Imo edityanisiweyo yeJaji: Ulwaphulo-mthetho luphikisana noluntu

Inkqubo nganye engomthetho kufuneka iphendule umbuzo obalulekileyo: kufuneka ibutho labantu lisabele njani xa umntu ephula imithetho yalo? Impendulo ixhomekeke kakhulu kwindlela umthetho owaphukileyo. Kumthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho, urhulumente umangalela abantu ngabanye ngezenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho ezisongela ucwangco lukawonke-wonke ($murder, ubusela, ukuhlasela. Kumthetho wasekuhlaleni, amaqela obuqu azisa amayelenqe ngokuchasene nomonakalo owenziwe ngokungakhathali, ukwaphula isivumelwano, okanye ezinye izenzo ezingalunganga. Nangona zombini iinkqubo zomthetho zizimisele ukulungisa ububi, izixhobo abazisebenzisayo zahluke kakhulu: umthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho onyanzelisa , ngoxa umthetho wasekuhlaleni ungenisa amatyala [[FLT:]], ngoxa umthetho wasekuhlaleni [FLT]] udityaniswa nomnye. Ukuqonda oku kungumthetho obalulekileyo kumntu wonke, okanye ukrwelelo lobomi boluntu.

Imvelaphi Nesiseko Sezifundo

Imvelaphi yesohlwayo solwaphulo-mthetho ebuyela emva kwimithetho yamandulo enjengemithetho kaHammurabi kunye neMithetho Elishumi, apho izenzo ezingekho mthethweni zazibonwa njengezikreqo kuThixo okanye kuluntu. Ukunikezela ``"" yayingumgaqo okhokelayo. Kwiinkulungwane, izithandi-lwazi ezisemthethweni njengoCesare Beccaria kunye noJeremy Bentham zabeka ingqwalaselo kwimiqathango yokuthintela nokubuyisela umva, ukuphikisa okokuba iso sohlwayo kufuneka sithintele ulwaphulo-mthetho lwexesha elizayo kunokuba siphinde siphinde siphinde siphinde siphinde siphinde sibuye. Namhlanje, iinkqubo ezininzi zezomthetho zaseNtshona zixubanisa, zikhusela, zikhusela, ziphinde ziphume iinjongo zokwakhelo phakathi nezigwebo zazo.

Ngokwahlukileyo koko, unyango lwamakhaya lwavela kwisithethe somthetho wamaRoma udelict [tort] nomthetho oqhelekileyo wamaNgesi wokumeneza. Injongo yayingekokohlwaya kodwa ukubuyisela umntu olimeleyo kwindawo ebengakhange ayenzeke kakubi. Oku kuqiqa okuqulu-magama kuxhasa isivumelwano sangoku kunye nomthetho we-tort, apho umlahli wemali efuna ukonakaliswa kokugquma iindleko zonyango, iimali ezilahlekileyo, okanye umonakalo wempahla. Utshintsho lwentandabulumko ekuphindezeni lumela enye yeziphumelelo ezinkulu zomthetho.

Abaxhasi: Umbuso uving.

Ityala lolwaphulo-mthetho lisoloko liyilwe njenge- State. Ixhoba alilo iqela kwityala( (okanye abantu v. Ukhuselo). Urhulumente ngumtshutshisi, elisoloko limelwe ligqwetha lesithili okanye umtshutshisi kawonke-wonke. Ixhoba alilo iqela elinguwo ummeli kwityala, kodwa alikho lingqina njengengqina, kodwa alilawuli ityala. Ngokwahlukileyo, ityala loluntu liziswa ngummangalelwa (iqela elilimeleyo elilimeleyo). Igqwetha labo, lithwala iindleko zokuhlala okanye ukulahla. Oku kubangela ukuba kubekho iziphumo ezinzulu kwinkqubo nganye.

Ukugwetywa Kwezaphuli - mthetho: Iinjongo Neentlobo

Isigwebo sesaphuli-mthetho siyindlela inkundla egweba ngayo umntu ogwetywe ngetyala. Ijaji (okanye maxa wambi ijaji) ikhetha izigwebo ezigunyazisiweyo ezigunyaziswe ngokuqeqesha, ezikhokelwa zinjongo zesohlwayo esigunyaziswe umthetho. Ukuqonda ezi njongo kunceda kucacise isizathu sokuba abamangalelwa ababini abagwetyelwe ulwaphulo-mthetho olunye bagwetyelwe isigwebo esahlukileyo.

