Imeko

Uxinezeleko phakathi kwenkululeko yomntu ngamnye namandla karhulumente aluzange luvele lungenanto. Luphumo lweminyaka emininzi yemfazwe yezopolitiko, yendaleko yentanda-bulumko, kunye neziganeko eziphambili zomthetho. Iingingqi zamandulo zazisoloko zibeka umlawuli ngaphezu komthetho, kodwa utshintsho olukhulu lwaqala eYurophu yamaxesha aphakathi ngamaxwebhu afana ne1215 Magna Carta. Lo mgaqo wanyanzelisa umlawuli waseNgilani ukuba avume ukuba kwanesithsaba somthetho, kumiselwa ingcamango yokuba amandla karhulumente amele anyanzelwe. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, lo mgaqo wanwela yaye wakhula.

Ukukhanyiselwa kwenkulungwane ye-17 neye-18 kwalungiselela ukuxinzelelwa kwengqiqo kwinkululeko yabemi bezi mini. UJohn Locke waphikisa ngelithi abantu banamalungelo emvelo ebomini, kwinkululeko, kunye nempahla eyayikho ngaphambi kolawulo. Waphikisa ukuba igunya elisemthethweni livela kuphela ngokuvuma kwabalawulwa, kwaye abantu bahlala benelungelo lokuxhathisa ubuzwilane. intanda-ntanda-bulumko yezopolitiko [[[FLT: 1]] yaphembelela ngqo abaHluleki baseMelika. Okwangoku, uMontesquieu waxhasa ukwahlulwa kwamandla, walumkisa ukuba igunya limemezele ukusetyenziswa kakubi. Iingcamango zakhe ziguqula umgaqo womthetho ofikelela kulawulo.

IMvukelo yaseMerika (1775-171783) yayikukusetyenziswa okucacileyo kwengcinga yokukhanyiselwa. Abaxhasi bamarhamncwa baphikisa ngelithi iBritane yawaphule amalungelo abo, kwaye iSindululo senkululeko sayigunyazisa ngokucacileyo ityala laso kumgaqo wokuba oorhulumente bakhona ukukhusela "Amalungelo angenakususwa." uMgaqo-siseko olandelayo kunye noMgaqo-siseko wamalungelo owenziwe ngokulandelelana wadala isakhiwo sokukhusela inkululeko yomntu ngamnye ngelixesha lokunika urhulumente amandla aneleyo okusebenza. Ngokufanayo, iSindululo seMvukelo samaLungelo samaFrentshi samaLungelo Omntu nowabantu (1789) saqinisekisa inkululeko, impahla, kunye nokuchasa ingcinezelo njengemigaqo yehlabathi lonke. La maxwebhu okusungula amaxwebhu amisela ingxoxo aqhubeka namhlanje.

Inkulungwane yama-20 yazisa ucelomngeni olutsha kunye nolwandiso. Emva kobungendawo beMfazwe Yehlabathi II, iSindululo soMhlaba Samalungelo Abantu (1948) safaka iqela elibanzi lamalungelo abantu nawopolitiko, izivumelwano ezigunyazisayo ukukhusela inkululeko yokuthetha, yokuhlanganisa, yokukholwa, kunye nenkqubo efunekayo. Izixhobo zengingqi ezinjengeNgqungquthela yaseYurophu yamalungelo abantu eNtshona Koloni zadala iinkqubo zokwayama abantu ukuze bacel ’ amatyala. EUnited States, iNkundla yakwaWarren yee-1950 kunye nee-1960 zandisa ngokuphawulekayo ukukhusela inkululeko yokuthetha, iintlanganiso, iinkolelo, kunye nemicimbi eyimfihlo, ukusetyenziswa kwenkululeko yoluntu enzulu ngakumbi kumthetho waseMerika.

