Ukwazisa kumgangatho wamalungelo: Umsebenzi oqhelekileyo

Ukuqonda intsalela yamalungelo nenkxaso kubalulekile nabani na onqwenela ukuya kwibutho lanamhlanje ngentembelo. Amalungelo anqabile ukusetyenziswa ngokulinganayo; asoloko ekhiwe kwithala okanye kwimigangatho ebonisa amaqondo ahlukeneyo asemthethweni, uluntu lonke, kunye nembopheleleko karhulumente. La manqanaba asuka kwisiqinisekiso esithe ngqo kulawo anokufezekiswa okanye anokulinganiselwa okusengqiqweni. Umthetho wamaLungelo ofanelekileyo ongokwabantu (HRR) [F1:1], oko oorhulumente bamele baqinisekise ngokuthe ngcembe, nalapho imida yoncedo lukawonke-wonke iqala khona. [RFF:] kunye nakumaqela e-R: [iiirgoqweqwele , kunye nakunga zixhobo ze-Spesenti) ezikhoyo (iiiiiiiii-S, i-Ethengwa nguMthenwane, i-Eculse-Afreast] kunye nanga) njengabemi boluntu (eburhulumente).[4]

Umgangatho Wokuqala: Undoqo Wamalungelo Abantu – Ikhori

Umgangatho wokuqala noweyona ikhuselweyo unamalungelo agqalwa njengangundoqo nangasetyenziswayo. La ngamalungelo angenakuze apheliswe, kwanangexesha lemfazwe, ungxamiseko lukawonke-wonke, okanye amanqam esizwe. Azuzwe njengelifa kumntu ngamnye ngenxa yesidima soluntu lwakhe kwaye enze isiseko sawo onke amalungelo. Umthetho wezizwe ngezizwe uchaza uluhlu olufutshane lwala malungelo apheleleyo.

  • Elunge kwicala lobomi: Akukho mntu uza kuhluthwa ubomi babo ngokusemthethweni. Eli lungelo lizinyanzelo ezifanelekileyo kurhulumente ukukhusela ubomi ngemithetho, ubupolisa, kunye nolawulo lwezempilo. Umzekelo, Inqaku lesi-2 le-ECHR litolikiwe ukucela uphando olunempumelelo kwiziphumo zokufa ezibangelwa ngabameli bakarhulumente.
  • Isiqinisekiso sokugwetywa kweNjongo neNtlobano, Unyango oluNtu okanye oluHlanganisayo: Eli lungelo liphelele phantsi kweGatya 3 le-ECHR ne-UN Convention nxamnye nokuTshivwa. Akukho meko, "nanokuba ngabanqolobi okanye imfazwe" evumela ukuthuthunjiswa. Ukwalelwa oku kusebenza kokubini kukubandezeleka okungokwasemzimbeni nakokunzima engqondweni.
  • Isiqinisekiso sobukhoboka kunye neLabood Egoqweni:[[FT:1] Ibhalwe kwinqaku lesine le UDHR neQumrhu lesi-8 le-ICCPR, eli lungelo lithintela okanye lithenge abantu njengempahla kwaye linyanzelisa ulwaphulo-mthetho lokurhweba ngabantu.
  • [[NTL:0] Inkululeko yeQondiso, Isazela, kunye nonqulo: Ngelixesha ukubonakaliswa konqulo kusenokuba kulinganiselwe, inkululeko yangaphakathi yokuba neenkolelo iphelele. Akukho mntu unokunyanzeleka ukuba atyhile okanye atshintshe unqulo lwakhe.

La malungelo awanyanzelekanga ukuba alungelelanise inzala kawonke-wonke; abeka umgangatho ongenakusetyenziswa ukuze kuhlonelwe abantu. Izivumelwano zamalungelo abantu zamazwe ngamazwe, njengeKomiti yamaLungelo e-UN, zisoloko zihlola ukuthobela kwamazwe. Ukuchasana, njengokubulala okungaphaya komthetho okanye ukubhanga okunyanzelekileyo, zezinye zeemfeketho ezinzulu zomthetho wezizwe ngezizwe.

