Table of Contents
Ukuqonda Amaphepha Oluhlu Lolawulo - melo Lwamafakela: ISiphatho Solawulo - melo LwaseMerika
AmaPhepha oLungela aquka amanqaku nazincoko ezingama-85 abhalwe ngu-Alexander Hamilton, uJames Madison, noJohn Jay phantsi kwegama lemposiso elisisidibi elingu-"Publius" ukukhuthaza ukuhlaziywa komGaqo-siseko wase-United States. La maxwebhu abonisa enye yezona qhalo zibalulekileyo kwintanda-Pyrophethi yezobupolitika kwimbali yaseMerika, anika abemi be-fashoni kwiingqondo zooTata abaFundiweyo kunye nemigaqo eyabumba urhulumente wesizwe.
Kubemi bale mihla, ukuqonda amaPhepha angomsebenzi nje wemfundo. Ezi zincoko ziyaqhubeka ziphembelela ukucaciswa komgaqo-siseko, zinika impikiswano ngendima efanelekileyo karhulumente, zibonelele ngemeko ebalulekileyo yokuqonda amalungelo kunye neembopheleleko ezichaza ubumi baseMerika. Nokuba ungumfundi, umfundisi, uchwepheshe osemthethweni, okanye ummi othenjiweyo, amaPhepha eencwadi anika uluvo olungenasiphelo kulungelelwano olululuqilima phakathi kwenkululeko nolungelelwano, urhulumente, amandla orhulumente kunye namalungelo omntu ngamnye kunye nolawulo lweqela.
Imeko Yembali: Uhlanga Olukwimimandla Ephakathi
Ingxaki Phantsi Kwemiba Yomanyano
Ukuze siwaqonde ngokupheleleyo amaPhepha oManyano, kufuneka siqale siqonde imeko eyingozi ejongene ne-United States eselula ekupheleni koo1780. Inqaku loMbutho wokuqala olawulayo waseMelika, lingqineke lingafanelekanga ngokulusizi ukuphatha imicimbi yohlanga olutsha. Urhulumente osembindini wayengenawo amandla okunyusa ingeniso, ukulawula urhwebo phakathi kwamazwe, okanye ukugcina ucwangco lukawonke wonke ngokunempumelelo.
Ubuthathaka bale nkqubo babonakala ngokucacileyo ngexesha leziganeko ezifana neBegation kaShays ngo1786-1787, xa abalimi abaxhobileyo eMassachusetts bavukelana namagunya karhulumente ngenxa yamatyala nemibandela yerhafu. Ukungakwazi kukarhulumente worhulumente ukuphendula kwiimeko ezinjalo kwabonisa imfuneko engxamisekileyo yesakhiwo solawulo esomeleleyo.
Indibano YomGaqo-siseko Nemiphumo Yayo
Ngenxa yezi ngxaki, abathunywa abavela kumaphondo bahlanganisana ePhiladelphia ehlotyeni ngo1787. Oko kwavela kule Convention yezomGaqo-siseko kwakungeyompinda yokuphinda ilungiswe yaManqaku eNgqungquthela, njengoko abaninzi babelindele, kodwa yayingumGaqo-siseko omtsha ngokupheleleyo omisela inkqubo eyahlukileyo yorhulumente.
Ngokukhawuleza umGaqo-siseko ocetyiweyo wavusa ingxoxo enzulu. Ngokukhawuleza emva kokuba iindwendwe ezingama-39 zityikitye umGaqo-siseko ocetyiswayo ngoSeptemba 1787, uxwebhu lwaya kumaphondo ukuze lufumaneke, lubangela impikiswano ekrakra phakathi "koooFederalist," abakhetha ukupheliswa komGaqo-siseko njengoko kubhaliwe, kunye "nobuGaqo-siseko obuchasene noMgaqo-siseko," owachasa ukunikwa koomandla anamandla kurhulumente wesizwe.
Idabi LaseNew York
ENew York, inkcaso kumGaqo-siseko yayinamandla ngokukhethekileyo, kwaye ukudityaniswa kwabonwa njengokubaluleke kakhulu. Intsingiselo yequmrhu nezoqoqosho zaseNew York yenza ukuba inxaxheba yayo kumanyano olutsha ibaluleke. Kwakukule meko apho uAlexander Hamilton wacinga ngothotho lweencoko olubanzi ukukhusela umGaqo-siseko kunye nentyelelo yabaseNew York ukuxhasa ukudityaniswa.
Abaqulunqi: Iingqondo Ezithathu Ezingaqondakaliyo Ezisemva Kombhiyozo
UAlexander Hamilton: Umkhosi Wokuqhuba
UAlexander Hamilton, igqwetha laseNew York nowayesakuba ligqwirha-lide-lam eGeorge Washington ngexesha lemfazwe yendaleko, waye engumphathi wezakhiwo kunye namandla okuqhuba emva kweprojekthi yomanyano yamaPhepha. Hamilton wabhala amanani 1, 6-9, 11-13, 15-17, 21-36, 59-61, kunye 65-85, emenza oyena unikezininzi kakhulu ngeziqendu ezingamashumi amahlanu anesihlanu kwityala lakhe.
Izincoko zikaHamilton zazijolise kwimimandla emininzi enzima: ubuthathaka beManqaku oMgaqo-siseko, imfuneko yesebe elilawulayo elinamandla, ukubaluleka kwamandla erhafu karhulumente, kunye nesakhiwo sejaji. Indlela yakhe yokubhala yayinamandla kwaye ingqalile, ibonisa ukuzimisela kwakhe ngamandla ukusungula urhulumente wesizwe onamandla onako ukukhuphisana kwisigaba sehlabathi.
UJames Madison: Umyili woMgaqo-siseko
UJames Madison, odla ngokubizwa ngokuba ngu "uYise woMgaqo-siseko" ngendima yakhe esemgangathweni kwiNdibano yezomGaqo-siseko, wanikela ngezincoko ezingama-29 kwingqokelela. UMadison wabhala amanani 10, 14,18-20, 37-588, kunye no-62-663, ngokubhekiselele ngokuyintloko kwisakhiwo sikarhulumente ocetyiswayo kunye nokuhambelana kwakhe nemigaqo yeriphabliki.
Iminikelo kaMadison yayiquka ezinye zezincoko ezinempembelelo nezicatshuliweyo rhoqo kulo lonke uqokelelo. Ukuqonda kwakhe okunzulu ingcamango yezobupolitika, kunye nolwazi lwakhe olunzulu ngengcebiso yeConvention yezomGaqo-siseko, kwazenza izincoko zakhe zaba negunya elikhethekileyo. UMadison kamva uza kusebenza njengoMongameli wesine waseUnited States kwaye afumane ukugqalwa njengo ````Bhishopu weBhili yamaLungelo'''' ngendima yakhe ekuqulunqeni iintengiso zokuqala zeshumi kwiMigaqo-siseko.
UJohn Jay: Ingcaphephe Yemicimbi Yasemzini
Jay wabhala amanani 2-5 ne 64, enikela ngezincoko ezihlanu kwingqokelela. UJay wagula emva kokubhala izincoko ezine, ezibangela umsantsa phakathi kwezincoko 5 ne 64. Nangona igalelo lakhe elisikelwe umda ngokwenani, izincoko zikaJay zazibalulekile, ingakumbi ekuthetheni imicimbi yangaphandle neengenelo zomanyano lokhuseleko lwesizwe.
