Ukuqonda Amanyathelo Asemthethweni Asemthethweni

Umthetho wamakhaya umisela isiseko sokucombulula iingxabano phakathi kwabantu, amashishini, nemibutho. Xa elinye iqela lisehlelwa kakubi ngenxa yezenzo okanye ukungasabeli, inkqubo yomthetho inikela iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokubuyisela ulungelelwano, ukuhlawula iindleko, okanye ukukhusela umonakalo wexesha elizayo. Olu khokelo luhlolisisa intlukwano epheleleyo yezomthetho kumthetho, ukusuka kwimivuzo yemali yesithethe yokuzicombulula ngokuthambekileyo, ikunceda uqonde ukhetho lwakho nendlela yokuzilandela ngokunempumelelo.

Isiseko Sezicombululo Zamakhaya

Amayeza asemthethweni zizixhobo ezisetyenziswa ziinkundla zezonyango ukunyanzelisa amalungelo, ukulungisa iimpazamo, nokunika isiqabu kumaqela athenjiweyo. Kwinkqubo zomthetho wasekuhlaleni, amayeza awela kwiindidi ezimbini ezibanzi: amayeza asemthethweni (ngokungathethekiyo ayingozi ngemali) kunye namayeza angenakulinganiswa (imiyalelo engeyoyamangeno). Umahluko usekelwe kukwahlulwa okungokwembali kweenkundla zomthetho eziqhelekileyo kunye neenkundla ezithe tyeleleneyo. Inkqubo yabemi yale mihla idityaniswa kwezi zintyatyambo zoncedo ezimbini ezinokuthi zinikezele iindidi zoncedo, kodwa imigaqo ephantsi kwemigaqo ecacileyo ihlala idityanisiwe.

Xa zigqiba ukuba yeyiphi indlela yokuyilungisa, iinkundla ziqwalasela uhlobo lomonakalo, ukufezeka kwemali, nokuba umyalelo ongengomthetho uyimfuneko ukufezekisa okusesikweni. AmaPlaintiff kufuneka akhethe unyango aceliweyo ngobuchule, njengokuba abanye besenokufuna uvavanyo olukhethekileyo olusemthethweni. Injongo isoloko ikwenza ukuba iqela elimolileyo liphelele, ukubuyisela, kangangoko kunokwenzeka, kwindawo ebeliza kuhlala kuyo ukuba lingakhange lisebenze kakubi.

Amacombululo Ayintloko Emigaqo

  • [ Akukho nto ijongwayo kunyango lokulungisa: uninzi lweendlela zonyango zasekuhlaleni zijolise kwimbuyekezo, hayi kwisohlwayo. Umonakalo wesohlwayo ukhethelwe ukuziphatha okubi.
  • Ukungagunyaziswa konyango olungokwasemthethweni: Phambi kokunika isiphumlisi esilinganayo, iinkundla zifuna ubungqina obubonisa ukuba umonakalo wemali angonelanga. Umzekelo, ukuba umhlaba wodwa, umsebenzi othile okhethekileyo ungayalelwa kuba imali ayinakuthatha indawo yempahla ethile.
  • Imfundiso yezandla ezicocekileyo: Iqela elifuna isiqabu esilinganayo kufuneka libe lisebenze ngokusesikweni nangokholo olulungileyo. Ihambo engacocekanga ingamthintela umntu ekufumaneni amayeza alinganayo.
  • Imali epheleleyo: ulibaziseko olungaqiqekiyo ekuqinisekiseni ilungelo lingathintela iqela ekufumaneni isiphumlisi esilinganayo, nokuba ummiselo wemida awukaphelelwanga.

Umonakalo Wenetha: Unyango Oluqhelekileyo Olungokwasemthethweni

Umonakalo we-monetary, okwabizwa ngokuba lumonakalo owenziwe ngokusemthethweni , zezona zinikwa ingcebiso ezithe rhoqo kwintlawulo yesizwe. Zimela isixa semali ehlawulwa ngummangalelwa ukuhlawula ummangalelwa kwilahleko ebangelwa yihambo ephosakeleyo yommangalelwa. Injongo kukulinganisela umonakalo ngokwemali kunye nokudlulisela ixabiso elisuka kumenzi-tyala kwiqela elilimeleyo.

