Ukwazisa: Iintsika Ezimbini Zenkqubo Esemthethweni

Inkqubo yomthetho eUnited States kunye nezinye imigaqo-mthetho emininzi yoluntu yahlulwe yahlulwa yaphaya: umthetho wamakhaya kunye nomthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho. Ngoxa zombini zizimisele ukusombulula iimpikiswano nokugcina ucwangco, zisebenza phantsi kwemigaqo eyahlukeneyo, iinkqubo, kunye nemigangatho yokungqina. Ukuqonda oku kuchasene kuyimfuneko kungekuphela nje kwiingcali ezingokwasemthethweni kodwa nakumntu onokuzifumanisa ebandakanyekileyo kwimicimbi engokwasemthethweni. //iindlela inkqubo yokulawula, ummangalelwa, umgwebi, umgcini-ntloko-mthetho, okanye ummi oxhalabileyo. Eli nqaku linikela ukuhambela phambili kwemibango yemibalwane, igxininisa ekugqibeleni iziphumo.

Ziyintoni Ityala Lamakhaya?

Amatyala amakhaya abangelwa yimpikiswano phakathi kwamaqela azimeleyo `````FLT'''', amashishini, okanye imibutho. Iqela elizisa eli tyala, elibizwa ngokuba yi- chazanteff, lifuna isicombululo esisemthethweni [ku'[, ngokunjalo amatyala olwaphulo-mthetho angenayo ingqwalaselo okanye ubuchule bokuyenza into ethile. Injongo engundoqo yetyala yenjanja ukuba isombulula ingxabano, apho kunokwenzeka, yenza ukuba iqela elilimele. Ngokungafaniyo, amatyala amakhaya awabandakanyeki kusongelo lokuphuma emali. Endaweni yoko, i-compla okanye ukusetyenziswa kwetyala. Ityala eliqhelekileyo limele lingqinwe ngemeko [FFFF:]

Iindidi Eziqhelekileyo Zetyala Lamakhaya

  • Impikiswano yeKontrakthi: Ukukhutshwa kwesivumelwano esinyanzelekileyo ngokusemthethweni, njengokungaphumeleli ukuhlawula iinkonzo okanye ukuhambisa impahla njengoko kuthenjisiwe.
  • [[UMTHETHO: 0] Impikiswano eProfiki:[ impikiswano ngobunikazi, imida, ukungavisisani kwendawo, okanye ukuthengiselwana kwefa lemo.
  • [[UMTL:0] Umonakalo wobuqu (tort) uthi: Iingozi, ukungasebenza kakuhle kwezamayeza, ukutyhinwa, okanye ityala lemveliso apho ukungakhathali okanye isenzo somntu othile ngempazamo sibangele umonakalo komnye.
  • Amatyala omthetho woLusalo:[ uqhawulo-mtshato, ukugcinwa kwabantwana, ukuxhasa umntwana, kunye neenkqubo zokukhulisa umntwana.
  • [[UMTHLO:0] Impikiswano ephosakeleyo: Ukuphelisa, ucalucalulo, okanye umvuzo kunye neyure yokwaphulwa.

Amatyala amaninzi amakhaya alungiswa ngaphambi kokuba kuthethwe ityala, ngokuthethana, okanye ngokuvavanywa kwetyala.

Umthwalo Wobungqina Kwityala Lamakhaya

Ummangaleli uthwala umthwalo wobungqina kwityala lasekuhlaleni. Umgangatho "ugxininiso lobungqina," olusoloko luchazwa njengolufuna ukuba umcuphi aqinisekise ukuba imo yenyani (umgwebi okanye umchongi) inyanisekile ukuba inguqulelo yeziganeko zabo ingaphezulu kwama-50%. Ukuba ubungqina bulungelelanisiwe, ummangalelwa uyaphumelela. Lo mgangatho usezantsi ubonisa ukuba amatyala asekuhlaleni abandakanya amalungelo azimeleyo kunye nenkululeko yemali.

Ziziphi Ityala Ezaphuli - mthetho?

Amatyala olwaphulo-mthetho abandakanya ihambo eyalelweyo ngumthetho kuba asongela ucwangco lukawonke-wonke, ukhuseleko, okanye intlalo-ntle. Ityala liziswa ngurhulumente (umthetheli-mthetho, okanye ummandla) ngomtshutshisi, ngenxa yabantu. Umtyholi ngulowo ogwetywayo , ogqalwa njengomsulwa de agwetywe enetyala. Injongo yetyala lolwaphulo-mthetho kukusohlwaya umenzi-mthetho, ukuvala ububi bexesha elizayo, nokulungisa apho kunokwenzeka.