Igalelo neMpazamo

Intlawulo ithi umenzi wobubi ufanelwe kukuphathwa kakubi ngokwesohlwayo esilingana nesonakaliso esiye sabangelwa. Oku akuyompindezelo yokuziphatha ukuba umlinganiselo wesohlwayo umele ungqinelane nobukhulu bolwaphulo-mthetho. Inkundla ePhakamileyo yase-U.S. igqibe kwelokuba iSindululo seSigqibo se-Eighth soMphengululo sikwalela ukuvalwa kwemiqathango "ngephindiweyo" izigwebo, nangona isigwebo sobomi ngaphandle kwesohlwayo solwaphulo-mthetho olungekho gazi sisenokugqalwa njengobukhali, ngoxa isigwebo esifanayo sokubulala singenjalo.

Umgangatho: Jikelele kunye neSicwangciso

Iingcamango zokhuselo ezithi abantu benze ukhetho olusengqiqweni kwaye baya kuluphepha ulwaphulo-mthetho ukuba isohlwayo esilindelekileyo singaphezulu kwengenelo. Jikelele iziphendu ezithenjiswayo zijolise ekudibaniseni uluntu ngokubanzi ngokwenza umzekelo womoni. Izicwangciso zokophula umthetho zinqanda lowo woniweyo ekususeni. Uphando lwemiqathango luxubene; ukuqiniseka kwesohlwayo kusoloko kusenziwa ngokungxamisekileyo kunokubukhali, kwaye ulwaphulo-mthetho oluninzi lusenziwa ngokungenasizathu.

Ukubuyiselwa Nokubuyiselwa Kobulungisa

Imbono yeyokuba abaphuli-mthetho abaninzi banokuba nemveliso ukuba banikwe izixhobo ezifanelekileyo. Kumashumi eminyaka akutshanje, umbutho "wokulungisa" uye wafumana imvume, wazisa amaxhoba, izaphuli-mthetho, kunye namalungu oluntu okulungisa umonakalo. Ngoxa kusekho indlela encinane yokulungisa, iinkqubo zezobulungisa zibonise isithembiso sokunciphisa iindidi ezithile zolwaphulo-mthetho, ingakumbi ezobuntwana nolwaphulo-mthetho olungenazigwegwegwe.

Ukhuseleko loluntu nokhuseleko

Ukukhupha ityala kwibutho labantu, ngokuqhelekileyo ngokuvalelwa entolongweni, ukuze lithintele ekwenzeni ulwaphulo-mthetho olungakumbi. Izigwebo zobomi, imimiselo engolwaphulo-mthetho lomsebenzi (njenge-"imithetho emithathu"), kunye nesibopho samakhaya sabethi bemipu abanogonyamelo zizinto ezibangela ukungacaci. Abahlalutyi baphikisa ngelithi le nkqubo idla ngokukhokelela ekuzifakeni kakhulu, ngokugqithisileyo ichaphazela imimandla encinane yasekuhlaleni nokuzalisa iintolongo ngamabanjwa akhulileyo abeka ubomi bawo esichengeni esincinane kwixesha elizayo.