Isikhokelo Sobukhoma

Iingcamango ezimbini ezikhuphisanayo zifushanisa ingxoxo yanamhlanje. Amalungelo endalo, alandela i-Locke kunye noThomas Jefferson, aqinisekisa ukuba inkululeko ikho ngaphandle korhulumente nokuba indima karhulumente kukukhusela, hayi ukuyinika. Iiprosicitis ezingokwasemthethweni, njengoJeremy Benham, aphikisana ukuba amalungelo ayindalo yomthetho kwaye anokuchazwa kwakhona njengoko ibutho libona ukuba alungele. Le mpembelelo yoxinzelelo ityala ngalinye elikhulu: iinkundla kufuneka zihlolisise ngokungqongqo izenzo zikarhulumente ezithwele amalungelo asisiseko, okanye zifanele zijonge ulwano lwemithetho engokhuseleko nocwangco?

IQhosha iLinganiso

Ibinzana elithi "ukulingana kwamandla" lidla ngokunikisa imifanekiso yamasebe orhulumente akhuphisanayo, kodwa kwimeko yenkululeko yabemi lichaza ingxoxo eqhubekayo phakathi kozilawula nokhuseleko olumanyeneyo. Ukuqonda oku kubangela ukuba kucace kwiingcamango ezininzi ezinxulumeneyo.

Ukukhululeka kwemida

Inkululeko yamakhaya yinkululeko esisiseko oorhulumente abamele bangayiphazamisani ngaphandle kobulungisa obunyanzelisayo. Ngokuqhelekileyo iquka inkululeko yokuthetha, yokushicilela, yokuhlanganisa, yokuhlanganisa, yonqulo, nelungelo lokuthetha ngasese, kunye nezokhuseleko lwemibutho efana ne-habeas corpus, ukuvavanywa okusesikweni, kunye nokukhuselwa ekuphengululweni okungaqikelelwanga. Le nkululeko idla ngokubekwa kwimithetho-siseko okanye kwizivumelwano zezizwe ngezizwe, kodwa umlinganiselo wabo usoloko ukhuphikiswa. Umzekelo, ngaba inkululeko yokuthetha ikhusela ugonyamelo? Ingaba ilungelo lokudlulisela ulwazi lweziqumrhululo ligcinwe kwi-data yecandelo lesithathu? Iinkundla kunye nemithetho-mthetho-siseko iphendula le mibuzo ngokwetyala, ukulungelelanisa ummiselo phakathi kwenkululeko negunya.

Igunya likarhulumente

Igunya likarhulumente elisemthethweni ligunya likarhulumente lokumisela nokunyanzelisa imithetho, ukugcina ucwangco, ukulungiselela izinto zikawonke-wonke, nokukhusela ukhuseleko lohlanga. Eli gunya lifumaneka kwimvume yabalawulwa, ngokuqhelekileyo eboniswa ngomgaqo-siseko kunye nonyulo lwedemokhrasi. Kodwa igunya alingomgrafe. Umthetho ufuna ukuba izenzo zikarhulumente zijoliswe, zicace, zicace, zibekwe ecaleni koluvo lwamatyala. Ucelomngeni lusekuchazeni umlinganiselo wegunya: urhulumente angaya kude kangakanani ukukhusela uhlaselo lwabagrogrisi, athintele iingcamango eziyingozi, okanye anyanzele ukuthotyelwa kwemigaqo yempilo kawonke wonke? Iimpendulo ziyahluka kwizithethe ezingokwasemthethweni nezopolitiko?

Iipeksi Nolungelelwano

Umgaqo wokuhlola nokulinganisela ukhuseleko lokwakhiwa ekuphathweni. Uninzi lwamandla olawulo-siseko ahlula-hlulayo angoku phakathi kwegunya eliphetheyo, lowiso-mthetho, kunye namasebe agwebayo, ngalinye linamandla okunyanzela abanye. EUnited States, iNkundla ePhakamileyo ingabetha imithetho echasene nomGaqo-siseko, ngoxa iBhunga lilawula inkxaso-mali kwaye lingakwazi ukuxhasa amagosa ahlukeneyo. Oku kwahlukahlukana okuthe tyaba kongezelelwa ngeemvavanyo ezithe nkqo kwiinkqubo zikarhulumente, apho urhulumente noorhulumente besizwe bakhuphisana kwaye basebenzisana. Ngaphezu koko, uluntu oluzimeleyo, unxibelelwano olukhululekileyo, kunye nenkcasotho yezopolitiko isebenza njengeendo ezingacwangciswangacwangciswanga negunya. Ngaphandle kwezi ndlela zobuchule, umlinganiselo othe ngqo umgangatho uxhomekeke kurhulumente kurhulumente.

