Amanyathelo ebhola: Isixhobo sokuthabatha inxaxheba kwikhowudi Ethe ngqo

Imilinganiselo yebhola ime njengentsika yedemokhrasi engqalileyo, inika abemi indlela yokuyila imithetho kunye nemigaqo-nkqubo ngaphaya kokunyula nje abameli. Ezi zixhobo ̬ inyathelo, i-astendiums, kwaye ikhumbula i-#812; ivumela abavoti ukuba bavume okanye balahle iinguqu ezithile zemithetho-siseko, bagqithe imigaqo-siseko yorhulumente engakhathaliyo. Kwiminyaka engaphezu kwekhulu, imilinganiselo yebhola iye yaqhuba inkqubo yokutshintsha iinguquko kwirhafu, utshintsho lomthetho wezaphuli-mthetho, impilo kawonke, namalungelo abantu. Ngokuvumela abavoti bovoti ukuba bavote ngqo kumthetho ocetyikisiweyo okanye kurhoqo, la manyathelo anzulu okunika izibophe-mthetho ze-zigqibo-enkuthano. Nangona kungenjalo ngaphandle kwempikiswano, inyathelo lokulawula i-odolotholo-oka

Ukusetyenziswa kwemilinganiselo ye-collet kulandelela emva kwiXesha leNkqubela phambili ekuqaleni koo1900, xa abaguquli babefuna ukunqanda impembelelo yezilangazelelo zequmrhu elinamandla kunye noomatshini bezobupolitika abonakeleyo. Amazwe afana no-Oregon, uMzantsi Dakota, kunye no-Utah abangela ukuba inyathelo kunye neenkqubo ze-athoramentem, kwaye namhlanje amaphondo angama-26 kunye neSithili saseColumbia zivumela uhlobo oluthile lwemilinganiselo yabemi abahlalisiweyo. Ukuqonda indlela yokuhamba kwesi sixhobo ibalulekile kuye nabani ofuna ukuphembelela inkqubo kawonke-wonke kurhulumente nakwiqondo lobulali.

Ziziphi Iindlela Zebhola?

Amanyathelo ebhola acetyiswayo, ukuhlaziywa komgaqo-siseko, okanye imibuzo ebonakala kwivoti yabavoti ukuba bagqibe. Ngokungafaniyo nomthetho wabameli, apho abasemagunyeni abanyuliweyo baphumeza idivili kunye nokuvota ematyala, amanyathelo okubhalisa asuka kwisicelo sabemi okanye kwi-arhenkethi yemithetho. Xa ebekwe kwi-colot, abavoti bangaluvumela okanye balugatye umlinganiselo, kwaye, ukuba idlulisiwe, ithwala umkhosi opheleleyo womthetho. Ngokungafani nomthetho othe ngqo unika abemi amandla okumisela iinguqu naxa abameli babo abanyuliweyo bengazimisele okanye bengakwazi ukwenza okuthile.

Umthetho olawula isakhiwo solawulo lwemilinganiso ye-collet iyahluka-hluka kakhulu ngokwemeko. Amanye amazwana avumela kuphela amanyathelo omthetho; amanye avumela utshintsho lomgaqo-siseko. Iimfuno zosayino, ulwabeko lwezwe, kunye nohlolo lwamathuba ahlukeneyo. Umzekelo, iKhalifoniya ifuna istyikitshantsho ezilingana ne 5% zamavoti aphotho e-ontaratel kwirupy yokugqibela ye-gabernatorial comments kunyulo lwamaqum, kunye nezi-8% zokupheliswa komgaqo-siseko, ngelixalwa komthetho, ngelixa i-ontathelwe ukusuka ubuncinane kwisi-8% yonyulo lokugqibela lomongameli. Oku kuchaphazela indlela umahluko olula ngayo umgangatho wokufaneleka kwe-boloti kunye nokuyilogosa-ji yeqela lamaqela.