Iintlobo Zesigwebo Sezaphuli - mthetho

  • Uqukuqelo: Ukuvalelwa entolongweni (izivakalisi ezifutshane, ezidla ngokungaphantsi konyaka) okanye intolongo (izigwebo ezinde). Umanyano kunye norhulumente wezogwebo usoloko ebhala umgama osekelwe kumgangatho wetyala kunye nembali yolwaphulo-mthetho lommangalelwa.
  • [[NT.:0] Iziphoso zemali ezihlawulwayo kurhulumente. Iintle ziqhelekile kwizenzo ezincinane zokwaphulwa kwendlela. Kwizenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho ezinzulu, ityala lingadityaniswa nezinye izisohlwayo.
  • Isiqinisekiso: Isigwebo esilekisiwe apho umenzi wobubi ehlala khona phantsi kolawulo loluntu, phantsi kweemeko ezifana nokuvavanywa kweziyobisi, ukubuyiselwa kwexesha, okanye ukubuyiselwa kwexesha. Ukwaphulwa kovavanyo kunokubangela ukurhoxiswa nokuvalelwa entolongweni.
  • Inkonzo yekomyunithi: Umenzi wobubi wenza umsebenzi ongahlawulwayo kwi-av okanye isibonelelo sikarhulumente. Oku kusoloko kusetyenziswa njengemeko yokulingwa okanye isohlwayo somgangatho ophantsi wetyala.
  • Isigwebo sokufa sihleli sisemthethweni kumaphondo angama-27 e-U.S. nakumgangatho wesizwe, nangona ukusetyenziswa kwaso kuhle kakhulu. Ingxubusho engonqulo oluphosakeleyo, ikhethe lobuhlanga, kunye neendlela zokubulala ziyaqhubeka ziphembelela ingxoxo.
  • Ityala eli-Altern Actives:[ Iinkundla zeziyobisi, iinkundla zempilo yengqondo, kunye neenkundla zamava eencwadi zinikela iinkqubo zonyango olukhethekileyo ekuxinzeleleni. Uhlolo lwezeelektroniki, ukuvalelwa kwendlu, kunye namaziko okunika ingxelo yosuku ayasetyenziswa.

Isenzo Setyala Lezaphuli - mthetho

Izinto Ezaqwalaselwa NgaBagwebi

Phambi kokubeka isigwebo, ijaji ihlola ingxelo yophando lwangaphambi kokuba igqitywe ligosa elilungisa ityala. Le ngxelo iquka imvelaphi yomenzi wobubi, imbali yomsebenzi, ingxelo yangaphambili, kunye neengxelo zempembelelo yexhoba. Ijaji ikwaqwalasela oothunywashe abanika ingcebiso (umz., ukusebenzisa isixhobo, ukuchanabeka kwexhoba) kunye nezinto ezibangela ukuchanabeka (umz., intlungu, intsebenziswano namagunya, ukunqongophala kwengxelo yangaphambili). Kwimiqathango emininzi, ijaji kufuneka ichaze izizathu zesivakalisi esibhaliweyo, ezinceda ukuqinisekisa ukubonakala kwale macala nokuhlola.

Imigaqo Egwebayo Nengcebiso

Ukunciphisa umahluko, ulawulo oluninzi lwamkele imigaqo yokugweba ulwahlulelo olunobungqongqo kunye nembali yolwaphulo-mthetho evelisa uludwe olunconyelweyo lweenyanga. Umzekelo, iFederal Sentensiglines (ngoku i-dvisory emva kweUnited States . Incwadier) inika ulwakhiwo olucwangcisiweyo. Iinkqubo zikarhulumente ziyahluka-tshintsha; ezinye zinika abagwebi imigaqo-mthetho ephangaphangaleleyo, ngoxa ezinye zinemiqatha yemiqatha yemiqathango yezenzo ezithile zolwaphulo-mthetho, njengokurhwebela okanye imipu. Abagxeki baphikisa ukuba izindululo zisusa imvume kunye nokukhokelele kwimiqatha enzima, ingakumbi kwimiqatha yezigwebo.

Amancedo Asekuhlaleni: Ukuxhasa Oko Kuyingozi

Kwiimeko zasekuhlaleni, injongo asikokohlwaya kodwa ukwenza iqela elinzakeleyo liphelele. Isicombululo siyindlela esemthethweni egunyazisa ngayo inkundla ilungelo okanye ukuhlawula ukwaphulwa kwayo. Iingcaciso zamakhaya zibekwe kwiindidi ezimbini ezibanzi: amayeza asemthethweni (umonakalo wemali) kunye namayeza alinganayo (ukudityaniswa, ukwenza okuthile, kunye nezinye iimbuyiselo ezingeyoze-anteta).

Umonakalo Wokhuphiswano

Unyango oluqhelekileyo lwamakhaya luchaphazelo lomonakalo okhoyo, onjongo yokubuyisela ilahleko yemali engenanto. Oku kusenokuba yiyo yomonakalo wezoqoqosho .