Ukuntlitheka Okubukhali Nokuziqhelanisa

Iingcamango ezimbini zisoloko zivela kwingqiqo yokugweba. Impikiswano ethambekileyo ebangela ukutyibilika ilumkisa ukuba ulwandiso olubonakala lulula lwegunya likarhulumente .sa, uphando olulinganiselweyo lwabagrogrisi abarhanelwayo, luza kukhokelela ngokungenakuphepheka kukuphathwa kakubi okubanzi. Abachasi bokungagunyaziswa ngemiqathango engekho mthethweni bacela le ngqiqo. Ngokuchaseneyo, umgaqo wokulungelelanisa ufuna ukuba nawuphi na uthintelo lwenkululeko luyimfuneko kwaye lulungelelene nesongelo. Umthetho wamalungelo abantu baseYurophu, umzekelo, urhulumente kufuneka abonise ukuba amanyathelo awo angowona angenakusetyenziswa ncam.

Ukuqhelisela Ukukhululeka Kwabemi

Nangona inkululeko yabemi ibekwe kwimithetho nakumaphepha siseko, ukusetyenziswa kwazo kwehlabathi lokwenene kudla ngokuphikiswa nokucatshulwa. IBhili yamaLungelo yaseUnited States ikhusela ukuthetha ngokukhululekileyo, ukuqhelisela konqulo, ilungelo lokuphatha izixhobo, ukukhusela ekuphenyeni okungekho ngqiqweni, kunye neziqinisekiso zenkqubo ezifanelekileyo kunye nokuvavanywa okusesikweni. Kodwa ke, ummiselo ngamnye uSindululo Sokuqala asikukhuseli ukuhlazeka kwemilo, izisongelo zokwenyaniso, okanye ukuhlabbek-hlo. Ulawulo lwesibini loMfumezo lukhusela ilungelo lomntu ngamnye lokugcina nokuphatha izixhobo, uqinisekisa i-Difix le Columbia v. [FLT][FLT] [2001] [2001], usephantsi kwemimiselo esengqiqweni. Ingxoxo eqhubekayo ngolawulo lwemipu.

Inkululeko Yokuthetha Nokuxinana

Inkululeko yokuthetha isoloko ichazwa njengesiseko sedemokhrasi. Ivumela abemi ukuba bagxeke urhulumente wabo, bamele batshintshe, bathabathe inxaxheba kwingxoxo kawonke-wonke. Kodwa imida yokutshintshwa kokuthetha okukhuselekileyo njengoko ubugcisa besuka kwaye ibutho labantu lizimela. EUnited States, iNkundla ePhakamileyo iye yanika ukhuseleko oluphangaleleyo kwintetho yezobupolitika, kuquka izenzo zomfuziselo ezifana neflegi eshushu (]] Talfas v. Johnson, 1989). Kodwa ke, ukungcoliswa, ukulwa, amazwi, kunye ne-fishyo e-fish. EYurophu, imithetho emininzi yentiyo ingqongqo: amazwe akhuthaza iintetho zolwaphulo-calalve okanye intiyo, kwana ukuhlasela okukhuthaza ulwaphulo-caluvo olusondeleyo.

Ukunyuka kwezixhobo zonxibelelwano lwezentlalo kuye kwaqinisa olu ngquzulwano. Izixhobo ezifana neFacebook kunye noTwitter ngoku zilinganiselwe kwisikali sehlabathi lonke, ziphakamisa imibuzo yokuba izigqibo zabo zisenza isenzo sikarhulumente phantsi kwemiqathango yomGaqo-siseko. Inkundla ePhakamileyo yaseUnited States imele ichaze ngokupheleleyo enoba amaqonga azimeleyo amele axhase imigaqo yokuthetha ngokukhululekileyo xa esusa ii-ofisi okanye abasebenzisi abathinteli. Okwangoku amazwe afana neJamani aye amisela imithetho efuna amaqonga ukuba ashenxise ukuthetha ngenti, idibanise igunya lorhulumente kunye nomthetho wequmbutho. Isiphumo sikwahlulwa, sisoloko sisombululo siso sisenza isivakalisi senkululeko.

