Ukwazisa: Incopho yonyulo lomgaqo-nkqubo wamanzi

Ulungiso lwamanzi lweposi-display alufane lube yinkqubo elandelelanayo. Lixesha eliphithizelayo, eliziinkxwaleko, elinobuni bemali eliphawulwe ziimfuno zoncedo ezikhawulezileyo kunye nolwakhiwo olude. Kodwa phakathi kolo nyaka lunethuba elinqabileyo lokuvula: amathuba okufumana inkqubo yokuhambisa amanzi ngokubhekiselele kwi-rashpice ka-Katrinat (2005), iintlekele ezifana neSitshitshingitshane esiKhulu, i-20222-Mpuma Japan, kunye nempulamla ye-Patats akuzange nje kutshabalalise imibhobho kunye nonyango phakathi kwezixhobo eziphelelwe lixesha, ezigqithisileyo, kunye nokuqhekeka kolawulo. Ifestile ixinzekile, ihlala iminyaka emithathu ngaphambi kokuba ingqalelo lwezopolitiko kunye nokuhla kokwakhiwa kwe-Setiary.

Imigaqo yamanzi yokulungisa utshintsho kumongo wesiphelo solawulo lwamanzi ayikuko ukulwamkelwa kwe-treement; kukucinga ngentelekelelo ezisisiseko ezixhasa ukunikezelwa kwamanzi, imigangatho yobulunga, amalungelo, kunye nokusebenza kunye nolungelelwaniso. Eli nqaku lihlola iinkqubo ezithile ezinokutsalwa ngexesha lokufumana impumelelo, iingxaki zehlabathi zokwenene ezimele zisetyenziswe, kunye nezicwangciso ezisekelwe kubungqina eziye zaphumelela kwizicwangciso ezahlukeneyo.

Amathuba Ayintloko Okwenza Inkqubo Yamanzi Itshintshe

Ukuphazamiseka okubangelwa yintlekele kudala ulungelelwaniso olunqabileyo lwezinto ezibangela utshintsho: ukuphaphela uluntu, ukunyuka kwemali esetyenziswayo (kubantu bonke kunye nokunceda abasweleyo), ukuphumla okwethutyana kwemiqobo ye-bhulukhwe, kunye nokuvuma ngeqela ukwamkela izisombululo ezingeyosithethe. Ezi ndawo zilandelayo zimele amathuba aphezulu kakhulu okungenelela kwenkqubo.

Ukunikezela ngoTshintsho lwenkqubo

Ukonakalisa komzimba wesibonelelo samanzi ```iipayipiline''', izitishi zokumpompa, izigcini-maqula, izitya zokunyanga, qha ngumphumo obonakalayo wentlekele enkulu. Kodwa kulungisa nje oko bekukho kuqhubekeka kwangokunye. Utshintsho lomgaqo-siseko kufuneka lugunyazise imilinganiselo yokuzinzisa engaphaya kwemithetho yangaphambili.

Imilinganiselo Yoyilo Yokutshintsha Kwemozulu

Ikhowudi yokwakha kunye nemigangatho yobunjineli isoloko isekelwe kugcino-lwazi lwengozi engokwembali. IPost-diaster, ezi kufuneka zihlaziywe ukuze zibonise iziphumo zemozulu. Umzekelo, ukulandela iSitshingitshane iSandy, isiXeko saseNew York samkela imfuneko ezingqongqo zonyuko lokhukhuliseko lolwakhiwo lwamanzi kwizakhiwo ezisetyenziswa ngamanzi amdaka, inkqubo yokutshintsha isakhiwo esifakelwe imo yezulu ye-2014 ye-Climate Resilience Linesline. Uhlaziyo olufanayo lungasetyenziswa kubunzulu bomngxube, iingcaciso, kunye nemfuno zokhuselo lwamandla. Umthetho ungafuna ukuba nasiphi nasiphi na isixhobo esitsha okanye isilungiso soncedo sonyango simelane nyaka-100 simelane nesivungunduku-suso sobunyaka sidibanisa nobunzima bemozulu (umz.