Iintlobo Zemilinganiselo Yebhola

Imilinganiselo yebhola iwela kwiindidi eziliqela ezahlukeneyo, nganye isebenza umsebenzi wedemokhrasi okhethekileyo. Ukuqonda le milinganiselo kubalulekile kuye nabani na obandakanyekileyo kwizenzo zoburhulumente okanye uhlalutyo lwenkqubo.

Izinto Eziqalayo

Amanyathelo avumela abemi ukuba bamisele imithetho emitsha okanye utshintsho olungqalileyo. Le nkqubo ibandakanya ukuqulunqwa kwesi sicelo, ukuqokelela inani elifunekayo lotyikityo oluvela kubavoti ababhalisiweyo, nokuzimisela uqinisekiso ngaphambi kokuba umlinganiselo uvele kwibhola. Iziqukiso zinokuba zikho ngqo (umlinganiselo uhamba ngqo ukuvota xa utyikitya ngokwaneleyo ugunyaziswa) okanye ukuvumela ukungangqalanga (umlinganiselo unikezelwa okokuqala kwindlu yowiso-mthetho, onethuba lokusebenza ngaphambi kokuba ungene kwi-bhola yokulinganisa). Njengoko kusekunye kwe-2025, 23 kumazwe eSithi se-Columbia unika amaziko afanelekileyo okumiswa kwemithetho e-i-intentengiso, kunye namazwe ali-18 avumelangangqalanga ukuba kuqaliselwe iprojective.

Imisonto

I-Referendums ibandakanya isalathisi somthetho osele udluliselwe yindlu yowiso-mthetho ukwenzela ukuvunywa okanye ukwaliwa. Olunye uhlobo oluqhelekileyo yi-arhentendium yowiso-mthetho, apho indlu yowiso-mthetho isebenzisa umlinganiselo we-̬ ngokuzithandela; isoloko ichaza umlinganiselo okanye umba wesibophelelo wesivumelwano okanye umcimbi womanyano i-̬ ukuqinisekisa ukuba i-battlettes yokwandiswa. Olu hlobo oluqhelekileyo lwe-arhententendium, luvumela abemi ukuba bace umngeni womthetho omiswe yindlu yowiso-mthetho ngokuqokelela intswana yomthetho ukuze bagqibe isigqibo sawo. Olu hlobo lokuphendula ngqo amandla omthetho-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho-negalelo luqinisekisa ukuba imithetho ephikiswayo ifumana imvume yoluntu ebanzi.

Uqeqesho

Khumbula ukuba unyulo luvumela abavoti basuse igosa elinyuliweyo kwisikhundla ngaphambi kokuphela kwegama labo. Le nkqubo iqala ngesicelo sokufaka i-drowa; ukuba utyikityo olusebenzayo luqokeleliwe, unyulo olukhethekileyo lubanjelwa apho abavoti begqiba ukuba bagcine okanye bakhuphe igosa. Ngelixesha lungento iqhelekileyo kunezinyathelo okanye ii-arhente, ikhumbula ukuba sisixhobo esinamandla sokugcina amagosa kawonke-wonke ngokungqalileyo. Khumbula ukuba amalungiselelo akhona kumazwe angama-39, nangona imiphekethi, imimiselo yosayino, kunye nenkqubo eyahlukeneyo. Imizekelo engenakubonwa iquka ukukhumbula kwe-2003 kweRhuluneli yeKhali yaseKhali u-Gray Daviusch ne 2012 ikhumbula iRokey Scounderercerder Scower.

Ukubaluleka Kwendlela Yokulawula Idemokhrasi Yale Mihla

Iibhola ziluncedo kakhulu ekumeleni idemokhrasi, zinikela iingenelo eziliqela ezahlukileyo eziqinisa ubomi babantu nomgaqo - siseko kawonke - wonke.