Inkululeko Yonqulo

Inkululeko yonqulo iquka zombini ilungelo lokukholelwa kunye nelungelo lokuqhelisela, kodwa kuvela iimfazwe xa isikhumbuzo sonqulo singqubana nemithetho eqhelekileyo esebenzayo. EUnited States, isigqibo seNkundla Ephakamileyo kwi-] Employment Division v. Smith (1990) ikholelwa ukuba imithetho yobundilele yokwabelana ngokwezonqulo ayingquzulwano i-Orfly Expressificial Claus, nokuba iyazifaka phantsi konqulo. Oko kumisela ukukhuthaza uMthetho wenkolo wenkululeko (RFRA), oye wabuyisela ukuvavanywa okungqongqo kwemithetho yesizwe. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, iimeko ezibandakanya ukuthintela imibhaqo, ukulungiselela imitshato ephakathi kwezesini-endidians, okanye ukubonxisana nokurhoxaba konqulo kukhuthane nezo ezilulo oluqhelekileyo.

Ndinelungelo Lokuzifihla

Ilungelo lokuzimela wedwa alikhankanywanga ngokucacileyo kuMgaqo-siseko wase-U.S., kodwa iNkundla Ephakamileyo iye yawuchaza ukusuka kwiyokuqala, eyesithathu, Eyesine, Eyesihlanu, Eyesi-Nyoba, neyeshumi elinesine Izigqibo. [[[FLT: 0]] Griswold v. Connecticut[[[ [1965]], iNkuhla yawugawula umthetho wokuvala ukuthintela ukuthintela njengokungamela imfihlo. [[FLT]] Rhoe v. [[FLT][1273]] [73]) ifuna ukuba kungenelwe ulwazi lwe-cellpho, nangona kamva kulungisiwe, iingxoxo zobuqu zisekelwe kwi-othelekelelo lukarhulumente, ukuqokelelwa kwemibutho yolwazi lobuqu. Ukungaluvo olungekho semthethweni, ukuqinisekisa ulawulo lwe-Admitcheod , u-A.[5]

Ukhuseleko logcino-lwazi lwehlabathi jikelele luye lwaba lulawulo olusisiseko. Ukhuselo logcino-lwazi jikelele lwaseYurophu lunika abantu ulawulo kugcino-lwazi lwabo lobuqu kwaye lubeka iimfanelo ezingqongqo kwabo balwenzileyo. Le ndlela yolawulo iyahlukana nemithetho ehlukeneyo ye-U.S., exhomekeke kwimithetho elungelelanisiweyo yecandelo lommandla kunye nozinziso loshishino. Ubume behlabathi jikelele be-Internet buthetha ukuba amashishini noorhulumente kufuneka baqhube imilinganiselo yemfihlo engqubanayo, eqhubekeka nokulungelelanisa ulungelelwaniso lwamandla phakathi kwamalungelo omntu ngamnye norhulumente okanye igunya loshishino.

Igunya Nokhuseleko Lukarhulumente

Urhulumente ngamnye ufuna amandla aneleyo okukhusela abemi bakhe kwizisongelo ezingaphandle nakwisiphithiphithi sangaphakathi. Kodwa ukusetyenziswa kwaloo mandla ngokungenakuphepheka kuphazamisa inkululeko yabantu ngabanye. Ucelomngeni kukuchaza umgangatho wegunya elisemthethweni ngaphandle kokudala ulawulo olunobugocigoci okanye ukuthob ’ iliso kumthetho.

