ukuthintela iKhompathiswa ekufuneni ubuchule obungenasiphelo. Kwelinye icala, abalawuli balugatya ulwakhiso olungqongqo olufuna umthetho ukuba ungowona ubalulekileyo ngokupheleleyo; baqonda ukuba ukulawula kufuna umgwebo osebenzayo. Le mithetho ithatha umhlaba ophakathi, ivumela ukuba iKongresla-yama ilungelelanise ithetha ukuba ingulwe ngokungephilingeneyo. [ ilungelelanisa ngokucacileyo.

Ukutolikwa Kwangaphambili Nokuvela Kwamandla Asetyenziswayo

Ingxoxo Ephambili Engoobhanki BaseUnited States

Uvavanyo lokuqala olukhulu lwegalelo lweza ngo1791, xa uAlexander Hamilton wacebisa ukuba kubekho ibhanki yesizwe. Unobhala weSizwe uThomas Jefferson waphikisa ngelithi uMgaqo-siseko awuzange ugunyazise ngokungqalileyo ukuba iBhunga libumbe ibhanki, kwaye isiHlamlisi seshumi elinesithoba sagcina onke amandla angamiselwanga kwiphondo. Hamilton waphendula ngoluvo olubalulekileyo olwabeka isiseko samandla achaziweyo. Waphikisa ukuba iBhunga lika-Celaskomskom lanika igunya lokufaka ibhanki kuba iyimfuneko nefanelekileyo" ukuthwala amandla eBhunga abekwe phantsi kwerhafu, ukuboleka, kunye nemali. Imbono ka-Hamilton yayisa umthetho webhanki. Lo mzekelo wokusetyenziswa kwemithetho yemithetho ye-onki.

ICANDELOK yeNkcubeko yeNtshona Koloni

Isigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo Mcloch v. Maryland uhlala ingcaciso epheleleyo ye-Iact ne FAN. IJaji enkulu uJohn Marshall, ebhalela iNkundla engqinelanayo, wabambelela kwiBhunga lesibini leUnited States, nangona elo gunya lalingadweliswanga kwinqaku I. Marshall waqiqabela ukuba umGaqo-siseko u "uzimisele ukunyamezela kangamaxesha amaninzi ezayo, kwaye ekugqibeleni, ukulungelelathiselwe kwiimeko ezahlukahlukeneyo zemicimbi yabantu."

Uluvo lwacacisa ufundo oluphangaleleyo lwamandla karhulumente. Marshall wabhala ukuba igalelo lingu "lokufumana igunya" kunokuba lithintele, kwaye iKhomishini ingasebenzisa naziphi na iindlela ezingayalelwanga ngumGaqo-siseko ukufikelela into esemthethweni. Wavakalisa ngokudumileyo, "Isiphelo masibe semthethweni, singabi semthethweni, kwaye zonke izinto ezifanelekileyo, ezilungelelene nesiphelo, ezingavumelekanga, kodwa eziquka uhlamvu nomoya woMgaqo-siseko, zingumGaqo-siseko. Oku kungumgaqo-siseko. [[FLT:]] Oku kukhululekile kulawulo olucacileyo olusuka kuludwe olupheleleyo lwamandla emkhosini kwaye luvunyelwe ukusabela kwimfuno lwesizwe njengoko luyimfuneko.

Kwakweli thuba linye, iNkundla yabetha igatya iMaryland izama ukurhafisa ibhanki karhulumente, iseka umgaqo wobukhulu borhulumente phantsi koSupremacy Claus. Isigqibo saphinda saqinisa ukuba u-Claus ofanelekileyo noMfanelekileyo akangomthombo wamandla angenasiphelo; iindlela kufuneka zibe " ngokuphandle zilungiswe"[ kwisiphelo somgaqo-siseko kwaye akumelenga kwaphulwa amanye amalungiselelo omgaqo-siseko. ukanti isiphumo siphela sasikukwandisa umlinganiselo wegunya lengqungquthela.