Ukukhuthaza Ubungqina Becawa

Amanyathelo ebhola anika abemi isizathu esicacileyo sophando, ukubandakanyeka kwingxubusho yezopolitiko, kunye nokubonisa kwimiba yovotelo. Xa abavoti besazi ukuba baza kugqiba ngqo ngemibandela enjengokunyuka komvuzo omncinane, utshintsho lwenkqubo yeziyobisi, okanye izakhiwo zerhafu, amanani okuthabatha inxaxheba adla ngokunyuka. Amazwe anamanyathelo okuchola atyekela ekuboneni umvoti ophezulu phakathi kwemini naphakathi konyulo. Ngaphezu koko, inkqubo yokutyikityaniswa nokuphuliselwa ibandakanya amawaka amatsha - ntliziyo asebenza ngotyani, ukwakha imibutho yoluntu kunye nobuchule bezobupolitika.

I-Akhawunti ethe ngqo

Ngokuvumela abavoti ukuba bavume okanye bangayifuni imithetho ethile, amanyathelo okuvota agcina indlu yowiso-mthetho kunye namaqela amatshatsha akhethekileyo enobutyala. Abameli abangazihoyiyo iimbono zikawonke-wonke ngemibandela engxamisekileyo bangabona ezo mbambano ziconjululwe ngokulula, ziphumele ekungathathi-nxaxheba kwabo. Ngokufanayo, amatshati adumileyo avumela abavoti ukuba bavote imithetho ejolise kwingozi okanye ekonakaleni. Le nkqubo yokuziphendulela ngokuthe ngqo iqinisekisa ukuba inkqubo ibonisa ukuthanda kwabantu, hayi nje iinjongo zabo abavoti okanye ukhokelo lweqela.

Utshintsho lomgaqo-nkqubo

Iimilinganiselo zebhola zisebenza njengee-laboratori zedemokhrasi, ivumela iinkqubo zobugcisa zivavanywe kumgangatho worhulumente phambi kokuba zamkeleke ngokuphangaleleyo. Iinguquko ezininzi zenkcazo yezonyango ̬ ezifana nolwandiso lwemijuxuzo, unyuko oluncinane, ukhuseleko lwemeko-bume, kunye nokulungisa imodeli yendalo i-̬ ezokuqala zidlule ngamanyathelo okulungisa. Ezi mpumelelo ziye zanyanzela iindlu zowiso-mthetho ukuba zithabathe amanyathelo afanayo okanye zivuse iingxoxo zamazwe ezathi ekugqibeleni zikhokelele kwisenzo solawulo. Ubhexeko lwendlela yokuqalisa kukhuthaza ukuvavanywa ngeengxaki eziqhubekayo.

Indlela Yokulinganisela Umsebenzi Yebhola: Inkqubo Yenyathelo Ngenyathelo

Ngelixesha imithetho ethile ingafani ngolawulo, indlela esisiseko yomlinganiselo webhola yokukhetha edityanisiweyo yabemi ilandela la maqondo.

Isindululo kunye nodrafti

Le nkqubo iqala ngoluvo olucacileyo lomthetho okanye ulungiso. I-Sponsors ̬ ngokufuthi amaqela okuphatha inzala-mvume, imibutho yenkqubo, okanye imibutho yabemi abatsha-hlalayo i— ilungisa ulwimi oluchanekileyo lomlinganiselo ocetyiswayo. Kwamanye amazwe, igqwetha jikelele okanye umlinganiselo wohlolo lwebhodi ngokusemthethweni ukuqinisekisa ukucaca nokuthobela imigangatho esemthethweni. Imilinganiselo ebhaliswe ngokungekho mthethweni ingakhokelela kucelomngeni olusemthethweni okanye kwiziphumo ezilindelekileyo, ngoko icebiso lomthetho elingochwepheshe libalulekile kweli nqanaba.