Ukhuseleko nokhuseleko lwesizwe

Emva kohlaselo lwe-Septemba 11, 2001, ulawulo-melo oluninzi lwandisa ubulumko babo kunye namandla abo okusebenza ngomthetho. Umthetho we-USA PATRIOT ogunyazisiweyo wokujikeleza ii-wap zocingo, ukufikelela kwiingxelo zezoshishino, kunye nokuqokelelwa kwezinto "ezingenakubonwa" ezinxulumene nophando lwabanqolobi. Abahlalutyi baphikisa ukuba ezi zibonelelo zaphula iSigqibo seSine soMgqomo-Mpheliso nezonwabisayo. Izityhilelo ezithenjiweyo zika-Edwa zika-Edward Snowden ngo-2013, zibonisa ukuba ukhuseleko lwesizwe lwaluqokelela izinqumla-mincutha kwii-minxeba zemfono eziqhelekileyo zamaMelika, zikhuthaza imingeni-mfono engomthetho kunye neziphelo ezinxulumene nomthetho njengoMthetho we-USA Freedom Act (20). USA . Uxistents: unyaziso luthi oluthi oluthiyo lwento olufuna ukuvanisa ukuba uluvo lwamayela uluko luchaluko lubonise uloyiko lubonise ukuba lu

Amandla eMbuzo Nempilo Kawonke - wonke

Ngexesha lamanqam, ngentlekele yendalo, izifo ezimandundu, ingcali zemfazwe, imikhosi yamatyala idla ngokuthi inikwe amandla kaxakeka anciphisa iinkqubo eziqhelekileyo okwethutyana. Isifo se-COVID-19 sanika uhlolo lwetyala lomhlaba wonke ekulinganiseni inkululeko nokhuseleko. Ukuqengqeleka kwetyala, izigunyazo, iimfuno zemaski, iimfuno ze-antiumthi, kunye nokuvalwa kwamashishini aphakamisa imibuzo engokwasemthethweni. Ezinye iinkundla zaxhasa la manyathelo phantsi kwamandla karhulumente okukhusela impilo kawonke wonke, ngoxa ezinye zawabetha ngokugqithisa okanye ngokuphula amalungelo omgaqo-siseko. Ingxoxo ebhexele ibhetyekelele iimeko ezinzulu ngendima efanelekileyo karhulumente ekulawuleni.

Ukulawula Intetho Eyingozi

Umthetho wokungavumelani nentetho, ukuphembelela, kunye nokungavumelani nomthetho uvavanya imida yegunya likarhulumente. E-United States, uMmiselo Wokuqala Wokwenziwa udla ngokukhusela kwanomthetho owenzakalisayo ngaphandle kokuba ujoliswe ekuvuseleleni ukuchasa ulawulo lomelo-moya, njengeJamani neFransi, unemithetho echasene nokuLahla kweNkcitho, intetho yentiyo, kunye nokunyeliswa kweenkonzo. I-intanethi ithe yandisa ukwandiswa kolwazi olubuxoki, nto leyo ekhokelela ekufuneni umgaqo onamandla orhulumente. Ngoku amaqonga entlalo-ndaba athelela ukuphelisa oko kuchasene nemigaqo yabo, njengeencwadi e-democriodefazi. Umbuzo ngukuba oorhulumente abanyuliweyo okanye amaziko azimeleyo bamele bamisele imidabini intetho eyamkelekileyo. Akukho khetho lunokunikela isicombululo, kwaye zozibini zinokuba zisongelo xa zingathintela ulawulo lwasekuhlaleni ukuba zingathintelwa.

Uvavanyo Lomzekelo

Ukuhlolisisa amatyala angokwembali nasemthethweni kucacisa indlela ukulungelelana kwamandla okusetyenziswa ngayo. Le mizekelo ibonisa ukuba umahluko phakathi kwenkululeko negunya awulungiswa; utshintsha xa kuwiswa izigqibo zomthetho, ulawulo, nokufunwa kwabantu.

UKorematsu . waseMelika (1944)

Ngexesha leMfazwe Yehlabathi II, urhulumente wase-U.S. wayalela ukuba kuthatyathwe indawo yesibini nokufakwa kwemiqathango yamaJaphani angaphezu kwe-100 000 amaMelika, echaza imfuneko yomkhosi. UFred Korematsu waluphikisa uvalelo lwakhe, kodwa iNkundla ePhakamileyo yaxhasa umyalelo wokungakhathalelwa kwisigqibo esinempikiswano enkulu. INkundla ijongene nesigqibo somphathi esithethwini songxamiseko, nangona kwakungekho bungqina bokunganyaniseki phakathi kwamaJaphani. IBhunga lathiya kamva, icela uxolo kwaye linikezele. [[FLT]] i-Karema] uKrem [[ umzekelo olumkisayo wendlela uloyiko lobugroyilelo olunokukhokelela ngayo kurhulumente ekuphangalaliseni amalungelo angundoqo. Imeko iyaqhubeka ichazwa kwingxoxo entlangathangathanga.