Ukwahlula Kolwaphulo - mthetho

  • Izenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho ezinzulu ezifana nokubulala, ukudlwengula, ukuphanga nokurhweba ngeziyobisi.
  • [[FLT: 0] Imisdemers: Amacala amancinci afana nokuba izinto ezincinane, ukuhlasela okulula, ukungalungelelani, okanye ukuqhuba phantsi kwempembelelo. Ityala lidla ngokubandakanya ixesha lentolongo elingaphantsi konyaka, iifashoni, okanye inkonzo yoluntu.
  • Ukwaphulwa (iziphumo): Amatyala amancinane afana namatikiti endlela okanye inkunkuma. Oku kugwetyelwa ngefaso kwaye akuphumeleli kwixesha lentolongo.

Ubunzima Bobungqina Kumatyala Ezaphuli - mthetho

Umgangatho wobungqina kumatyala olwaphulo-mthetho yeyona nto iphezulu eyaziwayo kumthetho: ngaphandle kothandabuza olusengqiqweni. Oku kuthetha ukuba ityala kufuneka liqinisekise zonke iinkalo zolwaphulo-mthetho ngomlinganiselo wokuba akukho mntu unolwazelelelo onokuba namathandabuzo malunga netyala lommangalelwa. Ukuba abagwebi okanye abagwebi banako olusengqiqweni, kufuneka bakhulule.

Ukwahluka Okuyintloko Phakathi Kwamatyala AngooNontlalo - ntle Nabesaphuli - mthetho

Nangona zombini iindidi zamatyala zigwetywa kwiinkundla, ziyahluka kwiinkalo eziliqela ezisisiseko:

  • Ityala labemi libandakanya amaqela azimeleyo (ingcaciso. ummangalelwa); amatyala olwaphulo-mthetho abandakanya urhulumente (ukutshutshiswa) v. ummangalelwa.
  • Igoli: ujolise iinkcitho zabemi ukwenzela ukubuyisa ityala elilimeleyo; izigwebo zolwaphulo-mthetho zijolise ekusohlwayeni nasekunqandeni.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Ibheji yobungqina: Ukuqwalasela ubungqina (civil) vs. ngaphandle kobuthandabuza obusengqiqweni (ubungaqiniseki).
  • Ilungelo elilungileyo kwinkundla yabachopheli-tyala: Kwimeko zabemi, ilungelo lokuchophela ityala lisoloko ligcinwe kumatyala abandakanya ama-2020 (iSigqibo seshumi elinesibini) kodwa amatyala amaninzi amakhaya agqitywe ngabagwebi (amatyala asemva). Kumatyala olwaphulo-mthetho, abamangalelwa banelungelo lokugwetywa ngetyala elinzulu (uMthetho wokuHlunyuliswa kwetyala).
  • Iziphumo zeziphumo zokophula umthetho, ukuvalelwa kwetyala, ukuvalelwa entolongweni okanye ukubulawa.
  • Appals:[ omabini amacala angabhenela kwizigwebo zoluntu. Kwimeko zolwaphulo-mthetho, umtshutshisi ngokuqhelekileyo akanakubhenela ekugwetyweni (iingozi eziphindwe kabini), kodwa abamangalelwa banokubhenela kwiinkolelo.

Izabelo Zezahluleli Ziyaphikisana Neentlanganiso

Umenzi wesigqibo, ``ijaji okanye ijaji') idlala indima ebalulekileyo kwiinkundla zoluntu nezaphuli-mthetho. Ukukhethwa phakathi kwetyala lebhentshi netyala labachopheli-tyala kungayichaphazela ngokuphawulekayo iziphumo, njengoko abagwebi kunye namajaji bezisa imbono eyahlukileyo kunye neengxoxo ezikhuphisanayo kwinkqubo.