Ityala Eliyintloko LeNkundla Ephakamileyo Lisingela Phantsi IClaus’s Cae

Gibbons v. Ogden (1824) kunye noMandla oManyano

IJaji enkulu uMarshall kwakhona yaphethukela kwi-Ilifako neNdlela efanelekileyo ku- Gibbons v. Ogden ukuchaza ukufikelela kweChwetheza u-Celas. INkundla yathi iKhomishini inokuthi ilawule ushishino oluphakathi kwengingqi, kuquka uqhubo, kwaye loo rhulumente ungqubano nemithetho karhulumente engqubana nolawulo lwamaqumrhu. UMarshall waqiqa ngelithi amandla okulawula urhwebo "phakathi kwamaZwe amaninzi" ngokuyimfuneko aquka amandla okulawula imisebenzi enk ichaphazela ngokothethotho [ kushishino-omatilo-o-othe, kunye noluqikelelo lwalo lwasemva koko luzakuba lungagunyazisela inkqubo yemithetho yezo yezo yezo projekthi.

Ukusebenzisa iClaus kuMthetho Wezaphuli - mthetho

kwiUnited States v. Comstock, iNkundla yaqwalasela ukuba iNkundla inokuthi ingagunyazisa kusini na ukuzinikela kwabemi bamabanjwa ayingozi ngokwesondo emva kokugqitywa kwezigwebo zabo. Uninzi lwathi ukholelwa ukuba u-Fanelo noMhleko u-Claus wavumela ukuvalelwa okunjalo kuba yayiyindlela esengqiqweni yokuthwala amandla eBhunga ukuba kubangele ulwaphulo-mthetho lwesizwe nokusohlwaya. IJaji uStephen Breyer yagxininisa ukuba inkcala yemithetho yemithetho-siseko "brouround" ivume amanyathelo anxulumene ngokucaciswa kwawo amanye amagunya. Ityala layenza imo eyomelele indima yemithetho yezomthetho njengezolwaphulo-mthetho, i-mthetho zezonyango, ukufuduka.

IFomati kazwelonke yeZiko le-Independent v. Sebelius (202): IMandate nganye

Uvavanyo lwakutshanje oluphezulu lubandakanya uMthetho we-Affordble Care Act. INkundla yaxhasa ugunyazo phantsi kwamandla oMbutho orhabanisayo, kodwa iJaji enkulu uJohn Roberts ngokuphawulekayo yala ingxengxezo yokuba u-Claus ofanelekileyo noMhlekileyo kuphela unokuzithethelela izigunya. uRoberts wabhala ukuba iGaqo-siseko sivumela ukwenziwa kwemithetho yemithetho-siseko [[FLT:]] ukwenziwa kwemiqathango yaso, kodwa ayiwaniki gunya elikhoyo phakathi kwegunya lomthetho. [iiigunya eliqhelekileyo].

ICalaus Kumthetho Wanamhlanje: Ukufikelela Ngokuzeleyo Nemiphumo Eluncedo

Imicimbi yolawulo lomanyano

Imo yezolawulo yale mihla ityala ukubakho kwayo ngenxenye enkulu ngenxa ye-Iactive neThe Medicine. Ingqungquthela ivelise amaqumrhu anjenge-Arhente Yokukhusela Imekobume, iKhomishini yoNyaka kunye neKhomishini yoNxibelelwano loManyano loLawulo loMgaqo-siseko ukuze iphumeze iimbopheleleko zayo ezibaliweyo. Ngoxa umGaqo-siseko ungakhankanyi abameli, ibinzana lixhasa indalo yabo njengendlela yokunyanzela imithetho karhulumente kwezorhwebo, irhafuthelo, kunye nokhuseleko lohlanga. Esi sakhiwo sivumela ingqungquthela ukuba imisele igunya kwimibutho engoochwepheshe, ilungele ukusetyenziswa kweenkcutha nezoqoqosho ngaphandle kokwenza umgaqo-siseko somgaqo-siseko.

ISebe leMicimbi yeNkcubeko neNkcubeko

Iinkqubo ezifana neMedicare, iMedicaid, kunye noKhuseleko loNtlalo zixhaswa ngokudityaniswa kwamandla okuchitha iNgqungquthela (Icandelo lesi-8, u-Classias 1) kunye noMfaneleko no-Claus ofanelekileyo. Icandelo livumela iNgqungquthela ukuba imisele iimeko zemali karhulumente kunye nokuseka iinkqubo zolawulo ezilawula ushishino lwezempilo, zifune ugcino-lwazi, kunye nokubeka imilinganiselo yobunjani. Umzekelo, i-Emergerge Medical Atcity and Mor Act (MTALA) ifuna izibhedro ezamkela uMedicane ukuba zinikeze inkathalo yexesha likaxakeka nokuba kunokwenzeka kangakanani na ukuhlawula. Ngelishwa okucacileyo, imithetho enjalo ixhaswa njengokuyimfuneko nokukhusela ukhuseleko.