Umthetho we-USA Othiwa PTRIOT noMphumo wawo

Ngo-2001 ngenkxaso enkulu ye-bipartisan, uMthetho we-USA PARIOT wanika abasebenzi bomthetho kunye namaqumrhu amagunya amatsha abanzi ezixhobo zokulwa nobugrogrisi. Okuphawulekayo, iCandelo 215 lavumela iFBI ukuba ithabathe iirekhodi zokhuseleko ezinxulumene nokhuseleko lwesizwe, kuquka iirekhodi zethala leencwadi, ii-data zezezamayeza, kunye neengxelo zemali. Kamva urhulumente wachaza eli lungiselelo lokugunyazisa ukuqokelelwa okuninzi kweminxeba yeminxeba yemfektha. Ngo-2013, ijaji yesizwe yayalela ukuba le nkqubo ingqungquthela i-mentene yokhuseleko ingabinanto ifanelekileyo, kwaye isekelelwa kwicandelo lesibini lenjongo yomthetho. I-USA Freedom Act igqibe ukuqokelelwa kwesambutho kodwa igcinwe phantsi kwesakhiwo solawulo. USA K. Umzekelo ubonisa ukuba kwaneendlalo oluqhelekileyo lungaphazandleko-mthetho lwezomthetho lungamele ukubuyisa ngaphandle kolawulo, kunye nokuhlola.

Roe v. Wade kunye neDobbs v. Jackson Women’s Health Organization

Ilungelo lokufuna ukuqhomfa lelona tyala liphambili likhuphiswano kumthetho waseMerika. Roe v. Wade [1973], iNkundla ePhakamileyo yathi ilungelo elingokwasemthethweni lokufuna imfihlo libandakanya isigqibo somfazi sokuphelisa ukukhulelwa kwakhe, ukugawula imithetho yombuso eyathi ngokunempumelelo yakwa kuthintela ukuqhomfa. Isigqibo saphinda saqinisekiswa ku [[FLT:] ku-'umthetho we-'u-Platel'. [[FLT] v.[FLT]] [FLT]] [12] [7] [197], nangona sithathele ukulinganisa okuphawulekayo ukukhupha umlinganiselo ongafanelekanga. Ngomlinganiselo ofanelekileyo womthwalo ongafanelekanga. Ngonyaka 20222, iNkuqwalaselwa ngokusisigxina kwetyala lomthetho osisijuqu, ukurho lwetyala, ukuva umlomo othe watsho ngomvo lwama, uluvo lwahlukileyo, ukukhusela uluvo lwamanye uluthi, uluvo olu

Ubomi Obumnyama Bubalulekile Nokungathobeli Kwamakhaya

IBlack Lives Matter, eyathi yanda emva kokubulawa kuka-2020 kaGeorge Floyd, yabangela ukuqhankqalaza okusasazekileyo nxamnye nenkohlakalo kunye nobuhlanga bamapolisa. Abaquququzeli basebenzisa amalungelo abo okuHlaziya kokuqala ukuhlanganisa nokufuna utshintsho, kodwa abaninzi bajongene nokuphoxeka kwamapolisa, ukumiswa kwexesha, nokubanjwa. Kwezinye iimeko, urhulumente wacela ukhuseleko lwesizwe okanye ulawulo lukawonke wonke ukuze athintele ukuchasa. Iinkundla zahlulahlulwa ukuba le miqathango ivumelekile kusini na. Umbutho wakhuthaza ukuhlaziywa komthetho, njengokuvalwa kwemi, nokungancinwa kwamapolisa, kunye nokuhlolwa komthetho ofanelekileyo. Isiganeko sibonisa indlela abahlali boluntu abanokuyisebenzisa ngayo imvume yokuvavanya urhulumente, ngoxa kusenziwa nezityholo zegunya elisetyenziswa ekucinezelweni kwemithetho.