Iintlobo Zomonakalo Wemoneti

  • Umonakalo ohlahlelayo: Ezi zigquma iindleko ezikhoyo, ii-ascicincs/iindleko zezamayeza, iindleko ezilahlekileyo, umonakalo wempahla, kunye neenzuzo zeshishini ezilahlekileyo. Zingaphinda zahlulwe zibe yi:
    • [FLT]] Neejijile-J] [ngeengozi ezingadizandlekiyo zezoqoqosho] ezifana neentlungu kunye nokubandezeleka, uxinzelelo lwemvakalelo, okanye ukulahlekelwa kwe-cominium. Ezi zinzima ukulinganisa kodwa zilahleko lokwenene.
    • Umonakalo obonakalayo: Ilahleko yezoqoqosho enexabiso elithile le-dola, elifana namatyala okulungisa, ityala lesibhedlele, okanye iindleko zokubuyisela.
  • Umonakalo odityanisiweyo: Awunikwanga ukuhlawula ummangalelwa kodwa ukohlwaya ummangalelwa ngesenzo sokuzithandela, sobubi, okanye sobuqhophololo. Zikwasebenza njengesithintelo kwabanye. Imithetho emininzi yesohlwayo somonakalo wesohlwayo (umz., iphinda-phinde ipesenti ye-compostation okanye ixabiso elisisigxina).
  • [[NTL:0] Umonakalo ongaphucukanga: Isixa esincinane (ngokufuthi i $1 okanye i-100) inikwa xa ilungelo elingokwasemthethweni liphulwe kodwa akukho kulahlekelwa kwemali okukhoyo. Umzekelo, ukuba umntu uphambuka emhlabeni ngaphandle kokwenza umonakalo, inkundla inganika ityala ngokungenagama ukuqaphela ukophulwa kwempahla.
  • [[UMTHL:0] Umonakalo oqikelelweyo: Isixa esichaziweyo kwisivumelwano esichaziweyo ukuba siza kuhlawulwa ukuba iqela elinye liza kwaphula. Iinkundla zinyanzelisa oku ukuba zinguqikelelo olufanelekileyo lomonakalo, hayi isohlwayo.

Indlela Iinkundla Ezibala Ngayo Imiphumo Engqinelanayo

Umonakalo wokubala ubandakanya ukuqokelela ubungqina bokulahlekelwa: ii-lisithi, ubungqina obungoochuru, iingxelo zezamayeza, kunye neengxelo zemali. Kwimeko zokonzakalisa zobuqu, iziphumo zexesha elizayo ezilahlekileyo kunye nokunyanyekelwa kwezonyango kufuneka kuqikelelwe ukuba kusetyenziswe iitafile zomnyaka kunye nogcino-lwazi lobomi obulindelekileyo. Kwiimbambano zentengiso, ingeniso elahlekileyo ilinganiswa ngokuthelekiswa nokusebenza kokwenene nokusebenza okuvelisweyo, ukulungelelanisa iimeko zemarikentengiso. Iinkundla ngokuqhelekileyo zifuna ukuba umonakalo uqinisekiswe ngokuqikelelekileyo,/ipecurity okanye ilahleko yentelekelelo ayifikeleleki.

Indlela Efanelekileyo Yokulungisa: Xa Imali Inganelanga

Amayeza angenakulinganiswa yimiyalelo yenkundla eyalathisa iqela ukuba lenze into ethile (okanye liyeke ukwenza into ethile) kunokuhlawula imali. Athathwa njengesiqabu esingaqhelekanga kwaye anikwa kuphela xa unyango olusemthethweni lwemali oluchaphazelekayo lungaphelelanga. Ngenxa yokuba i-equcy isebenza kwimigaqo yokusesikweni, ijaji iyakwazi ukwenza unyango olulungeleleneyo nemeko.