Iinkqubo ze-Grey Hybrid eziluhlaza

Izibonelelo ezingwevu zesithethe ````iFLT'', intsimbi, iimpompo ze-'iinjini' ziyimfuneko kodwa azinento. Inkqubo kufuneka ifake okanye igunyazise ukudityaniswa kwesiseko sendalo: indawo ezibuyisele ukhukula zamanzi, izakhiwo ezinamacala avulekileyo ukwenzela ukungena kwamanzi esichotho, kwaye yakhele indawo ethambekileyo yonyango lwamanzi amdaka. [FLT][FLD][1]]S.S. iEPA’s Green Infraclarecureature inkqubo yobugcisa enokuthi isetyenziswe kwipost-distaster. Umzekelo, emva kwemkhukulazamlaza, idolophu ye-Lsoodwa kwimfuno ze-oktrol eluhlaza yelizwe, icuthelelwa kwimida yexesha elizayo.

Ukucwangciswa koLawulo nokwenza imaphu yomngcipheko

Utshintsho lomgaqo-nkqubo lungagunyazisa ukusungulwa kwezixhobo zobuncutshe kunye nokwenza uphando lwexesha lokwenene lomngcipheko. Ukwazi apho imibhobho ebuthathaka ikhoyo khona/imeko yayo (ukuhlaziywa). Emveni konyaka ka-2010 wenyikima eChristchurch, eNew Zealand, isixeko savelisa inkqubo yokulawula amanzi yamanani edibanisa ugcino-lwazi lomngcipheko wokungqubana nomonakalo, ivumela ukuba isebenzise isebenzise ukonganisa eyona mibhobho enzima. Isiseko somgano-mthetho kufuneka zonke izibonelelo zamanzi ezikhoyo, ngohlaziyo nohlahlolo lwaminyaka lendawo.

Ukuphucula imigangatho yobunjani bamanzi kunye nonyuko

Iintlekele zidla ngokuwathwaxa amanzi amaninzi zize zivelise izinto ezintsha ezingcolisa amanzi kunye nenkunkuma kwimichiza yemizi - mveliso kunye ne-microplastiki. Imeko ayimele ibuyiselwe nje kuphela kumgangatho wamanzi angaphambili kodwa kufuneka iphakamise ibhawa ukuze kukhuselwe izinto ezisongela ikamva.

Ukomeleza awona Maqondo aNcinane

Kwinyanga ezilandela intlekele, abalawuli banganyusa umthetho oqinileyo kumgangatho ovumelekileyo wezinto ezisebenzisa iziyobisi, ingakumbi ezo zinomngcipheko ongaqondwa kakuhle. Umzekelo, emva konyaka ka-2014 wokuchitheka kwemichiza yoMlambo iElk eNtshona Virginia, imo ishukunyiselwe ukwamkela uluhlu olubanzi lwemichiza yemizi - mveliso emele iphathwe ngamanzi angenaziphene. Inkqubo yesizwe yomgangatho ingalandela [FLT]] UNICEF-W izikhokelo ze-W ezincomela ukuba ipaswe imigangatho ye-partyisileeter esezantsi yamanzi ihambele ngeminyaka emihlanu ukunyuka.

Uhlolo oluqhubela phambili kunye neenkqubo zokulumkisa zangaphambili

Imiyalelo yezomthetho ingafuna ii-arhente zobunjani bamanzi zokwenene ezihlola ubunjani bamanzi, ingakumbi kwimiqondiso emincinane njenge-E. coli kunye ne-Cryptosporidium, kunye nemilinganiselo yemichiza. Isixeko saseMilwaukee, iWisconsin, emva kokuqhambuka okukhulu kwe-cyporidiosis ngo-1993 (eye yabulala abantu abangama-69 kwaye yaguliswa ngaphezu kwama-40 000), ikhutshwe inkqubo yayo yomgangatho wokuhlola ukuchachana kwemiseka kwamanzi kwifeksi yayo. Le nkqubo ngoku isebenza njengemodeli ye-post-diaster comptic inguqulelo kwenye indawo. Iinkqubo ezilumkisayo eziqalayo ezidibanisa idata kunye neziva-mfo zingagunyaziswe njengemeko yokuchachacha kwengozi.