UJay wazisa amava axabisekileyo aphathelele ulawulo lwezorhwebo kulo msebenzi, ekubeni wayekhonza njengomlungiseleli eSpeyin waza kamva waba ngumgwebi wokuqala oyintloko weNkundla Ephakamileyo yaseUnited States.
Imfihlelo Kapublius
Ibhalwe nguAlexander Hamilton, uJames Madison noJohn Jay, uFederalist Essays ekuqaleni babonakala bengaziwa phantsi kwegama-mgeni "Publius". Ukuba ngaba babhali kwagcinwa kuyimfihlo de uHamilton wafa ngo1804. Ukukhethwa kwe-"Publius" kwakungomntu owenjongo yaye okunentsingiselo ```u Publius Valerus Publiolaola, umseki weRiphabliki yamaRoma owaziwayo ngokuzinikela kurhulumente weriphabliki nomthetho.
Oku kungaqondakali kwasebenza iinjongo ezininzi. Kwavumela izincoko ukuba zigwetywe ngesidima sazo kunokuba zigwetywe ngedumela lababhali bazo. Kwadala nelizwi elimanyeneyo, lichaza iimpikiswano njengezisuka kumntu omnye, odityanisiweyo kunokuba zibe ngabantu abathathu abahlukeneyo. Imfihlelo engqonge umbhali izakudala iingxoxo zolwazi eziqhubeka ukuza kuthi ga ngoku umbhali wabhala izincoko ezithile eziphikisanayo.
Ukusasazwa Nokusasazwa: Ukufikelela Abantu
Iphulo Lokubala Amaphephandaba
Ezokuqala ezingamashumi asixhenxe anesixhenxe zezi zincoko zapapashwa ngothotho kwi Independent Journal, iPacket yaseNew York, kunye neDaily Adversitorr phakathi ko-Oktobha 1787 noAprili 1788. Ezi zincoko zavela ngesantya esiphawulekayo, maxa wambi zineenkcazo ezininzi ezipapashwa ngeveki enye. Esi mpapasho sikhawulezileyo sabonisa ungxamiseko lwengxoxo yokwandiswa kwezixhobo kunye nokuzimisela kwababhali ukuphembelela uluvo lukawonke-wonke phambi kwendibano ye-New York.
Amaphephandaba ayesetyenziswa kakhulu kwintetho yezobupolitika, yaye ukupapasha amaphepha amaninzi kwakuqinisekisa ukuba ezo zincoko zisasazwe ngokubanzi. Kwashicilelwa nezincoko kumaphephandaba kwamanye amazwe, nto leyo eyayibangela ukuba zifumaneke ngaphaya kweNew York.
Uhlelo Lwencwadi
Ifekta yopapashi yeNew York J. na. McLean yachaza ukuba baza kupapasha izincoko zokuqala ezingama-36 njengomqulu odityanisiweyo; lo mqulu wakhululwa ngoMatshi 22, 1788, kwaye wabizwa ngokuba ngumqulu wesibini weFederalist Umqulu 1. Umqulu wesibini wakhululwa ngoMeyi 28, oqulethe uLuhlu loManyano Nos. 37-777 kunye noNos ebengapapashwanga. 78-85.
Okubangel ’ umdla kukuba, ekuqaleni uhlelo lwencwadi lwalungaphumelelanga. Abapapashi babelindele ukuba kubekho ungcelele olufutshane, yaye lo msebenzi wakhula ngokuphindwe kathathu kubukhulu bawo. Amakhulukhulu emibhalo angazange afumaneke, kwaye abaninzi basasazwa njengezipho kubathunywa kwiNdibano yoMgaqo-siseko nakweminye imithombo enempembelelo. Noko ke, ukungaphumeleli korhwebo kwaqala kwathetha ukubaluleka okuhlala kuhleli komsebenzi.
Imigaqo Neempikiswano
Umanyano: Ukulungelelanisa Amandla Esizwe NawasebuRhulumente
Enye yemixholo esembindini equkunjelwa kwiMapheli yoManyano--" yingcamango yolawulo-lolawulo") ukwahlulwa kolawulo phakathi korhulumente wesizwe noorhulumente. Umanyano Nos. 39 no-51 luchaza imigaqo esisiseko yolawulo lorhulumente kunye nolwahlulo lwamagunya, kunye nohlolo oluyimfuneko nolungelelwaniso olululelwe ukuthintela ubuzwilane bolawulo.
Aba babhali baphikisa ngelithi umGaqo-siseko wadala inkqubo eyayingengolohlanga okanye urhulumente opheleleyo, kodwa umxube onobuchule bazo zombini. Urhulumente wesizwe unokuba negunya eliphakamileyo kwiindawo ezithile ezidweliswe ngokweendidi, njengezokhuselo, imicimbi yamazwe angaphandle, kunye norhwebo lwamazwe ngamazwe (ngoxa amazwe ayeza kugcina ulawulo kwezinye iindawo. Eli candelo lenziwe ukunqanda ukubekwa kolawulo lolawulo ngelixa kuqinisekisa ukuba urhulumente wesizwe unegunya elaneleyo lokusebenza ngokunempumelelo.
IFederalist Papers yagxininisa ukuba le nkqubo iyakukhusela inkululeko ngokudala amaziko amaninzi anegunya. Ukuba urhulumente wesizwe wayewugqitha umda wakhe, urhulumente wayenokujonga. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, ukuba oorhulumente basebenzisa ubugrogrisi, abemi bebenokubhenela kwigunya lorhulumente. Oku kwahlulwa okuthe nkqo kwaphelelisa ukwahlulwa okuthe tyaba phakathi kwamasebe amathathu karhulumente worhulumente.
Ukwahlukana Kwamandla Nokujongana Nolungelelwano
Umgaqo wokwahlula amagunya karhulumente phakathi kwamasebe ahlukeneyo, ``e-legislative, ephetheyo,' kunye newokugweba'' yayisisiseko soyilo lomGaqo-siseko. KuFederal No. 51, Madison wachaza imfuneko yokuxilonga nokulungelelana phakathi kwamasebe. Esi sincoko siqulethe enye yeendinyana ezidumileyo kuncwadi lwezopolitiko lwaseMelika: "Ukuba abantu bebezizithunywa zezulu, akukho rhulumente ubuya kuba yimfuneko," uMadison wabhala ngokungqinelanayo kuludwe lwamasebe amashumi amahlanu.
Ingxoxo kaMadison yayisekelwe kuqikelelo olusengqiqweni lomntu. Ukucinga ukuba abantu abanamandla abanathemba, waphikisa ngelithi ulungelelwano luza kuvumela urhulumente ukuba azilawule, kuba abo baphetheyo badla ngokuzama ukufumana igunya ngendleko yabanye. Isisombululo sasikukukuma karhulumente ukuze amabhongo athintele amabhongo, nesebe ngalinye lineendlela zomGaqo-siseko kunye nentshukumisa zobuqu zokuxhathisa ukungenelelana kwabanye.
Le nkqubo yokuhlola nokulinganisela yayiquka iindlela ezifana ne-veto elawula umongameli phezu komthetho, ukuqinisekiswa kweNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNkulumbuso, ukuhlolisiswa kwemithetho nezenzo zolawulo, ukukhutshwa kwemithetho kunye namandla okulawula, kunye nokungakhuselwa. Isebe ngalinye ngokunyoluka laliza kukhusela amalungelo alo, livelise ulungelelwano olunamandla oluza kulondoloza inkululeko ngeli lisebenzisa ulawulo.