Umgangatho Wesibini: Amalungelo Asekuhlaleni Nezobupolitika – I - Democratic Engine

Amalungelo oluntu nawezobupolitika enza ithala lesibini. La malungelo ayimfuneko ekusebenzeni kwebutho ledemokhrasi kwaye avumela abantu ukuba babe nenxaxheba kubomi boluntu. Ngokungafaniyo namalungelo asisiseko, amalungelo amaninzi asekuhlaleni nawopolitiko alinganayo anokuthintelwa ukuba umlinganiselo umiselwe ngumthetho, usebenza injongo esemthethweni (njengokukhusela kwesizwe, ulungelelwaniso lwasekuhlaleni, okanye amalungelo abanye abantu), kwaye ayalingana. I-ICCPLTPR, ivunywa ngamazwe angaphezulu ko-170, inika ulwakhiwo oluphambili lwezizwe ngezizwe.

  • Inkululeko yokuthetha: Ikhuselwe phantsi kweGatya 19 lamaLungelo oMsebenzi neCandelo 10 le-ECHR. Eli lungelo ligubungela inkululeko yokufuna, ukufumana, nokudlulisela ulwazi kunye neengcamango. Noko ke, imiqathango ivumelekile ngezizathu ezifana nokunyelisa, intetho yentiyo, okanye ukukhuthaza ugonyamelo. Inkundla yaseYurophu yamaLungu yamalungelo abantu ivelise uvavanyo oluqinileyo lokulungelelanisa, ifuna ukuba nakuphi na ukuphazamisana kuyimfuneko kwibutho ledemokhrasi.
  • [[NTL:0] Ngokulungileyo kwiNdibano yoXalo: Abantu bangahlanganisana ukuze bavuselele, babhiyozele, okanye baqhube iintlanganiso (nangona iimfuno zokwazisa zingamkelwa). Ilungelo lingalinganiselwa kukhuseleko lukawonke-wonke, kodwa ukuvalwa kwengubo yokuvala zonke izikhalazo kuthathwa ngokubanzi njengokungalingani nakuko.
  • Isiseko sedemokhrasi yabameli. Inqaku le-25 le-ICCPR liqinisekisa wonke ummi ilungelo lokuvota kunyulo lwexesha lokwenene. Imiqathango esekelwe kubumi, ubudala, okanye umbilini wengqondo iqhelekile, kodwa imiqobo yokukhupha umlomo (umz., ngokohlanga, ubufana, okanye ubutyebi) iyathintelwa.
  • Inqaku 14 le-ICCPR liqinisekisa ilungelo lokuchotshelwa kwasekuhlaleni phambi kwenkundla ezimeleyo nengakhethiyo, ukufunyaniswa kobumsulwa, kunye noncedo olusemthethweni. La malungelo abalulekileyo kwinkululeko yomntu ngamnye nomthetho.

Amalungelo oluntu nawezobupolitika adla ngokubizwa ngokuba “ngamalungelo esizukulwana sokuqala” kuba ayengowokuqala ukugunyaziswa kwimimiselo yale mihla. Asoloko enyanzelekile ngoko nangoko, kwaye iinkundla zingakhupha imiyalelo ebophelelayo yokuphelisa ukwaphulwa kwemithetho (umz., ziyalela ukukhululwa komntu ovalelwe ngokuphosakeleyo).

Isigaba Sesithathu: Imali, Intlalo, kunye neNkcubeko - Isiseko Sokufumana Impumelelo

Umgangatho wesithathu ugquma amalungelo aqinisekisa ukuba abantu banokuhlangabezana neemfuno ezisisiseko kwaye baphile ngesidima. La malungelo abizwa ngokuba “amalungelo esizukulwana sesibini” afunyanwa kwi ICESCR kunye nomthetho-siseko wesizwe omninzi. Umqondiso ongundoqo ngowokuba bakwimeko eqhubela phambili kwintsingiselo eqhubekayo[[[FLT:]] . . .amalungelo angundoqo awalindelwanga ukufumana ulonwabo olupheleleyo ngoko nangoko, kodwa kufuneka athathe amanyathelo akwinqanaba lokufumana ubuncwane obukhoyo kwaye ahambele phambili. Kwanaphantsi kokuqondwa okuqhubekayo, iimfuno ezithile ezingundoqo (njengokubonelela okungundoqo kwempilo) akhawulezi.