Ulungiso lwezemali nokhuseleko lwezoqoqosho

Emva kwengxaki yemali yowama-2008, iBhunga lasebenzisa amandla alo adwelisweyo kwezorhwebo nakumali, lidityaniswe ne-Claus Enimation and the Seconent Claus, ukuseka i-Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB) nokumisela iDodd-Frank Wall Street Reformation kunye noMthetho wokuKhuselwa kwezezimali. Le mithetho ilawula izixhobo zemali ezintsonkothileyo, iibhanki kunye namaqhina okuthenga ngemali, kwaye yenza ukhuseleko lwabathengi. Iinkundla zisoloko zixhasa amanyathelo anjalo, ziqonda ukuba iingxaki zale mihla zifuna iimpendulo ezibhedleleneyo nezo zikarhulumente.

Ukhuseleko lwesizwe neMicimbi yaMazwe angaphandle

Eli binzana likwaxhasa igunya elikhulu leBhunga kwimicimbi yamanye amazwe, nangona umGaqo-siseko unika uMongameli amandla amaninzi omgaqo-siseko wamanye amazwe. Ngemithetho efana noMthetho weSizwe woKhuseleko ka 1947, iKhomishini yadala iSebe loKhuselo, i-CIA, kunye neBhunga loKhuseleko loMkhosi weSizwe. ISigqibo soMkhosi wemfazwe sowe-1997, ngexesha ithe yacaphula inkundla xa iqinisekisa ukuba uBhunga lotshaba lugunyaze lulawule urhulumente. [FLT: 0] HAMDI v. Rumsfeld[FLD:204], iNkundla yacaphula isigwebo xa iqinisekisa ukuba umkhosi wotshaba lungagunyaziswa, njengesiganeko esiyimfuneko sokuvakalisa imfazwe.

Iingxoxo Ezingaphaya Komda Wamandla Eengqungquthela

Imithetho engqongqo. Ulwakhiwo oluyekeleyo

Ukusukela ekuFunyanweni, iimbono ezimbini ezikhuphisanayo ziyile ukuchazwa kwe-Inict ne Medicine Claus. Abakhi abangqongqo, abalandela uJefferson, baphikisa ngelithi igalelo limele lipheleliselwe kwezo ntsingiselo ngenakutshintshwa[ ukubonakalisa amandla adwelisweyo. Phantsi kolu fundo, iKhomishini ayinakulawula ngaphandle kokuba unxulumano lwamandla omgaqo-siseko othile luchanekile kwaye lunyanzelekile. Abakhi abangekho mthethweni, abalandela uHamilton noMarshall, baphikisa ukuba iGarhente inika icebo lokukhetha naziphi na iindlela ezikhoyo. [[FLT.FLT:3] ngokunxulumeneyomGenekiso-mGwayilo-siseko. Le ngxoxo iyaqhubeka ukuphembele iimfazwe kwiimfazwe zemithetho elungele ukulawulwa kwemiqatha.

UMthetho Weshumi Ohlaziyiweyo Nomanyano

I-Iafly neSeant Claus isoloko ingqubana noMphetho-Mda weshumi, ogcinelwe amagunya onke angawaphathi urhulumente worhulumente. Abahlalutyi begunya elibanzi baphikisa ngelithi, xa kuchazwa ngokungacaciyo, iphelisa imida yamandla adwelisiweyo kwaye ijongene nolawulo lukarhulumente. INkundla ePhakamileyo iye yawuphosa la mapolisa le mida, njengaku United States v. Lopez [195], apho ithe yawaphula khona umthetho wokusebenzisa i-Gun-Free Schools Act ngenxa yokuba unxibelelwano lokudibanisa izikolo zorhwebo lwalungalawuleki kakhulu. Ngokunjalo, i- i-shicilez.[FLT] (1997]), iNkundla yeNkungamele ukuba i-Nkulawula i-Gequluneli ekulawuleni i-mthetho wolawulo lwabaphathi-mthetho.