Umonakalo Obangelwa Kuko: Ibhulorho Phakathi Kwesibhaka-bhaka Nesaphuli - mthetho

Nangona amayeza aqhelekileyo enziwe ngokunyanzelisa, ngamanye amaxesha iinkundla zifumana imposiso yesohlwayo [ xa ihambo yommangalelwa yayinyanzelekile (iphenjelelwa yintsebenziswano, okanye ukungakhathaleli amalungelo abanye. Ityala lenzelwe ukusohlwaya umenzi wobubi nokunqanda ukuziphatha okufanayo. Inkundla ephakamileyo iwunyanzelisa iziphumo zetyala phantsi kwe-Clausce, ifuna ukuba babe nolwazelelo kwaye balungelelene namalungelo abanye. Imigaqo yetyala (umz., akukho zikhokelo zikhozo ezingaphezulu zendlela efanayo, ezibonisa iinjongo zokohlwayo. Ukungamela i-'unictal', i-'ultyracty', ithetha ukuba bangayifuni i-propatitemssiontioantsssss, bakhuthaza ukuchana kwe-operal'.

Iindawo Zonxibelelwano Neenkqubo Ezinokuthelekiswa Nazo

Xa umonakalo wemali ungakwazi ukucombulula ngokupheleleyo umonakalo, iinkundla zingakhupha isivumelwano sokungadibani. `umyalelo ofuna iqela ukuba liwenze okanye liyeke ukwenza isenzo esithile. Umzekelo, inkundla ingayalela umzi-zi ukusuka kwizinto ezingcolisayo ezisemlanjeni, okanye iwise umqeshwa ukuba ayeke ukwaphula isivumelwano esingadibaniyo. I-Injtions inokuba yesokwexeshana (engagqibekanga) okanye esisigxina. Inikwa kuphela xa umbhixeli-mali ebonisa umonakalo ongalungisekiyo kwaye inokuba ityala ingafanelekanga. Iindlela zokuhlawula ziquka umsebenzi [FLT] [FF] [5] kunye ne-ultlavectives]

Imigwebo Yokuvakalisa

Inkundla ingakhupha ugwebo oluhlasimlisiweyo ukuze kucaciswe amalungelo asemthethweni neembopheleleko zamaqela ngaphandle kokunikwa intlawulo okanye ukutyunjwa kwemithetho. Le ndlela yokulungisa idla ngokusetyenziswa kwiimbambano zokuchophela i-inshorensi, ukutolika kwesivumelwano, kunye neengxaki zomGaqo-siseko. Ngokomzekelo, ukuba amashishini amabini ayaphikisana ngesivumelwano, asenokucela inkundla ukuba ivakalise intsingiselo yaso ngaphambi kokuba iqhubeke.

Inkqubo yoqikelelo lwangaphakathi

Umthwalo Wobungqina Nemilinganiselo

Kukuhlaziywa kwabemi, i-paltiff kufuneka ingqine imeko yabo ngomthetho osezantsi ngokuqwalasela ubungqina , ithetha ukuba kunokwenzeka kakhulu ukuba azikho iinyaniso ezixelwayo ziyinyaniso (umz., 50.1% enokwenzeka). Oku kungumgangatho osezantsi kunomqathalo kunomgwebi "ukunqamleza amathandabu afanelekileyo" kwaye kubonakalisa iintsimbi ezinzima kakhulu ``i-civil ityala lemali, hayi ukulahlekelwa yinkululeko. Abanye abantu, njengoqhatha okanye umonakalo lwembuyiselo, bangafuna "istle kunye nobungqina olwonakalisayo," umjelo ophakathi.

Iindidi Zomzekelo Wangaphakathi

Iimeko eziqhelekileyo zabemi zibandakanya [ iitorts (ukwenzakala kobuqu, ukutyhido, ukungakhathali), ingcebiso[ (ukuququzelela isivumelwano, ukuphikisana ngamanani), kunye okukodwa [[FLT:]] [[FLT]] [iiiiiindawo entle, imibambo-yakho), ulawulo lwemali, uknalo, uknazo zobunini bendlu luquka umthetho wemibutho [okanye, ibamba ulawulo lomntwana] kunye [iiiii-FLT] [iphumeze] [iiiiiediyo] (iiii-enkqubo zemali, i-propati). Advolutionsti, i-omati, i-active, ingscriartstiki,

Iqhosha lokwahlula okungokwenkqubo kunye neNcamathelisa

Uxanduva lobungqina: Amathandabuzo asengqiqweni.