Ukuhlanganisa Utyikityo Nokuqinisekiswa

Abatyikityi abachaziweyo kufuneka baqokelele inani elichaziweyo lotyikityo olusuka kubavoti ababhalisiweyo kwisakhelo sexesha elibekiweyo. Imiqobo yosayino isekelwe kwipesenti yamavoti akhankanyiweyo kolona nyulo lwakutshanje lukhoyo. Amazwe amaninzi afuna unikezelo lwelizwe ukuqinisekisa inkxaso karhulumente ebanzi. Emva kokuqokelela, abaxhasi bathumela kumagosa axhasa uqinisekiso lotyikityo ngalunye oluchasene nobhaliso. Ukuba inani elincinane lihlanganisiwe, umlinganiselo uyafaneleka kunyulo lomxhasi. Utyikityo ludla ngokuba yinxenye exabisa kakhulu nesebenzayo kwinkqubo, ngemizila eqeshayo ehlawula izigidi zezigidi zeerandi zonyulo.

Ukubhikica nokuhlaziya

Xa umlinganiselo ufanelekile, ungena kwicandelo lephulo. Abaxhasi kunye nabachasi baqhuba amaphulo okubhengeza, baba neengxoxo zikawonke-wonke, kwaye basasaze izinto zokufundisa. Abasebenzi bamavoter kufuneka bazifundise kwimiba entsonkothileyo edla ngokunikelwa ngolwimi oluluqilima olusemthethweni. Kumazwe amaninzi, imilinganiselo yokuthoba ikhatshwa ngohlalutyo olungakhethiyo oluvela kumbutho wesizwe okanye umqwalaseli wemithetho i’ iofisi. Ngosuku lonyulo, abavoti-voteli baphawula ukhetho lwabo kwaye iziphumo zibone ukuba umlinganiselo uba ngumthetho, ngokufuthi ngoninzi oluqhelekileyo ngaphandle kokuba umqathango owahlukileyo ufunwa ngumqathango womthetho.

Ukuzalisekisa Ucelomngeni Olungokwasemthethweni

Amanyathelo avunyiweyo aba yinxalenye yomthetho karhulumente okanye umgaqo-siseko. Ukuzalisekisa kungabandakanya ukulawulwa kolawulo, izabelo zemali, okanye ukucaciswa kwenkundla. Imingeni yomthetho iqhelekile, isoloko ibhekisa kwingquzulwano yomgaqo-siseko, okanye ukukhutshwa komthetho wesizwe. Amanye amanyathelo ajongene neminyaka engaphambili yokulishwa phambi kokuba anyanzeliswe ngokupheleleyo. Ukuqonda umhlaba wasemva kokhetho kubalulekile kubaxhasi botshintsho lwenkqubo yexesha elide.

Iingxaki Zokujamelana Neentsilelo Zebhola

Phezu kwako nje ukubhenela kwawo kwidemokhrasi, amanyathelo okusebenza kwibhola adibana nemiqobo ebalulekileyo enokudodobalisa ukusebenza nokufaneleka kwayo.

Ukuntsonkotha Nokuqonda Izinto

Amanyathelo amaninzi eenkqubo entsonkothileyo athetha ngemiba enzima ekwinkqubo ye-̵ njengamaziko erhafu, imilinganiselo yokuhlaziya, okanye imimiselo yemekobume ̬ ekunzima kumvoti-mndilili ukuqwalasela ngokucokisekileyo. Ulwimi olude nolobugcisa, oludityaniswe nexesha elilinganiselweyo lokufunda, lungakhokelela ekuvoteni okusekelwe ekuqweqweqweni kwesandi okulahlekisayo kunokugweba ngolwazi. Olu bunzima bunyuswa xa imilinganiselo emininzi idityaniswa kwibhola enye okanye xa kudityaniswa imilinganiselo edidanayo.

Ukuxhasa Igalelo Nempembelelo

Ixabiso lokudibanisa, izibhengezo kunye nokucebisana ngobuchule linokuba ngamashumi ezigidi zeerandi. Abantu abanobutyebi, imibutho, kunye namaqela akhethekileyo asoloko elawula amaphulo okulinganisela, aphakamisa inkxalabo yokuba le nkqubo ibonakalisa iingcambu ezichuliweyo. Abachasi bomlinganiselo bangawafumana amangqina ngemida ebanzi, kwaye amaphulo athelekelelwayo anokugqwetha imekobume yolwazi. Kwamanye amazwe, imiqathango yokunikela kwimikhankatho yethala alikho okanye alikho, kunika iimali ezinzulu.