Ingxaki Yenyaniso: Umbhali Weqela No.
Kwenye yezincoko ezibalaseleyo, "Federalist 10," uMadison walwamkela inkolelo eqhelekileyo ngelo xesha yokuba urhulumente weriphabliki unokwenzeka kuphela kwiingingqi ezincinci. Esi sincoko sisenokuba sesona sinempembelelo nesasazeke kakhulu kuzo zonke iiPapers zeFederali, ngokusisiseko inkcazo yezobupolitika yolwalamano phakathi kobukhulu norhulumente weRiphabliki.
UMadison wachaza isibakala njengeqela labemi abamanyaniswe lutyekelo olufanayo okanye umdla ochasene namalungelo abanye abemi okanye izilangazelelo ezisisigxina zengingqi. Waphikisa ngelithi oonobangela bengqwalaselo ezizizo basekelwe kwindalo yoluntu kwaye abanakutshatyalaliswa ngaphandle kokutshabalalisa inkululeko ngokwayo. Ngoko ke, isisombululo asikokuthintela amaqela ukuba angabi nabunjwa kodwa ukulawula iziphumo zayo.
Waphikisa ngelithi ukuzinza, inkululeko, nokusesikweni kwakunokufunyanwa kummandla omkhulu onabemi abaninzi nabaninzi. Kwiriphabliki enkulu, intabalala yemidla ekhoyo ingenza kube nzima nakuliphi na iqela ukuba lizuze inkoliso. Kwanokuba uninzi luye lwazenza kwindawo enye, ibhunga elibanzi leriphabliki liya kuthintela ekuthatheni inyathelo elinqamleza lonke uhlanga.
Nangona isincoko sidla ngokuchazwa njengokuhlasela umgaqo-siseko omninzi, eneneni sikhusela intlalo, izoqoqosho, nenkcubeko kunye nenkoliso yabantu abaxokelelwayo ababumba ngolalaniso nomanyano. UMadison wayenombono wenkqubo apho izilangazelelo ezahlukeneyo ziya kunyanzeleka ukuba zidibane kwaye zilalanise, zivelise imigaqo enceda abantu abaninzi kunokuba incede izilangazelelo ezincinane.
Imfuneko Yomanyano
Umlawuli womanyano Nos. 1-14 uphikisa ngelithi ukusinda komanyano kuxhomekeke kurhulumente onamandla ombindi ukucombulula imibandela enjengezokhuselo, ezorhwebo, kunye nolwalamano lwamazwe ahlukeneyo. Izincoko zokuqala kuludwe zijoliswe ekuboniseni iingenelo zokulondoloza uhlanga olumanyeneyo kunokuba zahlulelene zibe ziingingqi ezahlukeneyo okanye amazwe azimeleyo.
Ababhali baphikisa ngelithi umanyano lwabangela ukhuseleko kwiingozi zamanye amazwe, njengoko ilizwe elimanyeneyo linokugcina umkhosi womelele ngakumbi yaye linobukho obunamandla kwimicimbi yezizwe ngezizwe. Imanyano yabangela ukuba urhwebo lukwazi ukuphelisa imiqobo phakathi kwamazwe nokudala urhwebo olukhulu. Ngaphezu koko, umanyano olomeleleyo lungathintela iingxabano phakathi kwamazwe anokuthi ngenye indlela akhulele kugonyamelo.
Ezi mpikiswano zazibaluleke ngokukhethekileyo zinikwe iinyaniso zejiyografi zenkulungwane ye-18. Amagunya aseYurophu aqhubeka ehlala ekho kuMntla Merika, kwaye iMelika eyahluleleneyo yayiza kuba sengozini yokulawulwa nokuloyiswa kwamanye amazwe. IManyano yoManyano yenza ityala lokuba kuphela ngomanyano phantsi komgaqo-siseko osebenzayo iUnited States ikhusele inkululeko yayo nempumelelo yayo.
Isebe elinoLawulo oluPhezulu: Amandla nokuphendula
Umlawuli womanyano No. 70 ukhusela imfuneko yesigqeba esinye (uLawulo) ukuqinisekisa ukuphendula nokulawula okusebenzayo. Hamilton waphikisa ngelithi "ukungakhathalelwa kwigunya eliphetheyo" kwakuyimfuneko kurhulumente olungileyo, ukulungiselela ukukhuselwa koluntu kwiintlaselo zamanye amazwe, ulawulo oluzinzileyo lwemithetho, ukhuseleko lwempahla, nokhuseleko lwenkululeko.
Imeko yesigqeba esinye esiphetheyo kunokuba ibe sisigqeba esiphezulu esisininzi okanye ibhunga eliphetheyo lasekelwa kwiinkalo eziliqela. Isebe elinye eliphetheyo lingaba nesigqibo esithe kratya kwaye likwazi ukwenza izinto ngesantya nangokufihla imfihlo ezifunekayo maxa wambi kwimicimbi yokhuseleko lwesizwe. Liya kuba netyala elingakumbi, njengokuba imbopheleleko ingakhutshwa phakathi kwabalawuli abaninzi. Umanyano lomphathi-ofisi lungathintela iingxabano zangaphakathi kunye nokungasebenzi okungabangela ukuba licinezele igunya elilawulayo elahluleleneyo.
UHamilton wathetha ngenkxalabo yobuzwilakhe ngokusalatha kwii-checks ezahlukeneyo ezingoomongameli: igama elilinganiselweyo lesikhundla, ukungagunyaziswa, imfuneko yeNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNte elawulayo, namandla okuqulunqwa kwezicelo. Ezi zinto ziya kuthintela umongameli ekubeni abe ngukumkani ngeli lixa evumela igunya elaneleyo lokufeza iimbopheleleko zakhe zomgaqo-siseko.
IJaji: Guardian yoMgaqo - siseko
Umlawuli womanyano No. 78 uchaza indima yejaji nokubaluleka kohlalutyo lwezahlulelo. Hamilton waphikisa ngelithi ijaji iya kuba yi-"lisebe eliyingozi lempuma" kuba yayingenakrele (njengesigqeba) okanye isipakethe (njengendlu yowiso-mthetho), kodwa yayiza kuba lugwebo nje.
Esi sincoko sabeka isiseko somgaqo wokuhlola okugwebayo, “‘ amandla eenkundla okonakalisa imithetho engqubana nomGaqo-siseko. Hamilton waphikisa ngelithi umGaqo-siseko umele umthetho osisiseko omiselwe ngabantu, kwaye umthetho oqhelekileyo awunakuwulawula. Abagwebi, ngokuzimela kwabo kunye nobuchule babo obusemthethweni, babekwisikhundla esingcono sokutolika umGaqo-siseko kwaye baqinisekise ukuba amanye amasebe ahlala ngaphakathi kwemida yabo yesiseko.
Ityala lokuzimela geqe laliquka ukusetyenziswa kobomi babagwebi besizwe (abathobela ukuziphatha okuhle) kunye nokhuseleko lwemivuzo yabo ekuncitshisweni. La malungiselelo ayeza kukhusela abagwebi kwiingcinezelo zobupolitika aze abancede benze izigqibo ezisekelwe kumthetho nakumGaqo-siseko kunokuba benze izigqibo ezithandwayo okanye ezixolelwano zezobupolitika. Le nkululeko yayibalulekile kwindima yejaji njengendlela yokuhlola amanye amasebe nommeli wamalungelo omntu ngamnye nxamnye nolawulo loninzi.