Iintlobo Eziqhelekileyo Zonyango Olunokulinganayo

Iintshukumo

Umyalelo ngumyalelo wenkundla othintelayo okanye ofuna isenzo esithile. Zininzi iintlobo:

  • [[UMTL:0] Ulungelelwano oluLawulayo (TRO): Ithuba longxamiseko elithintela umonakalo okhawulezileyo, elidla ngokunikwa inxenye ex (ngaphandle kokuva omabini amacala) kwaye lihlala iintsuku ezimbalwa de kube kukuva ngokupheleleyo.
  • Imposiso yeNqanawa: ekhutshwe kwasekuqaleni ekwaletheni ukuze kulondolozwe ubume bemeko de kube luvavanyo. Umcuphi kufuneka abonise ukuba unokwenzeka kwempumelelo kwiimfanelo, umonakalo ongalungisekiyo, ulungelelwano lobunzima kwinkoliseko yabo, kwaye umyalelo unceda umdla kawonke-wonke.
  • I-Incumment: umyalelo wokugqibela wenkundla okhutshwe emva kokuvavanywa, owenzelwe ukuba ube ngongenasiphelo. Umzekelo, inkundla ingayalela umzi-zimveliso ukuba angalahli izinto ezingcolisayo emlanjeni.

Isalathisi somsebenzi

Umsebenzi okhethekileyo ngumyalelo wenkundla ofuna ukuba iqela liphumeze izibophelelo zalo zobugqi. Isetyenziswa kakhulu kwizivumelwano zokuthengisa izinto ezohlukileyo, njengendawo yefama okanye ii-antiques ezinqabileyo. Iinkundla aziyaleli ukuba kwenziwe umsebenzi othile kwiisivumelwano seenkonzo zobuqu (umz., umsebenzi) kuba oko kuya kuba kukungabotshwa ngokusemthethweni. Umxhasi-mthetho kufuneka abonise ukuba isivumelwano sifanelekile, amagama acacile ngokwaneleyo, kwaye ukohlulwa kwemali akuyi kunikela uncedo olwaneleyo.

Ukubuyiselwa

Ukurhoxa kwesivumelwano kucima kwaye kubuyisela omabini kumacala awo angaphambili. Kusoloko kukhona xa isivumelwano singeniswe ngokusekelwe kubuqhetseba, impazamo, iimpetho, okanye impembelelo engafanelekanga. Iqela elifuna ukuphinda lifumane inzuzo efunyenweyo (ukuziphatha) kwaye lithatha inyathelo ngokukhawuleza ekufumaneni isiphene.

UHlaziyo

UHlaziyo luvumela inkundla ukuba ibhale kwakhona isivumelwano esibhaliweyo ukuze ibonise iinjongo zokwenyaniso zamaqela xa impazamo ye-ascriptor okanye impazamo yokudibaniselana ibangele ukuba uxwebhu luphambuke kwisivumelwano esenziwe ngokwenene. Umzekelo, ukuba isivumelwano ngempazamo sithi i-$10 000 kodwa omabini la maqela afuna ii-$100 000 (R160 000), utshintsho lungalungisa impazamo.

Iyafaka i-akhawunti

Ubalo olulinganayo lunyanzelisa ityala (njengeqabane eliphathisiweyo okanye ishishini) ukuba linikezele ingxelo yemali eneenkcukacha kubaxhamli. Olu nyango lunceda ukutyhila ingeniso efihlakeleyo okanye ukungasetyenziswa kakuhle kwemali kwaye lusoloko luqalisa umyalelo wokuphelisa ingeniso engafanelekanga.

Ezinye Iindlela Zonyango Nendlela Ezichuliweyo Zonyango

Ngaphandle kweendidi eziqhelekileyo, umthetho wasekuhlaleni unikela amancedo awongezelelekileyo adibanisa iziqalelo ezingokwasemthethweni nezinokulingana:

Ukwakhiwa kwakhona

Ukwenziwa kommangalelwa kujoliswe ekuthinteleni ukutyetyiswa ngokungekho sikweni ngokufuna ukuba ummangalelwa abuyele kwipropati okanye ixabiso layo kumphathi-mikhosi. Kungaba yimali okanye kubandakanya ukubuyiselwa kwezinto ezithile. Ngokungafaniyo nelahleko ye-comporation, elinganisa ilahleko yommangalelwa, ityala lilinganisa inzuzo yommangalelwa. Idla ngokufumaneka ukuze ifumaneke xa kuphulwe umsebenzi wokuzimela, ukuguqula, kunye namatyala athile apho ummangalelwa efumene khona uncedo kwimali yommangali-poleti.