Imithetho yokuziphatha ehamba nge-oyile-Water ekhuthazayo kunye nokunikezela okunokungephi

Izigqubuthelo zamanzi abilayo zangoku zisoloko zingumlinganiselo omnye wokhuseleko-wonke. Utshintsho lwenkqubo lungadala iinkqubo ezinamacala amaninzi (umz., angaziseli, angasebenzisi, amanzi abilayo) ngokusekelwe kugcino-lwazi lokwenene lwexesha, ukunciphisa imithwalo engafunekiyo ngexesha lokulungisa ukhuseleko. Ngaphezu koko, inkqubo kufuneka ukuba zonke iziko labemi ezingundoqo zibe nenkqubo yokunikezela ngamanzi efakwe kwangaphambili, ukusetyenziswa kwenqanawa ezibotshelelweyo, amanzi angenazibolishini, okanye amaqela okusebenzisa inqwelo-oyile-mafutha (ukusebenzisa iiyure ezingamashumi amabini) kunye nezixhobo zokuhambisa isantya songcoliso. Ukunika amanzi kuMgaqo-wo-Aka-Mgaqo-the-jiko-ngo woMgaqo, ocolisiweyo emva kwemnyaka ka19959, umyalelo wokuba oorhulumente baqokelele amanzi kunye nokuzilungiselela kwiiyure ezingama-24.

Ukukhuthaza ukufikelela okulinganayo kunye nokungahambelani kwenkqubo

Iintlekele zonakalisa ngokungenakuthelekiswa nanto imimandla efumana imali eninzi, iintlanga ezincinane, abemi bomthonyama, nabantu abahlala kwiindawo ezingacwangciswanga. Utshintsho lwenkqubo yamanzi kufuneka luyiphelise ngokuqhubekayo inkcitho ebangela iintlekele zisanda.

Inkcitho ejolise ekuhlaleni

Imali yokuphucula ingeniso yeposi idla ngokuthunyelwa kweyona mimandla ixabisekileyo ngokwezoqoqosho kuqala. Inkqubo ingabuyisela oku ngamandla ngokufuna ukuba ipesenti encinane yezibonelelo zamanzi (umz., 40%) yabelwe abantu abasweleyo. Oku kusondeza izipili “i-Justice40” inyathelo lokuqala eUnited States, apho ubuncinane ama-40% eemali yemali ye-ogxamenti ethile yemali isiya kuluntu abakwimeko esezantsi. Ukuhamba kwamanzi ngokukhethekileyo, iBipartarian Infrastructive Law (2021) ifake ummiselo onjalo, kwaye ulwimi olufanayo lungangeniswa kumthetho wokuphucula intlekele emhlabeni wonke.

Ubungqina nomthetho

Ukuceba okuphezulu kunqabile ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zabemi ababuthathaka. Inkqubo kufuneka igunyazise ukwenziwa kwesigqibo sokwahlukana kwenkqubo ngezantsi kuquka ukuva kukawonke-wonke ngeelwimi ezininzi, iiplatfomu ezifikelelekayo, kunye neebhodi zonxibelelwano loluntu olunxulumene namanzi okuphuculwa. (kwimisebenzi yokulungisa izakhiwo ezinxulumene namanzi.) Amava eePfuter Katrina New Orleans abonisa ukungalungisi kokwakhiwa kwakhona kwelizwe: ingingqi ezininzi ezifumana amanzi zabuyiselwa ekugqibeleni, ukuba konke konke konke. Ngokwahlukileyo, emva kwenkanyamba yonyaka ka-2017, iinkqubo zokuvavanyazisa amanzi ekugqibeleni zaqondwa zaze zadityaniswa nakulungiselelwa iiplani ezisemthethweni zokulungisa, nto leyo ekhokelela ekulungiseni ngokukhawuleza kwiindawo ezikude eziphakathi ezikwintaba.