Impikiswano Engombhali: Imfihlelo Yembali
Ngoxa umbhali we 73 wezincoko zeThe Federali eqinisekileyo, ubungqina baloo mntu wabhala izincoko ezilishumi elinesibini eziseleyo baphikiswa ngabanye abaphengululi. Le mpikiswano yavela kuludwe olungqubanayo olwanikelwa nguHamilton noMadison emva kokuba izincoko zipapashiwe.
Isigqeba sokuqala esivulekileyo sesincoko esanikwa nguHamilton owathi, kwiintsuku ezingaphambi kompu wakhe obulalayo owenzelwe u-Aaron Burr, wanika igqwetha lakhe uludwe oluchaza umbhali wenani ngalinye. uMadison akazange akhawuleze aphikisane noluhlu lukaHamilton, kodwa wanika uluhlu lwakhe lohlelo lwe-181818 lukaGidiyon lwe-Federalist.
Umahluko phakathi kolu ludwe wadala imfihlelo abaphandi abaye bazama ukuyicombulula ngokusebenzisa iindlela ezahlukeneyo. Uhlalutyo lwale mihla lwezibalo, luquka umsebenzi wobuvulindlela nguMosseller noWallace kwiminyaka yee-1960, luye lwahlola indlela yokukhetha nokubhala yokuchaza ukuba umbhali wamagama anjani. Emva kokuhlolisisa indlela yokukhetha nokubhala, uphando ludla ngokuvuma ukuba izincoko eziphikiswayo zabhalwa nguJames Madison.
Le mpikiswano yababhali, nangona ibangel ’ umdla kubabhali - mbali nakubaphengululi, ayikuthathi lula ukudibana namandla eFederalist Papers njengomsebenzi omanyanisayo.
Impembelelo Kukutsalwa Kwemijelo: Ngaba Amaphephandaba Amaqela Amabutho Ayaphumelela?
Impembelelo ekhawulezileyo yeMaphethisi yoMasipala kwingxoxo yokudityaniswa kwemingxuma ingumbandela wengxubusho yembali. AmaPhepha oLuntu abhalelwe ukuxhasa ukudityaniswa komGaqo-siseko, ngokukodwa eNew York. Ukuba baphumelele kule ntlanganiso kuyathandabuzeka.
Iziphumo zokwahlulwa komthetho zenzakala kwiphondo ngalinye, yaye izincoko zazingaphinda zishicilelwa ngaphandle kweNew York ngokuthembekileyo; ngokubhekele phaya ngexesha ungcelele lwaphantsi, inani lamazwe abalulekileyo lalisele liyivumile, umzekelo iPennsylvania ngoDisemba 12. Ngexesha iNew York yaba nendibano yayo yokulungisa ngoJuni 1788, amazwe alishumi ayesele ewuvunyiwe umGaqo-siseko, oko kuthetha ukuba sele egqibile umgangatho osithoba wokwenza i-rautifi.
Indibano yaseNew York yadibana ePoughtedgesie ngoJuni 1788 nangoJulayi 26 yavotela ukuxhasa ukudityaniswa ngomda omxinwa wama-30 ukuya kuma-7, ngoxa amaPhepha aMazwe aManyeneyo asenokuba negalelo kule ziphumo, ezinye izinto zazibalulekile, kuquka impembelelo yobuqu yooFederali abaphambili kunye nee-Anti-Fedalist kunye nenyaniso yezobupolitika ezathi iNew York ayinako ukuhlala ngaphandle kombutho osele uqukiwe ngamanye amazwe.
Ngoko, ukulinganisa impumelelo yeMadabi eli-Papa ngempembelelo yayo ekhawulezileyo kwivoti ezikhutshwayo phantsi kwemithetho ebhaliweyo. Izincoko zanceda ekulungiseni imibandela yengxoxo, zanika abaxhasi bomGaqo-siseko iimbumbulu, zaza zayila ukhuseleko oluphangaleleyo lwenkqubo entsha karhulumente oza kuphembelela ingcamango yezobupolitika yamaMelika kwizizukulwana ezizayo.
Impendulo yalo Mlawuli
AmaPhepha oLungelo lwamaFederali awazange amele kuphela icala lengxoxo yokudityaniswa. Iingcali zokulwa ne-Federali zavelisa uthotho lwazo lwezincoko namaphecana aphikisanayo nomGaqo-siseko, ziphakamisa inkxalabo ezakuba nempembelelo ekuxonxeni iBhili yamaLungelo nokuxambulisana okuqhubekayo ngomgangatho ofanelekileyo wamandla orhulumente.
Ababhali abalwa neFederalidist, besebenzisa amaxwebhu obuxoki afana "Brutus," "Umlimi Ongumfama," kunye "Kato" baphikisa ngelithi umGaqo-siseko ocetyiweyo wadala urhulumente wesizwe onamandla kakhulu nokude kakhulu ebantwini. Bakhathazeka kukuba irepublic enkulu eqwalaselwe ngabamaFederali yayingayi kusabela kwizinto ezixhalabisa abantu nokuba ukungabikho kwamalungelo abantu kwashiya inkululeko elula ukungenelwa ngurhulumente.
Abachasi-mikhosi babuza ukuba urhulumente omnye ungayilawula ngokunempumelelo ingingqi enkulu neyahlukeneyo. Babesoyika ukuba umgaqo womGaqo-siseko oyimfuneko nofanelekileyo kunye negunya lobungangamsha zingenza urhulumente worhulumente afumane amandla agcinelwe amaphondo. Abaxhathisi abaninzi abalwayo bakhetha isivumelwano esikhululayo esiza kulondoloza ulawulo lorhulumente kwaye bagcine urhulumente ekufutshane nabantu.
Ngeli xesha iAnti-Federalist ekugqibeleni iphulukana nedabi lokudityaniswa, inkxalabo yabo yaphembelela ukuphuhliswa komthetho-siseko waseMelika. Isithembiso sokudibanisa ireyithingi yamalungelo sasibalulekile ekukhuseleni ukudityaniswa kwamagunya amaninzi, kunye noMphetho-Mdaganiso weshumi elinesiBhodi obekwe ngokomthetho ongekho semthethweni kurhulumente worhulumente okanye kubantu. Uxanduva phakathi komkhosi nombono we-Anti-Fedalist luyaqhubeka lusebenza kwiingxoxo ezimayela nolawulo lolawulo, amalungelo, namalungelo ombuso, kunye nomgangatho ofanelekileyo wesizwe.
Ukuhlala Ujongene Neziphakamiso: Iphepha Lolawulo Lolawulo Lwamafashoni Kumazwe AseMerika Anamhlanje
Ukucaciswa komGaqo-siseko kunye neeNkundla
Iiphepha zomanyano lwamaFederal Literal Cape zisoloko zisetyenziswa namhlanje ukuchaza iinjongo zabo bayila umGaqo-siseko. Ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane ye-19, amaPhepha abaphathi boMgaqo-siseko bafumana ukuvelela njengenkcazelo enegunya. IJaji yeNkundla ePhakamileyo uJohn Marshall yawacaphula kwiimeko eziphawula iziganeko ezifana noMagdalene (1803) kunye noMcCulloch v. Maryland (1819).