Indima Yomgwebi

Nakweliphi na icala, ijaji isebenza njengegosa elinolawulo olusemthethweni. Ijaji iyalawula kwimiqathango, igqiba ukuba bubuphi ubungqina obungamkelekiyo, iyalela abachopheli-mthetho ukuba ityala liqhubeke kakuhle. Kulityala lisebenza njengetyala elinzima, ijaji yenza njengalowo ufumana inyani, ithetha ukuba banokugqiba ukuba ngabanini bengqina kwaye bavavanya ubungqina ukuze bafikelele kwisigqibo. Ityala lixhaphake kakhulu kwiimeko zamakhaya, ingakumbi xa imibango inzima okanye i-ogcintsho (umz., iimpikiswano zolawulo lomthetho) okanye xa omabini evuma ukuba abagwebi baphumeze kwityala., abagqwebileyo bangakhetha ibheridi yokuphepha ukuphepha ityala elingaqondwayo, okanye abagwebi abagwebi abagwebi abagwebi abagwebi, okanye abagwebi abagwebi abagwebi abagwebi abagwebi abasemthethweni.

Indima Yebhokhwe

Ijaji liqela labemi abaqhelekileyo abakhethelwe ukuva ubungqina nokukhupha isigqibo. Kumatyala olwaphulo-mthetho, iSiHlanulo seSithandathu siqinisekisa ilungelo lokuchophela ityala laso sonke ityala elinzulu. Kwityala lasekuhlaleni, iSihlaziyo seSembethiso sigcina ilungelo lokuchophela ityala labachopheli-mthetho elingaphaya kwama-20 000. Ii-jupiter zimele zifumane izibakala //_ukugqiba oko kwenzeka ngokwenene kwaye zisebenzisa umthetho njengoyalelwe yijaji. Bamele ngasese kwaye bafikelele isigqibo esipheleleyo kwiinkundla zolwaphulo-mthetho (kwinkundla yesasawonganye nakumazwe amaninzi).

Ukhetho

Inkqubo yokukhetha iavaleji, eyaziwa ngokuba inzima, ibandakanya ukuncitshiswa kwenani elilinganiselweyo lejaji, ukuvumbulula naluphi na ucalucalulo olunokubathintela ekungabini namkhethe. Zombini amacala angavavanya abachopheli-mthetho abagwebi abanobuza ngesizathu (umz., ulwalamano neqela) okanye ukusebenzisa ucelomngeni lokulahla imingeniswana elinganiselweyo ukuze balahle inani labagwebi ngaphandle kokunika isizathu. Ukuba omnye ummangaliso uzakukhethwa, abachopheli-bekileyo baphulaphule ukuvula iintetho, ukunqamleza, ukuvala iimpikiswano. Ngoko ke umgwebi unikela imiyalelo engo yomthetho enxulumene nomthetho. Ijajinga ngabomzazo, iqwalasela ubungqina noxanduva lolwaphulo-mthetho, ukuba omnye ubamba iziphumo, isalathathth-okrwe, iinkundla zetyala zoluntu, nangona ezo zikho ezo zithethanelwe ngokweejajinga.

Inkqubo Yokwahlula: Indlela Abagwebi Abagwetywa Ngayo

Amanyathelo angokwesiko kumatyala oluntu nawezaphuli - mthetho anokufana kodwa akwaneemeko ezingafaniyo ezivisisanayo nemeko yaloo mbambano.

Ukwenziwa kwamatyala

Amatyala eCIII aqala xa ummangalelwa efaka iifayile zefayile i [[FTL:2] complast kunye nenkundla, echaza isiseko esisemthethweni setyala nesothulo esifunwayo. Inkundla ikhupha isicelo, kwaye ummangalelwa unikwa isikhalazo. Ummangalelwa ngoko unexesha elicwangcisiweyo lokufaka ifayile Impendulo ephendula kwizityholo.

Iimeko zomthetho ziqala nge 'arrest okanye ukufakwa kwetyala ngumtshutshisi. Ukuba ukrokrela ubanjwa, zisiwa phambi komgwebi ngenxa yembonakalo yokuqala, apho izityholo zifundwa ngokusemthethweni. Kumazwe amaninzi, i- isalathisi sommangaleli singakhupha ityala, okanye uvalo lokuqala lungabanjwa ukufumanisa ukuba kukho isizathu esinokwenzeka sokuqhubekeka kokuvavanywa.