Utshintsho

Iintlekele zinyanzela iintsapho ukuba zixinezeleke ngokwezoqoqosho, zenze ukuba amatyala amanzi angangeni. Inkqubo iyakwazi ukuvelisa iqondo lokwexeshana lomkhenkce okanye i-primetring esekelwe kwingeniso ngexesha lokuchatshazelwa. Ngokusisigxina, i-proudiation moratoria kunye ne- “umgca okhoyo” iirensitime zamanzi (umthamo omncinci ongenantlawulo) zinokudityaniswa. Inkqubo ye-Free Africa Free Basiclean Water, esungulwe emva kwe-apartheid, inika imodeli enokwenziwa ngokwemodensipost-diaster. Imigaqo enjalo kufuneka idityaniswe ngemiqathango yemali ecacileyo."efana nokuhlawulwa kweminxelo zabasebenzisi abangasetyenziswanga basebenzisi okanye urhulumente okanye i-overtmentation commentation.[3]

ISicwangciso sokuHlakulela uLawulo lweZibonelelo zamanzi (IWRM) njengeSicwangciso sokubuyisa

Iintlekele zibhenca iingceba ezingeyomfuneko phakathi kwamanzi okusela, amanzi amdaka, amanzi oqhwithela, amanzi angaphantsi komhlaba, kunye nolawulo lwamanzi angaphezulu. IWRM inika enye indlela yokulawula elungelelanisa le ndawo kumacala aphakamileyo namazwe.

Ucwangciso lokulungisa lweqondo loMlambo

Amanzi awawuhloneli umda kamasipala. Inkqubo yePost-disaster kufuneka imisele okanye iqinise imibutho yomlambo (RBOs) enegunya elinyanzelisayo lokudibanisa usetyenziso lomhlaba kunye nolawulo lwamanzi ngaphaya kolawulo lwemimandla emininzi. Emva kwentlekele yowama-2002 yezikhukula eMbindi Yurophu, amazwe anjengeJamani ne-Austria akhulisa intsebenziswano yawo kwiKhomishoni yeZizwe Ezihlangeneyo yoKhuselo loMlambo iDanube, nto leyo ekhokelela kwizicwangciso zokulawula umkhukula wokhukula odibanisa ubunjani bamanzi kunye nolungiso lwe-eqobo. Iindlela ezifanayo zingadityaniswa nayiphi naleyo imo echaphazelekayo kwintlekele.

Ukutya okunamanzi okulingana neNexus

Iintlekele zidla ngokuphazamisa kungekuphela nje amanzi kodwa kwanemixokelelwano yamanzi kunye nokubonelela ukutya. Inkqubo edityanisiweyo kufuneka inxibelele ngokucacileyo izigqibo zokwabiwa kwamanzi kunye neemfuno zamandla. Umzekelo, emva kweempuphuma zomkhukula zonyaka-mali zowama-2011 (ezichaphazele abantu abazizigidi ezili-14 kwaye zitshabalalise ushishino lwelizwe kunye nomhlaba wezolimo welizwe elinolawulo lwamanzi kunye nokuzibonelela. (208) yayila iKomiti yeNational Water Revoress Committery equka abameli bamandla kunye nolimo zolimo, ukuqinisekisa ukuba iintengiso zisuka kwimisebenzi eqwalaselwe ngokucacileyo. Imali yezoko kudityaniswe ekufumaneni kwezixhobo zocwangciso-nexus.

Iimfuno zenkqubo esekelwe kwisiseko soxokelelwano (EBA)

Imeko-bume-ntle nemeko-bume-----wetlands, ama-magrove, amahlathi, ngezantsi kugcino lwamanzi emvelo, isikhukula, kunye nokucocwa kwamanzi. Inkqubo inokuthi ipesenti ethile yokufumana kwakhona (umz., 15%) yabelwe ukubuyisela nokukhusela indalo, elinganiswa kwiziphumo zokhuseleko lwamanzi. iBHANGE YEMHLA YEEPA yoKhuselo lwamanzi lwenkqubo yamanzi[ inika ukhokelo ekufakeni imilinganiselo enjalo kwimiqathango yokunciphisa intlekele yentlekele yesizwe.

Ulawulo notshintsho lweziko

Utshintsho lwamanzi aphantsi lufuna kungekuphela nje imithetho emitsha kodwa amaziko awomeleleyo. Ulungiso lwePost-diaster lungaba luxhobisa ulungelelaniso lwamanzi lwezakhiwo.