I-Verter Engenamdla kunye ne-Turrout

Amanyathelo ebhola asebenza kakhulu xa umvoti ejika ephezulu kwaye emele. Noko ke, kunyaka ozayo kunye nonyulo lokuqala lusoloko lubona unyuko olusezantsi, okuthetha ukuba iqela elincinane, elingephiyo, elinomahluko omncinci wevoti ligqiba imibandela echaphazela bonke abantu. Amanyathelo afuna isantya esikhulu sokudlula kufutshane nomqobo ophezulu. Ngaphezu koko, inani elipheleleyo lamanyathelo okuvota kwamanye amazwe lingakhokelela ekudinweni, kubangele abantu ukuba bakhuphele ekuvoteleni imvume yokuvota.

Ucelomngeni Olungokwasemthethweni nolomGaqo-siseko

Amanyathelo ebhola asoloko ejongene nohlolo olusemthethweni emva kokudlula. Iinkundla zingawabetha ukuba aphule umgaqo-siseko okanye urhulumente, angquzulane nomthetho okhoyo, okanye abekwe ngokungafanelekanga kwibhola yebhola. Umzekelo, iKhalifoniya ̱ iProces 8 (ukugawulwa komtshato ongokwasemgaqweni) ekugqibeleni yapheliswa ziintendelezo zomthetho, kwaye amanyathelo amaninzi okungenisa umyalzi aye ajamelana neengxaki zomthetho karhulumente. Ezi ngxaki zingadidelwa nokukhuthaza nokudala i-scrop.

Imizekelo Ephumelelayo Yeendlela Zebhola

Imbali inika imizekelo emininzi apho amanyathelo okuvota aye alungisa kwakhona inkqubo kawonke-wonke kwaye amisela imizekelo ehlala ihleli.

Iprogramme yaseKhalifoniya 13 (1978)

Ukwenziwa kweprojekthi 13, ukuncitshiswa kwerhafu yemiGaqo-siseko, intengo yerhafu ebekwe phantsi kwixabiso lepropati ye-1% kunye nexabiso elilinganiselweyo lonyaka enyuka ukuya kwi-2% ngaphandle kokuba umhlaba uthengiswe. Kwafuneka ukuba kuvotelwe isibini sesithathu sowiso-mthetho nakweyiphi na irhafu karhulumente. Umlinganiselo ocuthiwe ngokuphawulekayo weerhafu zempahla, utshintshele umthwalo kweminye imithombo yengeniso, kwaye ubangele ukuvukelwa kwerhafuthelo-rhafu yelizwe. Ngoxa unika uzinzo kubanini bekhaya, abagxeki bawuphikisa phantsi kwesikolo esineefeksi, neenkonzo zobulali. Iprop 13 ihlala ileli yentengiso enempembelelo nembathakaze kwimbali yaseU.S.

Colorado Amendment 64 (202)

Uhlaziyo 64 lwagunyazisa ukusetyenziswa komsasayini kubantu abadala abangama-21 nangaphezulu, ukuhlawulwa nokulawulwa kwawo. IColorado yaba lizwana lokuqala lokubhalisa ngokusemthethweni, ngokulandela amanyathelo onyango lokuqala. Umlinganiselo wavelisa amakhulu ezigidi zeerandi kwingeniso yerhafu, wanciphisa ukubanjwa kwe-cannabis, wakhuthaza ukubhaliswa ngokusemthethweni kwelizwe lonke.

ISindululo seFlorida 4 (2017)

Uhlaziyo 4 lwabuyisela amalungelo okuvota kumatyala aye agqiba izigwebo zawo, ngaphandle kwabo babegwetywe ngetyala lokubulala okanye ngokwesondo. Olu mlinganiselo wavunywa ngabavoti abangaphezu kwama- 64%, isenza ibe yeyona mpumelelo enkulu yamalungelo okuvota kwi-U.S. ukususela kwiSivumelwano samaLungelo sonyaka ka-1965. Noko ke, umthetho olandelayo wabeka iimfuno ezongezelelekileyo, kuquka ukuhlawulwa kwayo yonke intengo kunye nentlawulo, nto leyo eyayisikelele kakhulu iziphumo zokupheliswa kwe-̱ iziphumo. Imfazwe eqhubekayo engokwasemthethweni kuMthethweni we-Revocation 4 ibonisa indlela imigaqo ye-Rogractivement nezenzo zogwebo.