Iinkqubo ezijoliswe phambili

Kukubekwa kwengxelo yesizwe, iqondo langaphambili lilawulwa lityhilekile, inkqubo apho omabini amaqela atshintshisana ngamaphepha afanelekileyo, athatha uphicotho lwamangqina, kwaye athumele ii-arhente (imibuzo ebhaliweyo). Ukufumana kuqinisekisa ukuba omabini amacala anokufumana ufikelelo kubungqina obufunekayo ukulungiselela iimeko zawo. Iintshukumo, ezifana nentshukumo zomgwebo woshwankathelo, zingagcinwa ukusombulula ingxaki ngaphandle kokuvavanywa ukuba akukho miba yenyaniso yezinto eziphathekayo.

Kumatyala olwaphulo-mthetho, iziphumo zangaphambili ziquka uphakamiso-lwazi (apho ummangalelwa angena khona isibongozo), uluvo lwetyala [, kunye [[FLT]] lwezovavanyo [[FLT]] ukuphelisa ubungqina (umz., ubungqina obufunyenweyo ngokwaphulwa koMphetho wesine). I-Pleaa ingulo yenyathelo eliqhelekileyo lomthetho-[[FLT] kunye [[FLT] izigwebo ezilulayo okanye izigwebo ezilula ekutshintshiseni izibheno zolwaphulo-mthetho ezibo ezibo ezingalunganga ngaphandle kokuvavanywa.

Iinkqubo Zokuvavanywa

Iimvavanyo zombini iinkqubo zilandela isakhiwo esifanayo: iingxelo zokuvula, ukunikelwa kobungqina (ibungqina kunye nemiboniso), ukunqamleza, ukuqukumbela iimpikiswano, kunye nemiyalelo yabachopheli-tyala. Noko ke, ukugxininisa kuyahluka:

  • Xa kuvavanywa ityala lasekuhlaleni, ummangalelwa uqala alithethele icala lakhe, yaye ummangalelwa usenokuzithethelela. Ijaji okanye abachopheli - tyala bahlolisisa ubungqina phantsi komlinganiselo ophambili.
  • Kwityala lolwaphulo-mthetho, ummangalelwa akamele anikele bungqina okanye angqine, yaye abachopheli betyala bayalelwa ukuba ukungaphumeleli ukungqina ummangalelwa. Isigqibo kufuneka sihlangane.

Izigwebo nezibheno

Emva kokuqwalasela, umfumaneli wenyaniso ukhupha isigqibo. Kwimeko zabemi, isigqibo simisela ityala kwaye ngokufuthi siquka umrhumo womonakalo. Amaqela anganelisekanga angabhenela kwizindululo ezinjengempazamo esemthethweni, ukuziphatha okubi, okanye ubungqina obunganele. Kwimeko zolwaphulo-mthetho, isigqibo esinetyala sikhokelela ekugwetyweni (jonga ngezantsi). Ukugwetywa akunakubhenela kubatshutshisi ngenxa yokukhuselwa ngokuphindwe kabini, kodwa ummangalelwa angabhenela ekuvumeni.

Imiphumo Nendlela Yonyango

Imiphumo yamatyala angoonongendi nawamatyala isebenza kwiinjongo ezahlukeneyo zentlalo yaye inemiphumo eyahlukileyo yobuqu kula matheko.

Iindlela zokwandiswa

Iingcaciso zonyango lwangaphakathi zenzelwe ukubuyisela inxeba kumntu owenzakeleyo okanye ukukhusela umonakalo wexesha elizayo.

  • [[UMTHO: 0] Umonakalo wentengiso: Izakhono zolahleko lokwenene (imali yezonyango, ingeniso elahlekileyo, umonakalo wempahla).
  • Umonakalo ophakathi: Iimali ezongezelelekileyo ezijoliswe ekohlwayeni ukuziphatha okubi okungalawulekiyo kwaye zithintele ukuziphatha okufanayo (okuxhaphakileyo kwiimeko zetort ezibandakanya ukwenza okubi ngempazamo).
  • Isenzo sophakamiso: Umyalelo wenkundla ofuna iqela lokwaphula ukuze kufezekiswe iimfanelo zabo zobuhlobo.
  • Imiyalelo yokumisa umsebenzi oyingozi okanye ukunyanzela isenzo (umz., phelisa- kunye nemiyalelo ye-intshi- esezantsi kwiimeko zempahla zolwazi).

Ukuba iqela eliphulukana nebhaso aliphumezi ngokuzithandela, lowo uphumeleleyo unokulandela izenzo zokunyanzelisa ukugcinwa komsebenzi njengokuhlawulwa komrhumo, ityala lasebhankini, okanye iimali zemali kwimpahla.