Ukudala imiButho yokuzimela yowiso-mthetho

Iziphakamisi ezininzi zamanzi ezisebenza phantsi kongenelelo lwezopolitiko, ezikhokelela ekungeneni okungaphantsi komgangatho nokwehluleka. Inkqubo ingaseka abalawuli abazimeleyo bezoqoqosho nomgangatho abanezicwangciso ezizinzileyo, ukwenza izigqibo ezicace gca, kunye nokusebenza kwamandla okusebenza. Emva kwenyikima yonyaka ka-2010 eHaiti, urhulumente `enkxaso yezizwe ngezizwe ngezizwe/ukuyila iSizwe soLawulo lweManziwa Amanzi noNqubano-Epa) njengequmrhu elizimeleyo. Ngelixa kusekho ulwahlulo olusemthethweni oluvumela ukwakhiwa nomgangatho ophezulu wesakhiwo sobucukubhede kunokuba ubekho phantsi kwenkqubo yobulungiseleli obungaphambili.

Ukuphucula ugcino-lwazi olucace gca kunye nokufikelela

Izigqibo zonyango lwezonyango zenziwa rhoqo emva kweminyango evaliweyo. Inkqubo kufuneka igunyazise uluntu ukuba lufumane ugcino-lwazi lwamanzi olusemgangathweni, iimaphu zesiseko, kunye nezabelo zokuhlaziywa. Vula amaqonga ogcino-lwazi, njengalawo aphuhlisiweyo kwiziphumo zenyikima ye-Nepal yokwakhiwa kwezindlu ngo- 2015, anokulungiselwa iinkqubo zamanzi. [[FLT]] UMSS National Water Informations [[ [FLT] yimodeli yendlela efikelelekayo ye-hyrologloging data; iinkqubo ezifanayo kufuneka zilungiswe kuwo onke amacandelo okuphucula ulungiso.

Ukuqinisa ubuchule basekuhlaleni

Inkqubo yomgangatho wesizwe ayisebenzi xa iziphakamisi-zixhobo zamanzi zasekuhlaleni zingenabuchule kunye nobuchule bemali bokuyisebenzisa. Utshintsho kufuneka luquke inkxaso yenkxaso yemali enikezelweyo yokuqeqesha, yokudlulisela ubugcisa, kunye nenkxaso esebenzayo kubanikezeli bamanzi. Emva konyaka wama-2004 wolwandlekazi lwase-Indiya, i-Aceh, e-Indonesia, yafumana ukwakhiwa komthamo omkhulu wokusetyenziswa kwamanzi ngemali eninzi, ephumela ekuphuculweni kwentengo yemali kunye nokuvuzwa kwentlawulo oluthengezelelekileyo lwemali eyaqhubeka kwiminyaka emininzi emva kokuphucula utshintsho lokuqala.

Ukuchanaba Kweenguqu

Amathuba athetha okuncinane ngaphandle kwemali eyaneleyo. Utshintsho lwenkqubo yamanzi yePost disaster kufuneka ludityaniswe neenkqubo zenkxaso-mali ezizinzileyo.

INgxowa-mali yokuThemba ukuQokelela

Endaweni yokwabiwa kwe-ad hoc, inkqubo kufuneka yenze imali enikezelweyo yokuxhasa ugcino-mali lwamanzi, exhaswa yintlanganisela yoqingqo-mali lwesizwe, uncedo lophuhliso, kunye nemali yotshintsho lwemozulu. [FLT][1] ubuchule be-Global Facity for Disaster Reduction and Recovection[[FLT]] [GFDR]] [G] [GFDRR]) inika iimodeli zemali ezinjalo. Ulungiso kwintlekele lungadibanisa ukuba ipesenti emiselweyo yemali ebolekisiweyo igcinwe kwintengo yogcino lwamanzi.

Iintlawulo eziluhlaza kunye notshintsho lwetyala

Izixhobo zemali ezitsha zingatsala ikomkhulu labucala. Inkqubo yoomasipala ingagunyazisa ukuba banikezele amaqhina aluhlaza ngokukhethekileyo ukwenzela uhlaziyo lwezibonelelo zamanzi. Amatyala otshintsho, apho abo batyalayo baxolela inxalenye yetyala elingokwasemthethweni xa betshintshisa ilizwe ngenxa yokuzidibanisela ugcino-mali lwamanzi, baye baqhutyelwa kwimimandla encinci ekhulayo enjengeSeychelles kwaye banokulinganiswa kumongo wasemva kwe-diaster.