Umgwebo Wokuvakalisa

Umgwebo ohlasileyo sisigqibo esibophelelekileyo senkundla samalungelo okanye uwiso-mthetho ngaphandle kokuyalela nasiphi na isenzo esikhethekileyo okanye ityala elihlawulwayo. Kuluncedo ukucombulula ukungaqiniseki ngaphambi kokuba kuvele ungquzulwano, ngokomzekelo, inkundla ingavakalisa ukuba ishishini elithile liyalwaphula na isivumelwano esikhoyo, nto leyo enika amatheko acace ngaphandle kokunyanzeleka kwangoko.

Amanyathelo Okubonisa Ukufuna Isidalo

Ukulandela unyango olungokwasemthethweni kubandakanya ukuqhuba amaqondo amaninzi enkcazelo. Ngoxa iinkcukacha zomahluko ngokwendlela yolawulo, inkqubo jikelele ilandela umlinganiselo ongaguquguqukiyo:

  1. [[FLT: 0] Ikhonisi iAttle: icebiso langaphambili lomthetho libalulekile. Igqwetha lingawavavanya amandla entengo yakho, lichaze unyango olufanelekileyo, licebise ngemida yexesha kunye neendleko. Amatyala amaninzi amakhaya ahlala phambi kokuvavanywa kwetyala, kunye nempembelelo enzima yegqwetha.
  2. [[UMTL:0] Uququzelo kunye nobuPromscription Bubungqina: qokelela onke amaxwebhu, iingxelo zokunikela ubungqina, iifoto, ii-askomp, ii-imeyili, kunye neengxelo zolwazi. Ubungqina busisiseko saso nasiphi na isicelo sonyango.
  3. Ifayile i-congt: Ukufaka ityala ngokufaka isikhalazo esisesikweni enkundleni elungileyo (ngokufuthi okanye urhulumente, kuxhomekeke kwinani elikwimpikiswano nakwimibandela). Isikhalazo sichaza izibakala, iingxelo ezisemthethweni, kunye nonyango olufunwayo.
  4. [[UMTL: 0] Ukulungiselela iLimelo: Ummangalelwa makaxelelwe ngokusemthethweni ngetyala kwaye anikwe ithuba lokuphendula.
  5. [[NTLA:0] Isicelo: omabini amacala atshintshisana ulwazi olufanelekileyo ngophendlo (imibuzo ebhaliweyo), izicelo (okanye ubungqina phantsi kwesifungo), izicelo zamaxwebhu, kunye nezicelo zokuvunywa. Ukutyhilwa kungabande kwaye kube nexabiso elininzi kodwa kubaluleke kakhulu ekwakheni imeko.
  6. Intshukumo zoluHlu: Izivumelwano zingayicima intshukumo zefayile ukulahla, kuba ugwebo lwesishwankathelo (ukuba akukho nyaniso yezinto eziphathekayo ibambene), okanye ukunyanzela ukufunyanwa. Inkundla ingalicombulula ityala kwangoko ukuba umthetho uxhasa kwicala elinye.
  7. Ubeko okanye Ukuzinza: Amatyala amaninzi amakhaya ahlala phambi kokuchotshelwa kwetyala. Ukuba akukho ndawo ifikelelweyo, ityala liqhubekela ekuchongeni, apho kunikwa ubungqina kwijaji (ukuvavanywa kwetyala) okanye ijaji. Inkundla inikela isigqibo nemivuzo yokulungisa.
  8. Iposi יdumbment Inflactedment: Ukufumana umgwebo kusisiqingatha sedabi. Ukuba ummangalelwa akavumelani ngesisa, ummangalelwa angafuna ukunyanzelisa umgwebo ngokuhlawulwa komrhumo, iintengo zebhanki, iprojekthi, okanye ukuphangwa kwezinto.