Iinkundla zomanyano nezorhulumente ziyaqhubeka zibhekisela kumaPhepha aManyano xa zitolika amalungiselelo omgaqo-siseko. Abagwebi kwiindlela ezininzi zeengcamango bacaphula ezi zincoko njengobungqina bokuqondwa kokuqala kombhalo womGaqo-siseko. IiMaphepha zinempembelelo ngokukhethekileyo kwiimeko ezibandakanya ukwahlulwa kwamagunya, urhulumente, kunye nomgangatho wegunya lorhulumente.
Noko ke, ukusetyenziswa kweMaphethisi yoMgaqo-siseko ekutolikeni komgaqo-siseko akunampikiswano. Abanye abaphengululi bayathandabuza ukuba iimbono zabantu abathathu, ukubhalela ukucenga kunokuba banikeze ingcaciso yobundilele, kufuneka kunikwe ubunzima obunjalo ekuboneni intsingiselo yomGaqo-siseko. Kwileta eya kuThomas Ritchie ngo1821, uJames Madison wachaza ngoMgaqo-siseko "intsingiselo esemthethweni yeSixhobo-Xonda imele ithathwe kumbhalo ngokwawo; okanye ukuba isitshixo kufuneka sifunwe kwenye indawo, kufuneka singaqukwa kwiingcamango okanye iinjongo zoBuqumgamgamthetho ocelele i-mgaqo-siseko, kodwa ngengqiqo edityaniswe ngabantu kwiiNdibano zabo zeLizwe apho siphinde saphinda sabiwa khona.
Phezu kwazo nje ezi mpikiswano, amaPhepha oManyano ahlala ebalulekile ekuqondeni umGaqo-siseko. Anikela iinkcukacha ezineenkcukacha zolungiselelo lomgaqo-siseko, atyhila inkxalabo eyabangela ukuba kwenziwe ukhetho oluthile, kwaye abonise indlela abakheli abayiqonda ngayo inkqubo ababeyidala.
Ingcamango Yezobupolitika Nenkqubo Yolawulo - melo
Namhlanje, izincoko zisoloko zikhankanywa kumthetho wezomGaqo-siseko nakwingcamango yezobupolitika. AmaPhepha aManyano ayimfuneko kuye nabani na ofunda umGaqo-siseko okanye intanda-bulumko yezobupolitika yaseMerika. Izazinzulu zezobupolitika, ababhali-mbali, kunye nabaxhasi bezopolitiko bayaqhubeka bezizincokolo zam ukuze baqonde imibandela yokulawula, ukumela, kunye nolwalamano phakathi kwenkululeko negunya.
IPhepha loMbutho woLuntu, umzekelo, lihlala liyimfuneko ekuqondeni amaqela akhoyo ezobupolitika kunye neqela lenzala. Uhlalutyo lukaMadison kuFederal List No. 10 lulindele ukuba kubekho iinkalo ezininzi zedemokhrasi yeqela elikwizininzi, apho amaqela ahlukeneyo akhuphisanayo kwaye alalanise ukuze abumbe inkqubo kawonke-wonke. Ingxoxo yezincoko yomelo, ukucingisisa, kunye neengozi zobuzwilakhe baninzi iyaqhubeka yazisa iingxoxo ngolawulo lwedemokhrasi.
IiPhepha zikwanikela iimbono ezixabisekileyo kwimibuzo engapheliyo malunga nobukhulu obufanelekileyo nobungakanani borhulumente. Iimpikiswano ezingentlalo-ntle zisasebenza njengoko amaMerika eqhubeka exoxa ngolwahlulo olufanelekileyo lwegunya phakathi koorhulumente besizwe noorhulumente. Ingxubusho yamandla alawulayo iyarhoxa kwiingxoxo eziqhubekayo ngegunya lomongameli, ingakumbi kwiindawo ezifana namagunya emfazwe, ilungelo eliphezulu, kunye namaqumrhu alawulayo.
Imfundo engokwasemthethweni nobumi
Kubemi abafuna ukuqonda urhulumente wabo nendima yabo kuwo, amaPhepha oLuntu anika imfundo exabisekileyo. Anika ukuqonda kwiinjongo zabafaki-zixhobo kunye nocelomngeni lokulungelelanisa igunya likarhulumente nenkululeko yomntu ngamnye. Ukufunda ezi zincoko kunceda abemi balapho bayiqonde ingcinga yobulumko eyabakho ekuyingeniseni amaziko orhulumente waseMerika nemigaqo ephantsi kwedemokhrasi.
AmaPhepha oMgaqo-siseko abonisa ukuba umGaqo-siseko wawungamiselwanga nje ukusuka phezulu kodwa wawuyimveliso yengxoxo eqiqayo nengxoxo kawonke-wonke. Ezi zincoko zinguhlobo lwentetho yezobupolitika encinci, enemigaqo, nejolise ekulungelweni kwabantu. Kwixesha elidla ngokuphawulwa yipolitiki ekhuthaza isandi kunye nokuthatyathwa kolawulo, iFederalistlist Paper isikhumbuza ukuba kunokwenzeka ukudityaniswa okunzulu, nokucingisiswayo ngemibuzo esisiseko yokulawula.
Ukuqonda amaPhepha oMbutho kunceda abemi baqonde ukuba umGaqo-siseko uquka imigaqo ethile ehlala ihleli ngoxa uqhubeka uvumelana neemeko ezitshintshayo. Abaxhasi benza isakhiwo esilungiselelwe ukunyamezela kwizizukulwana ngezizukulwana, kodwa kwakhona baqonda ukuba isizukulwana ngasinye kufuneka sichaze kwaye sisebenzise imigaqo yomgaqo-siseko kwiingxaki ezintsha. AmaPhepha anceda abemi baqonde ukuzinza nokuguquka kwemithetho-siseko.
Impembelelo Yazwenibanzi
Impembelelo yamaPhepha oLungela ingaphaya kwemida yaseMerika. Njengoko amazwe ehlabathini jikelele eye aphikisana nemibuzo yoyilo lomgaqo-siseko, abaninzi baye bakhangela kumaPhepha oMbutho oLuntu ukuze bafumane ukhokelo. Inkcazo yemithetho yorhulumente iye yaba nempembelelo ngokukhethekileyo kumazwe acinga ngenkqubo karhulumente.
Uhlalutyo lwephepha lwendlela yokwakha urhulumente ukuze akhusele inkululeko ngeli xesha enika ulawulo olunempumelelo luye lwanika ulwazi ngeengxoxo zomgaqo-siseko kwidemokhrasi evelayo. Ingxubusho yeengxibo nolungelelwano, ukwahlukana kwamagunya, kunye neengozi zegunya elijongene noosomashishini abafuna ukunqanda ubuzwilakhe nokukhusela amalungelo abantu.
Umkhosi uthathwa njengowona msebenzi ubalulekileyo kwisihlenga sombuso nenkcazo yezobupolitika eyakhe yabhalwa ngamaMelika. Olu hlolisiso alubonisi nje kuphela ukubaluleka kwembali yamaPhepha kodwa lubonisa nokubaluleka kwawo okuqhubekayo kwimibuzo esisiseko emalunga nendlela abantu abakhululekileyo abanokuzilawula ngayo ngokunempumelelo nangokusesikweni.