Mhlawumbi eyona ngxaki ibalulekileyo yokungavisisani kukuzifumana komntu omsulwa ngumthwalo wobungqina. Kumatyala olwaphulo-mthetho, ityala kufuneka libonise ukuba linetyala ngaphandle kothandabuza olusengqiqweni [] umgangatho ophezulu kangangokuba kuthiwa kungcono ukuba abantu abalishumi abanetyala bakhululeke kunokuba bangabi natyala. Kumatyala abantu abamsulwa, abafuni mvume babonise nje kuphela ukuba banyanisile ubungqina. Lo mlinganiselo ubonakalisa ukudityaniswa kwempahla ezibukweni: ukulahlekelwa yimpahla yetyala yamakhaya, ngoxa kunokuthiwa ukuphulukana netyala lolwaphulo-mthetho kuphulukane inkululeko okanye ubomi. Lo mahluko uchaza isizathu sokuba isenzo esifanayo siphumele kwityala eliyinyani nesigwebo samakhaya.

Iintsuku Nohlolo

Amatyala olwaphulo-mthetho aqaliswa ngurhulumente ngokugwetywa, ngolwazi, okanye ngokukhalaza. Ixhoba lingase lixele ulwaphulo-mthetho kodwa linganyanzeliseki ukuba lichophe. Amatyala amakhaya aqaliswa liqela labucala (okanye igqwetha labo) elisikhalaza. Ummangalelwa ukhetha ukuba amangalelwe, angahlala nangaliphi na ixesha, kwaye angayeka ityala. Olu lawulo lwabucala luchaphazela yonke into esuka ekufumaneni izinto ze-athorption. Ngaphezu koko, kumthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho, ummangalelwa unelungelo lokucebisa (nanokuba uthengendleko kwindleko kawonke ukuba i-odgigxe), ngoxa iikhali zimele zihlawule amagqwetha abo (ngaphandle kwezinye iimeko zomvolo-mthetho).

Iziphumo neNtloko

Isigwebo sezaphuli-mthetho siphumela kwisigwebo esimele sisetyenziswe ngummangalelwa, (ukuhlawulwa, ukuhlawuliswa, intengo ehlawulwayo kurhulumente. Urhulumente unyanzelisa isigwebo ngenkqubo yokulungisa. Isigwebo samakhaya siphumela kwimbopheleleko esemthethweni yokuhlawula umonakalo okanye ukuthobela umyalelo. Umthetho umele uqokelele isigwebo ngokwawo, ngokufuthi ngomvuzo we-garnishee, ebeka imali kwimpahla, okanye athabathe impahla. Ukuba ummangalelwa akanazo izinto okanye avakalise ukuphelelwa ngumthetho, umgwebo unokuba umele ungabi natyala. Oku kuthetha ukuba unyango lwemibacuphi nako lusebenza kuphela njengoko ubuchule bommangaleli busebenza.

Indima Yokungaququzeleli Netyala

Umthetho wezaphuli-mthetho udla ngokufuna [[NT.0] amadoda afuna i-a . Ulwaphulo-mthetho oluninzi lufuna ubungqina bokuba ummangalelwa wenza ngabom, esazi, ngokungakhathali, okanye ubuncinane (ngokubhekisele kulwaphulo-mthetho). Ulwaphulo-mthetho olungqongqo (umz., ukudlwengula ngokwesithoba, ezinye izenzo zomthetho zomthetho) zihlukile. Umthetho wamakhaya, umlinganiselo wetyala wahluka ngokwesizathu sesenzo. Ityala letorts (astault, ibhetri) lifuna injongo. U-Neglice ufuna ukungaphumeleli ukubonakalisa inkathalo esengqiqweni. ngeyona ndlela ingqongqo (umz., iimveliso ezingalunganga) zibangela ukungaqwalaseli ngaphandle kwengozi.