  • [[NTL:0] Ilungelo lokusebenza: Iquka ilungelo lokukhetha ngokukhululekileyo umsebenzi, okusesikweni kunye neemeko ezifanelekileyo (umvuzo, ukuphumla, imekobume ekhuselekileyo), kunye namalungu ombutho worhwebo. Amazwe kufuneka azenzele iinkqubo ezikhuthaza umsebenzi opheleleyo nokukhusela abasebenzi ekuxhatshazweni.
  • [[[NTL:0] Ifanele Imfundo: iqinisekisa ukuba imfundo esisiseko ikhululekileyo nenyanzelekileyo, ifumaneka ngokuqhubekayo kwimfundo ephezulu, kwaye ifumaneka ngokulinganayo kwimfundo ephakamileyo. IGatya 13 le-ICESCR ikwagxininisa ukuba imfundo iza kunceda bonke abantu ukuba babe nenxaxheba ngokunempumelelo kwibutho elikhululekileyo.
  • [[NTL:0] Ilungelo elifanelekileyo kwimpilo: Ilungelo elinowona mlinganiselo uphezulu ofikelelekayo wempilo yomzimba neyngqondo. Eli asilolungelo lokuba sempilweni, kodwa lilungelo lokunyamekela impilo, ugutyulo, amanzi acocekileyo okusela, kunye neemeko ezisempilweni. Ama-odolo kufuneka aqinisekise ukufikelela kumayeza ayimfuneko kunye neenkonzo zempilo ezingezozozozoniki-ngxaki.
  • Ekunene ukuya kwiNdawo yokwanela: Incopho kwinqaku 11 le-ICESCR. Ithetha ukhuseleko lokugxothwa, ukhuseleko ekunyanzelweni, nokufikelela kwiinkonzo ezisisiseko njengamanzi nombane. IKomiti ye-UN engokwandiswa kwezoqoqosho, ikhuphe amaGama eenkcubeko neNkcubeko achaza iinkcukacha ngokubanzi zezi zintlukwano.

Amalungelo ezoqoqosho nangokwentlalo athelekelelwa ngokuqhubekayo. Kumazwe afana noMzantsi Afrika, iNkundla yezomGaqo-siseko iye yayalela urhulumente ukuba anike amabhinqa akhulelweyo alwa nentsholongwane yeHIV anikwe amayeza alwa nentsholongwane kwaye athintele ukugxothwa okungekho ngqiqweni. Le mithetho ibonisa ukuba “amalungelo e-"anokuba neziphumo ezinzima ezingomthetho.

Isigaba Sesine: Amalungelo Okusingqongileyo – Ingqungquthela Edibanisayo

Amalungelo okusingqongileyo aye afumana ulwamkelo olubalulekileyo kumashumi amabini eminyaka adluleyo njengobungqina obubonisa ukuba imekobume esemgangathweni iyimfuneko ukuze kuvuyelwe phantse onke amanye amalungelo. NgoJulayi 2022, iNdibano Jikelele ye-UN yavota ngokugqwesileyo ukuqaphela [[FLT: 0]] ilungelo lokuhlala kwindawo ecocekileyo, ephilileyo, ephilileyo, nexhaswayo njengasekunene komntu. Lo mgaqo uquka omabini amalungelo asezantsi kunye nokhuseleko lwendalo.