Indima Yobugcisa Nemikhwa Yale Mihla

Izixhobo zamanani ziphinda ziguqule indlela ecetyiswa ngayo imilinganiso yokuvota esekelwe kwibhola, ephakanyisiweyo, kwaye zigqibe. Iiplatfomu zesicelo solu luhlu lwendawo zivumela ukuqokelelwa kosayino ngamanani, nangona kumazwe ambalwa akuvumela ngoku le ndlela. Amaphulo onxibelelwano olunxulumene noluntu anokufikelela izigidi zabavoti ngexabiso eliphantsi, kodwa kwakhona asasaze ulwazi oluphosakeleyo. Iinkqubo zokuvota ezisekelwe kwi-colorba ziyahlolwa ukunyusa ukhuseleko nokubonakala okucacileyo kwinkqubo yomlinganiselo webhola. Ngaphezu koko, ugcino-lwazi lwento-alytics luvumela iphulo kurhoxiso oluncinane, lunyusa imibuzo engokokuba nemithetho engundoqo malunga nemicimbi yezobugcisa, imimiselo esemthethweni neyokulawula imimiselo yebhola elawula i-tratiotilute iya kufuna ukusetyenziswa.

Intlanganiso yosayino lwamanani

Amazwe anjenge-Arizona, Hawaii, neWashington ngoku avumela ukuqokelelwa kosayino lwezibonelelo zekhompyutha ukuba kwenziwe inyathelo, kuncitshiswe umthwalo obonakalayo kunye nexabiso. Abaxhasi baphikisa ukuba utyikityo lwezimvo olusebenzisa imilingo lwandisa ukufikelela kwabavoti basemaphandleni nabakhubazekileyo kwaye lwenze inkqubo yoqinisekiso iphumelele. Abachasi baphakamisa inkxalabo ngokuqokelela iprojekthi ye-intanethi. Ulwandiso lwezintyelelo lwezingcingo zoshicilelo lwamanani lungakhawulezisa kwiminyaka ezayo, ingakumbi emva kokuba befunde kwisifo se-COVOVID.

Isiphelo

Amanyathelo ebhola ahlala ebalulekile ukuze abantu bathathe inxaxheba ngqo, anike abemi abaqhelekileyo amandla okubumba imithetho elawula ubomi babo. Ukusukela kwiXesha leNkqubela nanamhlanje, aye enza ukuba kubekho inkqubo entsha, ukuphendulana, kunye nokunyuswa kolawulo lwedemokhrasi. Noko ke, iingxaki zokuntsonkotha, ukuxhasa iinkalo, ukungakhathaleli komvoti, nokungachani okusemthethweni kufuneka zibhekiswe ukuqinisekisa ukuba inkqubo ihlala ilungile kwaye isebenza. Njengoko ubugcisa bungenisa izixhobo ezintsha zokudibanisa utyikityo kunye nemfundo yovoti, imilinganiselo yebholothi iya kuxhomekeka kumgaqo onolwano nolawulo olunelisayo kunye nokubandakanyelwa ngummi.

Ukuqhubeka ufunda, hlolisisa isiseko sesiseko sedata yemilinganiselo yebhola ebanzi iBallotteia, hlola iNgqungquthela yesizwe yeLegislatures’ isishwankathelo senkqubo zenyathelo kunye nesalathisi se-templu [, kwaye ufundisise imbali ye [[FLT:]] California̱ iProgram 13 iziphumo ezinde. Izihlolo zangoku, zilandela iU.ECM.U.U.U.U.U.U.U.U.PLT.[FLT.FF:]