Ukunyamekela Ngokukhethekileyo Indlela Yokuhlangabezana Nokungabi Natyala

Ngenxa yokuba amayeza alinganayo anokusetyenziswa ngokufanelekileyo, umgwebi kufuneka ayise ijaji ukuba umyalelo oceliweyo ufanelekile kwaye uyimfuneko. Iinkundla zivavanya oothunywashe abanje:

  • Ihambo yomntu oziphethe kakuhle (imfundiso ecocekileyo yezandla).
  • Nokuba ngaba umkhapheli unonyango olwaneleyo kumthetho.
  • Ukulungelelana kobunzima: umyalelo awufanele umthwalise umthwalo ongafanelekanga ummangalelwa ngenxa yengozi eyenzekayo kummangalelwa.
  • Abantu abaninzi: eminye imithetho isenokuchaphazela abantu abesithathu okanye uluntu.

Ukunyamekela Abantu Xa Ufuna Ukufumana Isicombululo

Phambi kokusebenzisa igalelo, qwalasela ezi meko zilandelayo zisebenzisekayo:

Imilinganiselo Yokwahlula

Umthetho ngamnye unexesha elilinganiselweyo apho kufuneka ugcinwe khona. Ezi zinto ziyahluka-hluka ngokohlobo lwesivumelwano kunye negunya. Umzekelo, ukwaphula izivumelwano kusenokuba nomlinganiselo we-376 ukuya ku-678 yeminyaka edlulileyo, ngelixa iziphumo zomonakalo wobuqu zinokuba yiminyaka emibini. Ukungasifumani ixesha elipheleleyo lokuzilungisa. Ukuba ucinga ukuba unetyala, yenza ngokukhawuleza.

Iindleko Zokusasaza

Imali yokuhlawula ityala lenkundla idla ngokubiza imali eninzi. Iindleko ze-attorney zidla ngokuxhomekeka ekuphuculweni okanye ekuhlawuleni. Iindleko zemali zenkundla, iindleko zolwazi, iindleko zokongezwa kogcino-mali, kunye nezinye iindleko zokufumana zidityanisiwe. Iimeko ezininzi zifuna uhlalutyo lwexabiso le-framefiat: ingaba unyango olulindelekileyo lufanele ixesha nemali? Iindlela zokulungisa ingxubusho ezinokusetyenziswa njenge-meterration okanye ukukhuthulwa kusenokubiza imali eninzi.

Ukuqokelelwa Komgwebo

Ukuba ummangalelwa akanamali okanye ingeniso, ibhaso lingaba yinto engaqondakaliyo. Khangela ukuba uphi na imali yommangalelwa kwangoko. Kwiimpikiswano zeshishini, qwalasela enoba ummangalelwa une-inshorensi okanye ubuncwane obaneleyo.

Ulungiso lokubhaliweyo

Iimpikiswano ezininzi zamakhaya ziconjululwa ngokucombululeka kunokuba zixolelwe. Ukuzinziswa kunokulondoloza ubuncwane, kunciphise ukungaqiniseki, yaye ngokufuthi kuvumele iindlela zokulungisa izinto ezingenakuyalelwa yinkundla (umz., isivumelwano semfihlelo, ukulungiswa kweshishini, okanye ukucela uxolo). Ngamaxesha onke kuhlolisiswe ngoncedo lwegqwetha lakho; iinkundla ezininzi zikhuthaza ukunikelwa kwengxelo ngaphambi kokuchotshelwa kwetyala.

Uguqu-guquko oluguquguqukayo

Amayeza angokwasemthethweni ayahluka phakathi kweenkqubo zomthetho. EUnited States, iinkundla zelizwe nesavesithi zilandela imigaqo efanayo kodwa zinemithetho ethile. Umzekelo, umonakalo wesohlwayo [ unganikwa kwityala letort kodwa awufumaneki ulwaphulo-mthetho ngaphandle kokuba ihambo ihamba ngendlela engaqhelekanga. Amanye amazwe afumana umonakalo ongengoqoqosho kumatyala e-e-eterralitiki. Kumazwe aseYurophu, amayeza asenokuncitshiswa ngokunqabileyo, kwaye ukwenziwa kwemali okuqhelekileyo kusetyenziswa ngenxa yokuba umonakalo wemali asoloko ekhethwa. Ukuqonda umthetho wolawulo apho ufanele usebenze khona.