Utyekelo Lwanamhlanje

Ukuzingca Nokugwetywa

Kumashumi eminyaka akutshanje, i-United States iye yabona ukunyuka kwemithetho emitsha yolwaphulo-mthetho, kunye noqikelelo oluthile olubonisa ukuba ngoku kukho ulwaphulo-mthetho lwamazwe angaphezu kwama-4,000. Abahlalutyi baphikisa ngelithi ukugqithisa ulwaphulo-mthetho kukhokelela ekunyusweni, ingakumbi kweentlanga ezincinane namahlwempu. Ukugwetywa kwemigudu yokuguqula ijolise ekunciphiseni ubuncinane obufunekayo, ukwandisa ezinye iindlela zokusetyenziswa kobuhlwempu, kwaye ukuphelisa "ulwaphulo-mthetho lobuhlwempu" ngentengiso nangemali ebamba abantu ematyaleni. ISibonelelo sokuqala sesizwe sonyaka wama-2018 simela utshintsho olunye kumgangatho worhulumente, nangona iinguquko zemeko yomgangatho lungafanelangalingani.

Ukuhlala Ngobudlelane Notshintsho Olungenamsebenzi

Inkqubo yobulungisa yasekuhlaleni ijongene nogxeko lwayo. Umbutho "wokulungisa" uphikisa ngelithi izigqibo ezibalekayo zabachopheli-tyala kunye nokumangalelwa okungeyomfuneko kubangela iindleko ze-inshorensi kunye namashishini omonakalo. Izicelo zotshintsho ziquka iikepisi zomonakalo ongeyo wezoqoqosho nowokungakhuphi nyango, imida engqongqo kwizicelo zonyango, kunye "nompelesi" nemithetho yemiqathango yamagqwetha. Abachasi baphikisayo baphikisa ngelithi iinguqu ezinjalo ziyenza ibe nzima kakhulu kubantu abaqhelekileyo ukuba inkampani ibeke ityala yeemveliso ezinesiphene, ungcoliso, okanye ikhethelo. Ingxoxo iyaqhubeka kwiindlu zolawulo zesizwe kunye neBhunga-mthetho.

Enye impikiswano

Omabini abenzi bolwaphulo-mthetho kunye neenkqubo zabemi ziguqukele kwisigqibo sokuphikisa esichaseneyo ukunciphisa ukuxinana kwenkundla kunye neendleko. Kwimeko zabemi, ukukhutshelwa nokubekwa kwemiqathango kusetyenziswa ngokubanzi; izivumelwano ezininzi zifuna ukuvalwa nayiphi na impikiswano. Kumatyala olwaphulo-mthetho, ukucela ukungxengxeza izisombululo ezigqithisileyo zamatyala, "angaphezulu kwama-95% eeeprojekthi zikarhulumente zivela kwizicelo zetyala letyala. Ukulungisa iinkqubo ze-cawast, ekuxutyushwa kwazo, zikwanikwa uhlobo lwe-ADR ngenxa yezenzo ezithile zolwaphulo-mthetho. Ngoxa ziphumelela, i-ADR inyusa inkxamvo malunga nokungalingani kwamandla, ukubonakala, nokurhoxa okuvela kokhuseleko okusemthethweni.

Isiphelo

Umahluko phakathi kwesohlwayo solwaphulo-mthetho kunye nemigaqo yamakhaya asikokufumana nje imfundo okanye imiyalelo epheleleyo. Indlela yokulungisa imigaqo yezobulungisa ijolise kwihambo esongela uluntu, esebenzisa amandla ancedisanayo karhulumente ukusohlwaya nokunqanda. Umthetho wamakhaya ujolise kumntu olimeleyo, uzama ukulungisa umonakalo ngokuhlawulelwa okanye ngokuyalela. Indlela nganye ijongene nobuchule, kunye nemigaqo ekhuselayo, kwaye nganye ibonise ukunyamezela impikiswano engobulungisa, umlinganiselo, nendima efanelekileyo yesizwe. Ukuqonda oku kunceda abemi, abafundi, kunye nabangenisi bemithetho yenze imimiselo yokulungisa iziphumo ngendlela yokuphendula xa imithetho iphulukile. [Foctive Flact, F] kunye nemithetho yombi inikela inkxaso enzulu yoonke i-Active.[5]