Ingxelo Ebalulekileyo Efanele Yazi Bonke Abami
Ngoxa zonke izincoko ezingama-85 zinegalelo ekukhuselweni okubanzi komGaqo-siseko, amanye amaphepha agqalwa njengewonga intsingiselo yawo ekhethekileyo nempembelelo:
Uludwe loManyano No. 10: Inyaniso noRhulumente weRiphabliki
Le ngxelo ibhalwe nguJames Madison, ithetha ngengxaki yamahlelo kwaye ithi iriphabliki enkulu ilunge ngakumbi kunencinci ukulawula iziphumo zayo. Inika ingcamango entsonkothileyo yedemokhrasi yolawulo-moya oluziziininzi ehlala inempembelelo kwinzululwazi yezobupolitika nakumthetho-siseko. Uhlalutyo lwesincoko lwendlela ubuchule bokuzibonelela ngendlela yokuzixhasa koluntu lunokunikela ingqiqo engaphelelwayo kulawulo lwedemokhrasi.
Uludwe loManyano No 51: Iingqikelelo nolungelelwano
Kwakhona nguMadison, esi sincoko sichaza indlela ukwahlukana kwamagunya nokuhlola kunye nolungelelwano oluya kuthintela ngayo naliphi na isebe likarhulumente ukuba libe namandla kakhulu.
Uludwe LwamaFetika uNo. 78: IJadiciary
I-Hamilton ukhuseleko lwenkululeko yokugweba kunye nengcaciso yohlalutyo olumiselwe kwimigaqo yesiseko yejaji yaseMelika. Esi sincoko siphikisa ukuba iinkundla kufuneka zizimele ukukhusela umGaqo-siseko kunye namalungelo omntu ngamnye nxamnye nowiso-mthetho kunye nokuphamba kwegunya. Impembelelo yayo inokubonwa kwizigqibo zeNkundla ePhakamileyo kunye neengxoxo eziqhubekayo eziphathelele indima efanelekileyo yeenkundla kwidemokhrasi yaseMelika.
Uludwe loManyano No. 70: IsiLawuli-Gqiba
Imeko kaHamilton ngomphathi onegunya omnye, onamandla uchaza isizathu sokuba umongameli anikwe umntu omnye kunokuba anikwe ikomiti okanye ibhunga. Esi sincoko sithetha ngolawulo oluphezulu lobuzwilakhe ngeli lixa siphikisayo ukuba ulawulo olunempumelelo lufuna ukhokelo olugqibelele. Iingxoxo zaso zisoloko zinxulumene neengxoxo eziphathelele amandla omongameli nokuphendula.
Uludwe lomanyano uNo. 39: Ifomu yeRiphabliki
Uhlalutyo lukaMadison lwento eyenza irepublic karhulumente nendlela umGaqo-siseko oquka ngayo imigaqo yeriphabliki ephendula imibuzo esisiseko ngolongamo norhulumente ongummeli. Esi sincoko sicacisa indlela exubene ngayo inkqubo yesizwe neyorhulumente.
Indlela Yokufunda Amaphephandaba AmaPhondo Namhlanje
Ukufikelela Kumbhalo
Ukufunda amaPhepha oLuntu kusenokuba lucelomngeni kubafundi bale mihla. Izincoko zabhalwa ngendlela esesikweni yentetho yezobupolitika ye-18 yenkulungwane, nezivakalisi ezinde, iimbekiselo zeklasi, kunye neengcamango ezimalunga nolwazi lwabafundi lwembali nengcamango yezobupolitika. Noko ke, ngomonde nangendlela efanelekileyo, ezi zincoko zihlala zifikeleleka kwaye zinomvuzo.
Qalisa ngezincoko ezona zidumileyo nezinempembelelo ``Aleft nos. 10, 51, kunye no 78/* phambi kokuba zizame ukufunda ingqokelela epheleleyo. Ezi zincoko zichaza imixholo engundoqo neempikiswano eziphinda ziphinde ziphinde ziphinde iiphepha. Ukuzifunda kuqala kunika isiseko sokuqonda iprojekthi ebanzi.
Makhe siqwalasele izincoko ezikwiqela elijongeneyo kunokuba zibhalwe ngendlela engqongqo. Ngokomzekelo, funda izincoko kunye kwisebe elilawulayo, okanye abo bathetha norhulumente. Le ndlela ikunceda ubone indlela aba babhali abavelisa ngayo iingxoxo ezithile kwiincwadi ezininzi.
Sebenzisa uhlelo olucacisiweyo olunika umongo wembali, icacisa iimbekiselo ezicacileyo, kunye nokucacisa iindinyana ezinzima. Iinkupho ezininzi ezintle ziquka intshayelelo namaphetshana anceda abafundi bezi mini baqonde iingxoxo kunye nentsingiselo. Ugcino-lwazi olukwi-intanethi, kuquka olusuka kwi komiti yeBhunga-nteleko, lunika unikezelo olukhululekileyo kumbhalo opheleleyo kunye nolwazi lwemvelaphi oluluncedo.
Ukuqonda Imo Yembali
Ukuwaxabisa ngokupheleleyo amaPhepha oMbutho, kuyanceda ukuqonda umongo wembali apho abhalwa khona. Ziqhelanise nobuthathaka beManqaku oMgaqo-siseko, iingxoxo kwiNgqungquthela yezomGaqo-siseko, kunye nenkxalabo eziphakanyiswa ngabaLawuli-mikhosi abachaseneyo. Esi siqalo sikhanyisa isizathu sokuba ababhali benze iimpikiswano ezithile kwaye bathethe iimpikiswano ezithile.
Khumbula ukuba izincoko zabhalwa njengendlela yokukhuthaza ukusetyenziswa kwe-advocation, hayi njengenkcazelo yobundilele. Aba babhali babesenza eyona meko inamandla yokuqhaqhatha, maxa wambi bedambisa iingxaki ezinokwenzeka okanye bexela uqikelelo oluqinisekileyo ngendlela umGaqo-siseko oza kusebenza ngayo. Ukufunda imibhalo echasene ne-Federalist Papers kunika umzobo opheleleyo wengxoxo ye-ratiation.
Ukudibana Neengxaki Zexesha Elidlulileyo
Njengoko ufunda, qwalasela indlela iingxoxo zezincoko ezinxulumene ngayo nemiba yezopolitiko kunye nomgaqo-siseko wale mihla. Uhlalutyo lukaMadison lwamaqela amaqela ezobupolitika kunye namaqela anomdla? Zisebenza njani iimpikiswano zikaHamilton mayelana namandla aphezulu zicebisa ntoni ngeengxoxo zangoku kugunya likamongameli? Ingxubusho yolawulo lwamagunya iyazisa njani iimpikiswano ngolwalamano phakathi korhulumente norhulumente?
Olu qhagamshelwano lwenza amaPhepha angaphezulu kwamaxwebhu embali qha, aqhubeka ethetha ngemibuzo esisiseko ephathelele ulawulo, inkululeko, nokulungileyo okuqhelekileyo. Izincoko zisikhumbuza ukuba iingxaki zolawulo lomntu zihlala zikho, kwaye ubulumko bezizukulwana ezingaphambili bungazisa imigudu yethu yokugcina nokuphucula amaziko olawulo-moya.
Ukugxekwa Nemilinganiselo
Ngoxa iiMaphes zoMbutho zibhiyozelwa ngokufanelekileyo njengemisebenzi yenkcubeko yezobupolitika, azinakungabi namiqathango yaye ziye zagxekwa ngeendlela ezahlukahlukeneyo ukutyhubela iminyaka.