  • [[NTLA] Ekucocekeni Komoya Namanzi: Amazwe kufuneka alawule ungcoliso kwaye aqinisekise ukuba imilinganiselo yomgangatho womoya ikhusela impilo kawonke-wonke. Ilungelo lokusela amanzi akhuselekileyo laqwalaselwa ngokucacileyo njengelungelo lomntu yiUN ngo-2010. Iinkundla kumazwe anjengeIndiya neJamani ziye zathembela kulungelo lobomi ukufikelela kumoya kunye nongcoliso lwamanzi.
  • Ngokufanelekileyo kwimo yezulu entle: Inani elandayo lemiba yemozulu liphikisa ukuba oorhulumente banembopheleleko yokunciphisa ukukhutshwa kwegesi eshushu. Kwisigqibo esiphawula u2021, iNkundla yezomGaqo-siseko yaseJamani yagqiba kwelokuba umthetho wemo yezulu welizwe waphula amalungelo ezizukulwana ezizayo kuba yayingenawo amaxhoba aneleyo okukhutshwa kwegesi emva ko-2030.
  • Iprojekthi engokwendawo ekungqongileyo: Ifunyenwe kwiNdibano ye-[[FT:2] Aarhus [ kunye nezinye izixhobo, ezi ziquka ilungelo lokufumana ulwazi lwemeko-bume, inxaxheba kawonke-wonke ekwenzeni izigqibo zemekobume, kunye nokufikelela kokusesikweni kwimicimbi yemekobume. La malungelo athenjiweyo anika uluntu amandla okugcina ungcoliseko kunye noorhulumente betyala.
  • Imilinganiselo yendalo: Ulwandiso olutsha, amanye amazwe kunye noluntu lwelizwe luye lwanika imilambo, amahlathi, kunye nendalo ukuba ivumelwano esemthethweni. Umzekelo, amalungelo eWhanganiui ne-Ecuador endalo (Article 71) amela ukutshintshela kwi-equalics elungele ukulawulwa kwamalungelo abantu.

Amalungelo okusingqongileyo adla ngokuncitshiswa: anxulumene nempilo, izindlu, kwananokusinda kwenkcubeko. Kubemi bomthonyama, ukuwohloka kwemekobume kusongela ngokuthe ngqo amazwe esithethe neendlela zobomi, ukwenza ilungelo lokuhlala kwimekobume entle elingahlukaniyo namalungelo enkcubeko.

Umgangatho wesihlanu: Amalungelo enkcubeko nokwazi ukuqokelelwa

Amalungelo enkcubeko akhusela ukubonakala, ilifa, nokubonakaliswa kwabantu ngabanye namaqela. Ngamanye amaxesha olu mgangatho luyatyeshelwa kwintetho yamalungelo abantu, kodwa kubalulekile ekulondolozeni ukwahlukahlukana kwamava abantu. I-ICECR kwiGatya 15 iqonda ilungelo lomntu ngamnye lokuba nenxaxheba kubomi benkcubeko, ukunandipha iingenelo zenkqubela yenzululwazi, nokungenelwa ekukhuselweni kwemilinganiselo yokuziphatha nezinto eziphathekayo kwimisebenzi yakhe yokudala.

  • Ekunene Ukuthabatha Inxaxheba kuBumi beNkcubeko: Oku kubandakanya inkululeko yokukhetha nokuqhelisa isithethe, kuquka ulwimi, unqulo, kunye namasiko. Amancinane kunye nabantu bomthonyama banezokhuseleko ezikhethekileyo phantsi kweGatya 27 le-ICPR kunye neSindululo se-UN samaLungelo abantu be-IOFFF of INariver Peoples (UNDRIP).
  • Ilungelo lokukhusela iLifa leNkcubeko: Abantu banelungelo lokufikelela nokukhusela ilifa labo elibonakalayo nelingenakubonwa, izithethe, izithethe, ubugcisa, izithethe ezidluliselwa ngomlomo. IConvention yowama-2003 yokulondolozwa kweLifa leNkcubeko elingaguquguqukiyo inika isiseko sezizwe ngezizwe.
  • Ekunene Ukuyonwabela iNkqubela-phambili Yenzululwazi: Oku kugqibekileyo kuqinisekisa ukuba wonke umntu angangenelwa kwinkqubela-phambili yamayeza, ubugcisa, nolwazi. Kukwabonisa ilungelo lokukhuselwa kwiinkqubo zenzululwazi eziyingozi (umz., uvavanyo lomntu olungekho mthethweni). Isibhengezo esidibanisayo kwi-Monitetics kunye namalungelo abantu [ [2005]
  • Abantu bomthonyama banelungelo lokugcina amaziko abo ahlukeneyo, Ngaphandle kwamalungelo omntu ngamnye, amalungelo asisibumbelo aquka ukuzigqibela ngokwawo phezu komhlaba, ubuncwane, nolwazi lwesithethe. I-UNDRIP iqinisekisa ukuba abantu belizwe elithile banelungelo lokugcina amaziko abo ahlukeneyo kwaye bangathatyathwa ngenkani kumazwe abo.