Ukugwetywa Kwezaphuli - mthetho

Isohlwayo sezaphuli-mthetho sibekwa ngumgwebi ekuchotshelweni, ngokufuthi sikhokelwa lukhokelo olusesikweni lokugweba. Isigwebo singaquka:

  • [[UMTL: 0] Imali ehlawulwayo kurhulumente.
  • Iprojekthi: Ukhupho olukhulu oluneemeko (umz., uvavanyo lwesiqhelo, uvavanyo lweziyobisi).
  • Uquko: Jail (kwizinto ezingalunganga) okanye intolongo (kwiifeloni). Ubude besigwebo buxhomekeke kubukhulu bolwaphulo-mthetho nakwimbali yetyala lommangalelwa.
  • Inkonzo ye-commonity: umsebenzi ongahlawulwayo kwisebe likarhulumente okanye elingahlawulwanga.
  • [[UMTL:0] Ukhuphiswano: Ukhuphiswano luhlawulwa kwixhoba kwilahleko ebangelwa ngqo lulwaphulo-mthetho.
  • Isohlwayo sobusela: Kwezinye iindawo, isohlwayo sokufa sikhona kwezona meko zinzima zokubulala.

Ukongezelela, iinkolelo zolwaphulo-mthetho zisoloko zinemiphumo engqinelanayo, enjengokuphulukana namalungelo okuvota, ubunzima bokufumana umsebenzi okanye indawo yokuhlala, nokugxothwa kwabantu abangenamali.

Ukudibana Kwamatyala Aseburhulumenteni Nabesaphuli - mthetho

Iqela elinye lezibakala lingabangela ukuba kuvele amatyala angokwamakhaya nawamatyala. Owona mzekelo udumileyo ngu-O.J.Simpson ityala: wakhululwa ekubulaleni kwinkundla yakwaphula umthetho (ukutshutshiswa akunakungqina ukuba unetyala nangaphaya kokuthandabuza okufanelekileyo), kodwa kamva wafunyanwa efanelwe kukubulawa ngokuphosakeleyo kwinkundla yasekuhlaleni (ukugxininiswa kobungqina). Oku kubonisa indlela isenzo esifanayo esinokuchazwa ngayo kuzo zombini iinkqubo, ngeziphumo ezahlukeneyo kunye neziphumo zonyango.

Ezinye izinto eziqhelekileyo ezidibanisa:

  • Izenzo zogonyamelo zasekhaya ezikhokelela ekuhlaseleni abantu ngezaphuli - mthetho nasekukhuseleni abemi okanye ekuqhawuleni umtshato.
  • Urhwaphilizo lweshishini oluphumela kwityala lolwaphulo - mthetho elivela kurhulumente nakurhulumente ovela kubatyali-mali okanye kubathengi.
  • Amatyala abangelwa yimiphumo apho umenzi wezomthetho afumana isigwebo ngenxa yokwaphulwa kokhuseleko namatyala avela kubathengi abenzakalayo.

Ukuqonda ukudibana kwala masebe mabini omthetho kubalulekile ukuze kuhlaziywe ngokucokisekileyo ngokomthetho.

Isiphelo

Umahluko phakathi kwamatyala angoonotyala angoonotyala usekelwe kwiinkqubo zomthetho ezisekelwe kumthetho oqhelekileyo. Amatyala amakhaya alungisa iimbambano zabucala kwaye ahlawulele amaxhoba, lo gama amatyala olwaphulo-mthetho esohlwaya amatyala ngokuchasene norhulumente kwaye ekhusela ibutho labantu. Ukhetho lomenzi-zigqibo / jaji okanye ijaji----ajaji--- kwaye umgangatho osebenzayo wobungqina ulolonga inkqubo yokuvavanywa kunye neziphumo zayo. Ukuba ungumfundi womthetho, umnini-shishini olindele ukuphikisana nesivumelwano, okanye ummi obizelwa kwinkonzo yejaji, ukuqiniswa kwezi zizathu kukunika amandla okuqhuba ingingqini esemthethweni kunye nentsingiselo yayo.

Ukuphinda ufunde, jonga izibonelelo ezigunyazisiweyo ezinjenge Ingcaciso yeZiko loLwazi loMgaqo-siseko wezeNkcubeko , U.S. isikhokelo esisemthethweni sokuqinisekisa iintlobo[, kunye nenkcazo yeMelika-Melika Bar yendlela iinkundla ezisebenza ngayo.