Umsebenzisi Nemibhobho Enqamlezayo

Ngeli xesha lunovakalelo lwezobupolitika, utshintsho lwesantya lubalulekile kugcino lwexesha elide. Umgaqo-nkqubo kufuneka uvumele izinto eziluncedo ekusebenziseni izithinteli-zixhobo ezipheleleyo zogcino-lwazi (kuquka ii-screenpolations ezizinzileyo) ngeli xesha zikhusela amakhaya angakhuselekanga kwimibhobho enqamlezayo evela kumaziko oshishino kunye nobunewu. Umthetho wePost-dista uquka inkqubo yolungiso lwexeshana edityaniswe ngokucacileyo kwaye ifakwe kwiminyaka emininzi.

Ucelomngeni Neziluleko Zokoyisa

Utshintsho alukhe lube lula, kwaye ungxamiseko lokuchacha emva kweziphumo zelifa lemveli ludala amathuba nemiqobo.

  • Ukungavumelani okungumqobo: izilangazelelo zolwakhiwo ezidityanisiweyo `njengeenkampani zokwakha ezinemisebenzi esezantsi, okanye abezobupolitika abangenelwa kubume bemo project--justing. Ubuchule: Ukwakha imixokelelwano ebanzi equka i-NGO, amaqela ebutho loluntu, namashishini aqhubela phambili. Ukunika utshintsho njengomsebenzi kunye nempembelelo yezoqoqosho, hayi nje umgaqo.
  • Ukudibanisa uTshantsi lweMbali kunye noluHlahlo oluMfutshane: uqingqo-mali lokubuyisa lusoloko lubekwa phambili ukwenzela uncedo olukhawulezileyo, lushiya luncinci kutshintsho lwenkqubo yexesha elide. Indlela yokusebenza: Ukunxulumanisa utshintsho lokufikelela kwimozulu yezizwe ngezizwe kunye nemali yentlekele. Sebenzisa iprojekthi-ngeyokufaka iprojekthi ukuqinisekisa ixabiso lohlaziyo.
  • Inkcubeko entsonkothileyo kunye nokungabikho kogcino-lwazi: ukuyila imilinganiselo eqinileyo, iinkqubo zokuhlola, kunye nezicwangciso ezidityanisiweyo zifuna ubuchule obukhethekileyo obusenokuba bunqabile. Ubuchule: ingingqi neeyunivesithi, iinkampani zobunjineli obuqeqeshiweyo, kunye nemibutho yezizwe ngezizwe.
  • Ukwahlulwa ngokweemo-macandelwana: Amasebe amaninzi anemithetho egqithisiweyo angavala utshintsho. Strategy: Yenza igunya lokwexeshana lokuchacha ngokusemthethweni ukulungelelanisa inkqubo yamanzi kumacala namanqanaba karhulumente. Ukuqinisekisa ukutshona kwelanga emva kweminyaka eyi-5-10, ukudlulisela amandla ukomeleza imizimba ehlala ihleli.

Isiphelo: Ukusuka ekuchacheni ukuya kuTshintsho

Ukululama kwe Post-disaster asilothuba lokwakha kwakhona oko kwalahlekayo. Lithuba elinqabileyo, elingenasiphelo lethuba lokuphinda lifumaneke iinkqubo zamanzi e-Imagine. Lizenza zikwazi ukumelana nemozulu egqithisileyo, zinokulingana namathuba okubekwa ngokwemiqathango, kwaye zixhase ngakumbi kwizizukulwana ezizayo. Iinkqubo zokuguqula ezichazwe apha apha/ezinyuliweyo, imigangatho yesiseko sesiseko sezakhiwo, ii-arhenters ezinyusiweyo, ukubeka imilinganiselo ephezulu, ukudibanisa abaphathi, ukomeleza izakhiwo, ukusungula, kunye nokusungula inkxaso-asethi. Ziye zasetyenziswa, ziphelele okanye ngokwenxalenye, kwiindawo eziphila kulo lonke ihlabathi, ngokufuthi ngempumelelo. Imeko enzima yezopolitiki izakuyilwayo kwaye ilungele ukulungiselela iwindow.