Imfuneko "Yeproper": Asiyondlela Nje

Into esoloko ijongwa kwicandelo "efanelekileyo". NFIB v. Sebelius, uMahluleli omkhulu uRoberts wagxininisa ukuba "ufanele" umisela imiyalelo ezimeleyo ngaphaya "eyimfuneko". Lo mthetho usenokuba yimfuneko ukufikelela isiphelo somgaqo-siseko kodwa usaqhubeka ungafanelekanga kuba uphazamisa ukwahlulwa kwamandla okanye ukuchasana kolawulo lukarhulumente. Umzekelo, ukubeka umyalelo ngqo kwiindlu zowiso-mthetho zikarhulumente ukumisela inkqubo yesizwe, kwanokuba kuyimfuneko ukufikelela usukelo olusemthethweni. Oku kuyimfuneko "ukuzilungisa" kungeza umaleko wohlelo lomgaqo-siseko.

Intsingiselo Yexesha Elitsha: Isizathu Sokuba UNodoli Abaluleke Namhlanje

I-Claus efunekayo nefanelekileyo ihlala iyimbombo yesiseko solawulo lwamaMelika. Ngaphandle kwayo, iKhomishini ibingayi kukwazi ukuphendula kwiingxaki zezoqoqosho ezikwiqondo lama-21 ephambili, utshintsho olukhawulezileyo lwemeko-bume yobugcisa, okanye ukhuseleko lobuzwe olujikelezayo. Inyathelo ngalinye eliphambili lorhulumente elisuka kumthetho we-Ceac Air Act ukuya kumthetho we-CHIPS kunye nomthetho wenzululwazi liza kuthethelela iinkcukacha ezilawulayo, iindlela zokuxhasa inkxaso-mali, kunye nezakhiwo zolawulo ezingaphaya kombhalo ongachananga womGaqo-siseko.

Kwangaxeshanye, igalelo liyaqhubeka livelisa impikiswano enzulu engokwasemthethweni nezobupolitika. Iingxoxo malunga nemiyalelo yabalawuli, urhulumente, kunye nomlinganiselo ofanelekileyo wamandla karhulumente zisoloko zijikeleza zibuyela kwintsingiselo "eyimfuneko nefanelekileyo" abaphengululi nabagwebi bayaqhubeka bephanda ukuqonda kwasekuqaleni kwegama, kunye nokuphikisana kokunyanzeleka okungakumbi kokufumaneka kwemikhwa yomgaqo-siseko kunye nezinye ezikhuthaza indlela ephilayo yokuqhuba iBhunga ukuze livumelane nentsingiselo entsha.

Kubafundi bakarhulumente waseMerika, ukuqonda i-Ilifanetic and The tye Clause kubalulekile ekuqondeni indlela umGaqo-siseko oye waguquka ngayo ukusuka kwiplani emfutshane ukuya kwisiseko sikarhulumente wesizwe othe gqolo. Kubonisa ubulumko bomntu olawulayo ukudibanisa amandla adwelisweyo nenqanaba elithambileyo elinika imvume-ukungaguquguquki kwenkululeko yolawulo lwezigunya likarhulumente.

" Igalelo asilovavanyo olungenanto lwengqungquthela, kodwa sisixhobo esibalulekileyo sokuqinisekisa ukuba umGaqo-siseko uhlala usiso isixhobo esisebenzayo sokulawula. — IJaji Anthony Kennedy (equkumbela [[[FLT: 1]]] iChomstock)[FLT]]

Ukufunda Okungakumbi

Isiphelo: Ukulungelelanisa Ulungelelwano Nolungelelwaniso

Imbali yayo ibonisa ukuba ibinzana lisetyenzisiwe ukwakha urhulumente onamandla ombuso okwaziyo ukusingatha iingxaki zesizwe, kodwa kwakhona liyinkqubo esisiseko yomgaqo-siseko ebonakalisa ukuchasana nokulandelelana kwemiqathango emitsha. Njengoko iBhunga liqhubeka lijongana neengxaki ezintsha, iEllastic Classia iyakuhlala iyingongoma ephambili yomthetho-siseko. Umbuzo ongundoqo awukho ukuba ngaba iBhunga linamagunya achazayo, kodwa indlela lawo mandla anamandla anokuwandisa ngayo kwaye akhusela ngayo. Impendulo inguwo kanye umGaqo-demokhrasi waseMelika.