Amalungelo enkcubeko abaluleke kakhulu xa kuthelekiswa nokuhambelana nokuhambela phambili nokufuduka. Afuna ukuba amazwe athathe amanyathelo afanelekileyo . njengokufundisa ngeelwimi ezincinane okanye ukulondoloza iingingqi zembali

Unxulumano nokuwa kakhulu kwamaLungelo

La maqondo mahlanu awahlukanga; asebenza kunye kwaye aqinisana. Umzekelo, ilungelo lokufumana impilo (iNqanaba Lesithathu) lixhomekeke ngqo kumalungelo okusingqongileyo (kwiNtlalo Yesine) ngenxa yokuba umoya ococekileyo namanzi ziyimfuneko ukuze zihlale zisemgangathweni. Ngokufanayo, ilungelo lokufundiswa (iqondo lesithathu) libalulekile ekusebenziseni amalungelo ezobupolitika (iNqanaba Lesibini), njengoko abemi abanolwazi benokuba nenxaxheba ngakumbi kunyuko. Ukungandiswa kobomi (ukuphakama) kunokuphulwa kukuthotywa kwemekobume entweni eyingozi.

Ukunyanzeliswa nokuphendula: Ukusuka kwiPhepha ukuya kuqhelisela

Amalungelo abhaliweyo awanele; kufuneka anyanzeleke. Amalungelo ahlukeneyo aneenkqubo ezahlukeneyo zokunyanzelisa:

  • IiNkundla zeMigaqo-siseko: Amazwe amaninzi adibanisa izivumelwano zezizwe ngezizwe kumthetho wesizwe, evumela abantu ukuba bacele ngokuthe ngqo amalungelo asisiseko, inkululeko yabemi, yaye maxa wambi kwanamalungelo ezoqoqosho nangokwentlalo. Iinkundla zomGaqo-siseko eIndiya, eMzantsi Afrika, eColombia, nakwezinye iindawo ziye zakhupha imigwebo elungileyo ekuhlaleni, empilweni, nasebumeni.
  • Isivumelwano seInternational Treaty Bodies: IKomiti yamaLungelo oLuntu yeZizwe Ezimanyeneyo, iKomiti yaMalungelo eeNtlalo, eMigangatho neNkcubeko, kunye neKomiti engoKupheliswa kocalulo lobuhlanga ingava izikhalazo zomntu ngamnye (ukuba urhulumente ugunyazise umthetho ongowobuqu). Oko bakuba bafumanileyo akubophelelekanga kodwa kuthwele ubunzima obunzulu bokuziphatha nobopolitiko.
  • IiNkundla zaMalungelo Oluntu: INkundla yaseYurophu yamalungelo abantu, iNkundla yaMazwe eInternet-American yamalungelo abantu, kunye neNkundla yama-Afrika kumbandela wamalungelo abantu owiselw'umthetho owise amatyala azimeleyo kumazwe angamalungu. Ezi ntetho ziye zandisa umlinganiselo wamalungelo .Ngokomzekelo, iECHR iquka ukukhuselwa kwemekobume bemeko phantsi kweGatya lesi-8 (ekunene kubomi babucala).
  • Iintshoni zamalungelo abantu esizwe: iiofisi zama-Ombuds kunye neekhomishini yamalungelo abantu zingaphanda izikhalazo, iimeko zokujonga, kwaye zincomela utshintsho. Zinempumelelo ngokukhethekileyo ekucombululeni imicimbi yenkqubo.
  • Advocacy kunye noxinzelelo loluntu: Xa imiqathango yomthetho ibuthathaka, imibutho yoluntu, i-NGO, kunye namajelo eendaba idlala indima ebalulekileyo. Umbutho wemozulu yomhlaba wonke, amaphulo alwela amalungelo elizwe, kunye nokulwela amalungelo ezindlu zibonisa ukuba amalungelo ahambela phambili kwibutho labantu.

Kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuba amalungelo ahambisana neembopheleleko. Abantu ngabanye akufunekanga basebenzise amalungelo abo ukuze benzekalise abanye, kwaye amatyala angawathintela amalungelo athile ukukhusela ukhuseleko lwesizwe, ucwangco lukawonke-wonke, okanye amalungelo abanye.

Ucelomngeni Lwangoku Nekamva Lamalungelo

Imigangatho yamalungelo esithethe iyathandatyuzwa. Abahlalutyi baphawula ukuba amalungelo ezoqoqosho nawentlalo aye abekwa kwindawo yokuqala ngokwembali, nto leyo ekhokelela ekutyeshelweni kobuhlwempu nokungalingani. Isibhubhani se-COVID-19 sobhubhani sibangela ukuba imigca ethintelwe: indibano kunye nokuhamba okuthintelweyo (ukuqina kwesibini) ukukhusela ilungelo lempilo (Umgangatho wesithathu), ukubhebhenela impikiswano malunga nokulungelelana kolwalamano. Ngaphezu koko, utshintsho lwemozulu lusishukumisela ukuba sicinge ngokuhambelana: izenzo zethu namhlanje zichaphazela amalungelo ezizukulwane ezizayo, ingcamango engakaququququzeli ngokupheleleyo kwiinkqubo ezininzi ezisemthethweni. Ukwanda kobugcisa bamanani kunyusa imibuzo emitsha (iqondo lesithathu), efana nokuziindawo ezifanelekileyo zolawulo loopopopuko-politiko kodwa ifaneleke kakhulu phantsi kwamalungelo ezahlukahlukeneyo.

Njengokuba ibutho liguquka, namalungelo amkeleka ngokunjalo. Kukho uxinzelelo olukhulayo lokuqaphela “ilungelo lokufikelela kwi-intanethi” njengomncedi obalulekileyo wamanye amalungelo, nokuqinisekisa amalungelo endalo. UGuideling Princing Principles on Business and Human Rights ibiza imibutho ukuhlonela onke amalungelo, kodwa ulungiso olunamandla luhlala lubuthathaka. Ekugqibeleni, ukhuseleko olunamandla lubakho xa abantu bewaqonda amalungelo abo kwaye benikwe amandla okuwafumana. Isiseko semigangatho siyimaphu eluncedo, kodwa uhambo oluya kubulungisa lufuna i-advocaciso, utshintsho lomthetho, nenkalipho.

Isiphelo: Ukwazi Amalungelo Akho Linyathelo Lokuqala

Ukuqonda amanqanaba amahlanu angundoqo amalungelo .[F] Amanani angundoqo asisiseko aqinisekisa izoqoqosho, intlalo, impucuko, kunye nemekobume (inikeza uluvo olubanzi lwemeko yemeko-bume ekhoyo kwaye emele ilindele ukuba abantu bangayilindela koorhulumente babo kunye nenye. Imigangatho nganye ikhusela imilinganiselo eyahlukileyo yesidima somntu nekhulayo. Umgangatho Owodwa ukhusela umgangatho wobomi. Umgangatho WesiThathu uqinisekisa izinto ezingundoqo ziluncedo kwimeko zendalo. Umgangatho om-5 ukhuseleko lwemeko lweplaneti yempilo yempilo kunye nemfuno eninzi. Ngokubeka lo siseko sangaphakathi, uxhotyiswe kakuhle ukuphakamisa amalungelo akho, ukuxhasa amanye amalungelo awo, nokugcina imigaqo enika ingxelo. [[FFF][3][10][10], i-Universe-Universalse-universe] [F:[10][1][F][F]