Imfihlo yamanani: Carpenter v. United States (208)

I-Carpeent v. United States, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yathetha ukuba ukunyanzeliswa komthetho kwakufuna isiqinisekiso sokufikelela iingxelo zendawo yeselfowuni ephethwe ngumthuthi weminxeba. Urhulumente waphikisa ngelithi ngenxa yokuba iingxelo zezoshishino zeqela lesithathu, abathengi babengenalo ukulindela lungelo phantsi kwemfundiso yeSindululo-Sihlalo se-Owesihlanu soMphengululo-Mphengululo. Inkundla ayizange ivume ukuba ukugcinwa kwemithetho, igqiba kwelokuba indawo ebanzi elungiselelwe yirekhodi yesekhompyutheni exhonywa yi-ekhompatho esemthethweni elindele ukuba kungabi namgamgamfa, kwaye ngenxa yoko kufuneka isiqinisekiso. Esi sigqibo sabonisa ulwandoqokozolwazi lwezobugcisa sibangela ukuba ulawulo olungenakubonwa ngendlela engenakubonwa. Ukanti, ukulawula, kwathiwa, kushiya imibuzo ye-data yezentlalo-ndaba yezentlalo-ndaba, ne-ndaba yezopolitiki, nesa.

Iingxaki Zangoku

Ukutshintsha kwemithetho, ukudityaniswa kwezixhobo zonxibelelwano kunye nokuqalisa kwezobupolitika eziphambili kuye kwabangela imilo emitsha phakathi kwenkululeko negunya.

Ikomkhulu leMveli kunye neNtloko yogcino-lwazi

Oorhulumente kunye neenkampani zanamhlanje baqokelela ubuninzi obukhulu bolwazi lobuqu, ukusuka kulwazi olukhoyo ukuya kukwenza ukhangelo. Igama elithi "urhwebo lwezorhwebo," elaqanjwa ngumphengululi uShoshana Zuboff, lichaza ukuguquka kolwazi lobuqu: iinkampani zixela kwaye ziphembelela isimilo ngokuhlolisisa iinkcazelo ezinkulu. Ii-data zomthetho, ubulumko, kunye nokulawula. I-European Union's GDPR kunye neConsumercy Act yeSinglicy inika abantu ulawulo oluthe kratya, kodwa ukunyanzeleka akulingani. Ingozi kukuba isiseko solawulo esikhiwe ngokulula ukuze sijongwe ngoondaba, ukurhoxaba iinkululeko zoluntu ngaphandle kotshintsho oluphawulekayo. Ukuzikhusela-mgamgamgamgatho kungumngeni ofanelekileyo wexesha lethu.

Ulawulo Lwenkululeko Yokuthetha, Yokuzimela Nokuthetha

Ngoku amaqonga ezentlalo-ntle akwindawo yokuqala yentetho yesidlangalala, kodwa iinkqubo zawo zokuthetha intiyo, ukuchasana, nokukhathazwa zahluka ngokubanzi. IUnited States iphatha amaqonga njengabadlali abangabotshelelwanga yiSimendo Sokuqala Sokuziphatha, ngoxa i-European Union iwudlulisile uMgaqo-nkqubo weNkonzo yezeNtlalo-ntle, ifuna ukuba athethe okuyingozi. Kumazwe amaninzi, uxinzelelo lwezikhundla loorhulumente lokususa amazwi agxekayo okanye ukusasaza iingcamango eziphosakeleyo. Isiphumo singumxokelelwano, inkqubo engalungelelwaniswanga apho imida yenkululeko imiswe ngemibandela yenkonzo engundoqo kwaye maxa wambi ngemfuno karhulumente. Imodeli entsha yeqonga elijongenelo lwenkululeko ethetha ngokuziphatha kwabantu ngoxa kuyimfuneko, kodwa akukho mvume yokuvuma.