Ukuzinziswa Kwemikhwa Yamakhaya

Inkqubela yakutshanje iye yandisa ibhokisi yezixhobo zonyango lwamakhaya:

  • [[FLT: 0] Amayeza e-'[FLT' kunye neprojekthi yamanani: ngoku ayalela ukubuya kwempahla yamanani, kuquka amagama ommandla, ii-emailcpocurrecrecy, kunye neengxelo zezentlalo-ntle. Ii-intanethi zingakumisa ukuqhekezwa kogcino-lwazi okanye zifune ukucinywa kwe-data ebiweyo.
  • [[UMTL:0] Imiyalelo yococeko olungundoqo: ngokuqhubekayo, iinkundla zifuna abangcolisi ukucoca ukungcoliswa kunokuhlawula nje inkokhelo. Imiyalelo engqalileyo yomsebenzi ingagunyazisa ukubuyiselwa kobuncwane bendalo.
  • [[NTL:0] Ukubekwa kwemiqathango kunye nokubuyiselwa kwizenzo zolawulo: amasebe kaRhulumente afana neSEC okanye FTC angafuna ukudityaniswa kwengeniso ezingalunganga kwimivuzo ehamba-phindiweyo kwicala lonyango lwesithethe.
  • Imiyalelo egqithisileyo yokuphazamisa ipropati yolwazi: Ilandela ukhokelo lweNkundla ePhakamileyo ([[FLT: 2]] eBay Inc. v. Mercexchange, L.C.), iinkundla zisebenzisa uvavanyo olungqongqo olune projekti phambi kokuba zinike imiyalelo esisigxina kwiimeko ezisemthethweni.

Amanyathelo Okukhusela Amalungelo Akho

Ukuqinisekisa amathuba akho okufumana unyango olusebenzayo, thatha la manyathelo asebenzayo:

  • Uxwebhu luza kubhala yonke into: gcina iikopi zezivumelwano, ii-imeyili, ii - invoice neengxelo zonxibelelwano.
  • Gcina ubungqina: Sukucima okanye uguqule amaxwebhu anxulumeneyo; ufakelo lungakhokelela kwimiyalelo engalunganga okanye imvumelo.
  • Ukungaqiniseki ngamalungelo akho? [[FLT: 0] Uqulunqe igqwetha elifanelekayo elinobuchule kummandla onxulumene nomthetho wasekuhlaleni. Abaninzi banikela ukhangelo-lwazi lokuqala olukhululekileyo.
  • Khawucinge ngokungenelela okanye ukuncokola ngaphambi kokuba utshaye ukuze uphephe ukulahlekelwa yinkundla.
  • Ifayile intetho yakho ngokukhawuleza ukuphepha ummiselo wemiqathango.

Isiphelo

Iindlela zomthetho zokwalathisa kumthetho wasekuhlaleni zinika indlela enamandla yokulungisa izinto nokugcina amalungelo. Enoba ngomonakalo wemali, imiqathango, ukwenza okuthile, okanye ukubuyisela, inkqubo yokugweba yasekuhlaleni inika iindlela ezininzi zokulungisa. Ukuqonda umahluko phakathi konyango olusemthethweni nolufanelekileyo, amanyathelo okuzisukela, kwaye ulwazelelelo olusebenzayo olubandakanyayo lukunika amandla okwenza izigqibo zolwazi. Ngamaxesha onke funa icebiso lomthetho elilungiselelwe kwimeko yakho ethile, akukho nqaku linokuthabathela indawo kwicebo lobuqu. Ngokusebenzisa indlela elungileyo nefanelekileyo, ungakhusela izilangazelelo zakho uze ukhusele isicombululo ofanele usenze.

Ukuze ufunde ngokubhekele phaya, bona iCornell Incape yolwazi lwasemthethweni yeZiko lophicotho kunye nemithetho ye-Foverseral Procedire yolawulo lophando kunye noncedo. Ezinye izinto ezisuka kuMbutho weMelika Bar's Litigation Icandelo[ zinika uluvo kwimiqathango yangoku. Umbuso wemithetho ye-Genegate, jongana nonxulumano lwebar yakho yobulali okanye umbutho woncedo lwasemthethweni.