Ukuzilawula Nokuthabatha Inxaxheba Kwidemokhrasi
Bambi abaphengululi bagxeka isandi sabo sobugqeba kunye notyekelo lokungakukhathaleli ukuthabatha inxaxheba kwedemokhrasi, bebonakalisa ukuthandabuza kwabalawuli abathe ngqo. Aba babhali baluthemba ngokucacileyo ulawulo-demokhrasi olusulungekileyo kwaye bafuna ukwenza amaziko afuna ukuhluza nokucombulula umgangatho othandwayo ngokumela nangokucinga. Oku kuthandabuza okuqhelekileyo ukuba nenxaxheba kubonisa inkxalabo yabalawuli abanobuzwilakhe kunye nolawulo lwehlolo.
Abahlalutyi bathi le mbono ye-lithist ikhokelela kwisakhelo ukuvelisa inkqubo ekhusela isigqibo sokwenza ulawulo oluqhelekileyo kwaye ivumela izilangazelelo ezifanelekileyo kubantu abaqhelekileyo. Unyulo olungangqalanga lweziqu zomGaqo-siseko kunye nomongameli, kunye nobuchule obulinganiselweyo, lwabonisa umnqweno wokugcina urhulumente kumgama othile kwiminqweno ethandwayo.
Ubukhoboka Nokucinywa
AmaPhepha oLuntu athintela ubukhulu becala ukuxoxa ngobukhoboka, phezu kwako nje ukuma kwawo okuphambili kokulalanisa komGaqo-siseko. Amalungiselelo omGaqo-siseko malunga nobukhoboka qhaqha, icandelo lamakhoboka elibhadulayo, kunye nokhuseleko lorhwebo lwamakhoboka de kwaba ngu-1808.(h)
Ngokufanayo, ingxubusho yamaPhepha karhulumente weriphabliki kunye nolawulo oludumileyo ithatha lula ukuthatyathwa kwamabhinqa, abantu abangamakhoboka, nabanye ekuthabatheni inxaxheba kwezobupolitika. Ingxoxo "Thina bantu" ekhutshelwa kumGaqo-siseko saza sakhuselwa kwiMalaphu kaFederali yayingumsebenzi, umgaqo-siseko olinganiselweyo wabemi. Ukuqonda lo mda uyimfuneko ekuhlolweni ngokupheleleyo kweFederalist Papers kunye nenkqubo yesiseko abayithethelelayo.
Ukusilela Okuthe Kwenziwa
Ezinye zoqikelelo lomkhosi wamaFederalist Papers malunga nendlela umGaqo-siseko oza kusebenza ngayo zabonakala zingachananga. Aba babhali abazange bacinge ngokuphuhliswa kwamaqela ezobupolitika, phezu kwako nje uhlalutyo oluntsonkothileyo lukaMadison lwamaqela. Balithatha lula ixesha urhulumente wesizwe awayeza kwandisa ngalo igunya lakhe. Abazange bayibone kusengaphambili indlela umongameli azakuguquka ngayo abe yisikhundla esinamandla kakhulu kunokuba babecinga.
Oku kusilela kuxela kwangaphambili akuwaphelisi amagqabaza, kodwa kusikhumbuza ukuba ukwenziwa komgaqo-siseko kubandakanya ukungaqiniseki nokuba amaziko aguqula indlela abadali bawo abangenakuyilindela ngokupheleleyo. UmGaqo-siseko unyamezele kungengenxa yokuba ulindele ngokugqibeleleyo zonke iziganeko zexesha elizayo, kodwa ngenxa yokuba wadala isakhiwo esithambileyo ngokwaneleyo ukuqhelanisa neemeko ezitshintshayo.
Iinkqubo ezisebenzisekayo kuMahlali
Ukuqonda amaPhepha oLuntu kunikela iingenelo ezisebenzisekayo kubemi abafuna ukubandakanyeka ngokunempumelelo kwidemokhrasi yaseMerika:
Ukuqonda Isiseko Sikarhulumente
AmaPhepha aManyano achaza ngokuphandle indlela urhulumente waseMerika omile ngayo kwaye kutheni emile ngendlela efanayo. Izakhamuzi eziqonda ukuba kusengqiqweni ukwahlukana ngamagunya, ukuhlola nokulinganisela, kunye norhulumente zixhotyiswe bhetele ukuvavanya izenzo zikarhulumente nokugcina amagosa ethembekile. Olu lwazi lunceda abemi baqonde xa amaziko karhulumente enziwe kwaye xa ephambuka kwimigaqo-siseko.
Ukuqonda Ukubaluleka Koyilo Lweziko
AmaPhepha abonisa ukuba imigaqo yombutho ibaluleke kakhulu ukwenzela iziphumo zezobupolitika. Indlela urhulumente alungelelaniswe ngayo, indlela amagosa akhethwa ngayo, indlela amagunya ahlulwa ngayo, oko kujongwa okukhoyo kwigunya //shape into urhulumente angenakuyenza nangenakuyenza. Oku kunceda abemi baqonde ukuba iingxaki zezobupolitika zidla ngokufuna izicombululo zezezibonelelo, hayi iinguqu nje kuphela kwabasebenzi okanye kwiinkqubo.
Ukuqonda Imigaqo YomGaqo-siseko
IManyano yoLawulo loBukhosi beMigaqo-siseko yachaza imigaqo esisiseko esisiseko ekwidemokhrasi yomgaqo-siseko waseMerika: ulawulo oluqhelekileyo, urhulumente olinganiselweyo, ukwahlula amagunya, urhulumente, nokukhusela amalungelo omntu ngamnye. Ukuqonda le migaqo kuyanceda abemi bavavanya iingcamango nempikiswano zezobupolitika. Ingaba kukho inkqubo ethile ehlonela ulwahlulo lwamagunya olusemthethweni? Ingaba iyayikhusela inkululeko yomntu ngamnye ngoxa esebenzela okulungileyo? I-Federalist Papers ilungiselela indlela yokucinga ngemibuzo enjalo.
Ukuxambulisana Ngeengcamango
I-Federalist Papers engumzekelo wengxoxo yezopolitiko esekelwe kumgaqo nobungqina. Zibonisa indlela yokwenza ityala lombono othile karhulumente ngoxa zisingatha iimpikiswano eziphikisanayo ngokunzulu nangentlonelo. Kwixesha lentetho yezobupolitika edityanisiweyo nedla ngokungabi nantsingiselo, amaPhepha asikhumbuza ukuba kungenzeka ukuba kucaciswe ngengxoxo esisiseko ephathelele imibuzo yokulawula.
Abahlali abaqhelene neeMaphethisi zoManyano loMasipala baxhotyiswe ngokulunge ngakumbi ukuba babe nenxaxheba kwiingxoxo zomgaqo-siseko, enoba zingendlela asebenza ngayo amandla olawulo, indima efanelekileyo yeenkundla, ulwalamano phakathi koorhulumente borhulumente norhulumente, okanye ukhuseleko lwamalungelo omntu ngamnye. Olu lwazi lunceda ukuba abe ngummi onolwazi nophumelelayo.
Oovimba Abanokufundwa Ngokubhekele Phaya
Abo banomdla wokuhlola amaPhepha aManyano, bafumana ubuncwane obuninzi:
Isiqalo Segama
Umbhalo opheleleyo weMapheli yoManyano lwamaFederali ukhona kwi-intanethi nge-ethe - ethe kwiincwadi ezahlukeneyo, kuquka iThala leencwadi leeKhomishini, i- iprojekthi yeSikolo soMthetho i-Avalon , kunye neProjekthi Gutenberg. Iinkupho ezininzi zoshicilelo ziyafumaneka, ziquka iipesenti ezingabizi mali ininzi ukuya kwiinkqubo zolwazi ezinamagama aphezulu.
Ukuze uhlolisise nzulu, qwalasela uhlelo olunentsingiselo yembali nenkcazelo ecacisayo. Olu hlelo lukaJacob E. Cooke lusetyenziswa ngokubanzi ngabaphengululi. Olunye uhlelo oluhle luquka olo luhlelwe nguClinton Rossiter, uIsaac Kramnick, noGeorge W. Carey noJames McClellan.
Udidi lwesibini
Iincwadi ezininzi namanqaku ahlalutya iMapas eFederalist kunye nokubaluleka kwayo. Imisebenzi yabaphengululi abafana noDouglas Adair, Martin Diamond, noDavid Epstein inikela ingcaciso yokuqonda iingxoxo zamaPhepha nendawo yazo kwingcamango yezobupolitika yaseMerika. Uphando lwakutshanje luyaqhubeka luhlolisisa imiba emitsha yezi mibhalo zodidi.
Ifunda imibhalo echasene noFaderali inika intsingiselo ebalulekileyo kunye nenqaku eliphikisanayo kwiMaphu yoQoqosho-zincwadi. Ingqokelela yezincoko ezilwa noKhuseleko lweNkcubeko iyafumaneka kwiinkupho ezahlukeneyo, ivumela abafundi ukuba baqonde omabini amacala engxoxo yokwahlula.
Imithombo
Iziko loMgaqo-siseko wesizwe linikela ubuncwane bokufundisa malunga nomGaqo-siseko kunye namaPhepha oLuntu, kuquka imiboniso enika ingxelo kunye neenkqubo zemfundo. Iiyunivesithi ezininzi kunye neekomishini yemfundo zinikela iizifundo kunye neentetho ze-intanethi ezimalunga neeMaphu zoLungela kunye nembali yomGaqo-siseko waseMerika.
Iintetho zemifanekiso nevidiyo zinokwenza iiPapa zifikeleleke ngakumbi kubaphulaphuli bezi mini. Ezi zinto zisoloko zinikela umongo nenkcazelo eluncedo ngoxa zisenza le nkcazelo ibe nenxaxheba kwaye ifaneleke kwimicimbi yanamhlanje.
Isiphelo: Isizathu Sokuba Iphepha Lolawulo Lolawulo Lwamafashoni Libalulekile
Ngaphezu kweenkulungwane ezimbini emva kwempapasho, amaPhepha aMatshana ayaqhubeka efundwa nabani na ofuna ukuqonda urhulumente waseMerika nemigaqo yedemokhrasi yomgaqo-siseko. Ezi zincoko zinika inkxalabo engaphezu kakhulu kwembali enika ingqiqo ehlala ihleliyo kwiingxaki zorhulumente wobuqu kunye nezakhiwo ezifunekayo ukukhusela inkululeko ngoxa zisenza ulawulo olunempumelelo.
IMaphepha eQhubekekileyo eManyano ibalulekile kubemi ngenxa yokuba bachaza ingqiqo nemigaqo ephantsi kwamaziko orhulumente waseMerika. Zibonisa ukuba umGaqo-siseko wawungeyondalo ezenzekelayo kodwa yayiyinkqubo eyenziwe ngobuchule esekelwe kwiimbono ezizizo zobuntu kunye nophando olunzulu lwembali yezobupolitika. Ukuqonda le ndlela yokwenziwa kunceda abemi balapho baqonde amandla nemilinganiselo yedemokhrasi yaseMerika.
AmaPhepha asikhumbuza kwakhona ukuba urhulumente womGaqo-siseko ufuna ingqalelo eqhubekayo kunye nokuganana kwabemi. Amafaramenti adala isakhiwo, kodwa isizukulwana ngasinye kufuneka sisebenzele ukusigcina nokusiphucula. Imigaqo echazwe kwiManyano yoLuntu (iiMaphes ezithandwayo, urhulumente olinganiselweyo, ukwahlula amagunya, ukujonga kunye nokulungelelanisa, ulawulo oluqhubekayo kunye nokusetyenziswa kweemeko ezintsha.
Kwixesha lokwahlukana kwezobupolitika kunye nokwehla kolwazi lwamafama, amaPhepha eFederali anikela umzekelo wentetho enzulu yezobupolitika, encinci. Ibonisa indlela yokuzibandakanya nemibuzo esisiseko ngokuphathelele ulawulo ngendlela elungeleleneyo kodwa esesikweni. Ibonisa indlela yokwenza iimpikiswano zisekelwe kubungqina nengqiqo ngoxa zihlala zinikel ’ ingqalelo kwiziphumo ezisebenzisekayo.
Phezu kwako nje oku kugxekwa, amaPhepha eeFederali abhiyozelwa njengobuchule bokwenza imigaqo karhulumente weriphabliki. Amela impumelelo engaqhelekanga kwiingcamango zobupolitika, ukudibanisa ubuntlola bengcamango nobulumko obusebenzisekayo. Kubemi abafuna ukuqonda urhulumente wabo, basebenzise amalungelo abo ngokunenkathalo, kwaye banegalelo kwiprojekthi eqhubekayo yokuzilawula, amaPhepha eepistoli ahlala engowona mthombo ubalulekileyo.
Ukubaluleka okuhlala kuhleli kwamaPhepha oLuntu kungqina ukuba imibuzo ebuzwayo ayinasiphelo. Abantu banokuzilawula njani ngokunempumelelo? Urhulumente unokuba namandla aneleyo njani ukuze afeze imisebenzi ebalulekileyo ngoxa eshiywe ngomlinganiselo owaneleyo wokukhusela inkululeko? Ingathi kuxolelwane njani iminqweno eyahlukeneyo ekuphunyezweni kokulunga okuqhelekileyo? Imigaqo yomgaqo-siseko inokugcinwa njani kwiimeko eziguqukayo?
Le mibuzo isabalulekile namhlanje njengokuba yayinjalo ngowe-1787-788. AmaPhepha oLuntu akanikezi mpendulo elula, kodwa anikela isiseko sokucinga ngezi ngxaki kunye nesikhumbuzi sokuba idemokhrasi yomGaqo-siseko ifuna amaziko omeleleyo kunye nabemi abatshatelweyo. Ngokufunda ezi zincoko, abemi bangayiqonda bhetele imigaqo ephantsi kwedemokhrasi yaseMerika, baze bathabathe inxaxheba ngokunempumelelo kumsebenzi oqhubekayo wokuzilawula.
Nokuba ungumfundi oqala ukuhlolisisa urhulumente waseMerika, umfundisi-siseko ofundisa imigaqo yomgaqo-siseko, ubuchule bokwabelana ngomthetho-siseko, okanye ummi ofuna ukuqonda amalungelo akho neembopheleleko, amaPhepha asisibonelelo esixabisekileyo. Asidibanisa nobulumko bokumiselwa kwesizukulwana ngeli lixa esicelw'umcimbi ukuba sisebenzise imigaqo-siseko kwiimeko zangoku. Ngale ndlela, amaPhepha eencwadi akwimbali ahlala ekho kodwa aqhubeka ebumba idemokhrasi yaseMerika kwaye azisa ulwazi lwabemi ngorhulumente wabo nangendima yabo kuyo.