Ubuntlola obenziweyo kunye nokwenziwa kwesigqibo okuzenzekelayo

Oorhulumente basebenzisa ubukrelekrele obungeyoyamvelo ukulungiselela ulawulo lwentlalo-ntle yoluntu, kunye nokugcinwa komthetho wokuhlalisana kwabantu. Iimithetho-mthetho zingaxela kwangaphambili ukubuyiselwa kombutho, ukuqhatha kwentlalo-ntle, okanye ukuchonga abantu abasengozini yokupheliswa. Ngoxa i-Al inokuba negalelo ekuphuculeni kwempumelelo, ikwazisa ubungozi bokungalingani, ukwenza izigqibo ezithe ngqo, nokungaqiniseki kweenkqubo ezifanelekileyo. Njengoko ukusetyenziswa kobuso ngomthetho wokunyanzelisa, umzekelo, kuye kwaphakamisa inkxalabo ngokuzizo zobuxoki nokukhukulibalaza kobukho begama kwiindawo zikawonke. Izixeko ezininzi ziye zaluphelisa ubugcisa obuqhelekileyo, ngoxa iinkundla ziqalisa ukuvavanyanisa enoba ubugqibo beSiHlo-Dajiji okanye amalungelo abomntu oyimfihlo. Njengoko i-Alheaces ziya kuba namandla ngakumbi, umbuzo uya kuqinisekisa njani ukuba kusetyenziswa kunokuba kulawulwa kunokuba kulawulwa.

Ukulungiselelwa kwePandemic kunye namandla empilo kawonke-wonke

Isifo se-COVOID-19 satyhila indlela abanokuthi ngokukhawuleza ngayo oorhulumente bamisele imiqathango ekhukulisiweyo kwintshukumo, kwindibano, nakwimisebenzi yezoqoqosho. Izifo zexesha elizayo, okanye iingozi zempilo ezinkulu ezinje, ziya kuphinda zinyanzelise uluntu ukuba lulungelelanise amalungelo abantu ngabanye ngokunxulumene nokulunga okudibeneyo. Uxinezeleko phakathi komjongo ogunyazisa ukusetyenziswa kwemiqathango yonqulo okanye yentanda-ntanda-bulumko, ukusetyenziswa kodweliso lwamanani, nokuvulwa kwezikolo kunye nokusetyenziswa kwamashishini kuza kuqhubekeka. Ukuzoba nezifundo ezisuka kwisifo esisibetho, abaphengululi abaninzi abaxhasa ngokucacileyo isiseko somgaqo esichaza imilinganiselo kunye nexesha elisisigxinayo, ngokulawula okunamandla. Ngaphandle kolawulo olunjalo, ukungagqibeleli, kungalukhuselwa ngokusisigxingo kolawulo lwegunya likarhulumente eligwetyelwe yimfuneko.

Ukhuseleko Lwesizwe Kwihlabathi Elixhomekeke Kulo

Usongelo lokhuseleko olusemthethweni, ubugrogrisi obunqamlezileyo, kunye namaphulo okungagunyaziswa kolwazi afuna intsebenziswano yezizwe ngezizwe, kodwa akwanika izingxengxezo zokuhlola, ukuhlalutyiswa, kunye nesenzo sombuso sobundlobongela. Ukusetyenziswa kwemvume, ulawulo lokuthumela ezinye iindawo, kunye nobuchule bokwabelana ngeenkqubo kuphazamisa umahluko phakathi kwemigaqo yokhuseleko esemthethweni kwaye kulawuleka. Ukulingana kwamandla ngoku kudlulele ngapha nangapha kwemida yesizwe, imigudu yorhulumente omnye ukukhusela abemi bakhe kusenokuphazamisa ekuhlaleni nakubonakaliswa kwabantu ngokukhululekile kwamanye amazwe. Umnqophiso wezizwe ngemithetho ebekwe ngokwemimiselo yemithetho esemthethweni neyamapolitiko, kodwa umbango ubuthathaka. Ucelomngeni luphuhlisa ukuphuhlisa amalungelo abantu asekuhlaleni ngexa urhulumente ukuba baxhathisa iingozi.

Isiphelo

Ulungelelwano lwamandla phakathi kwenkululeko yabemi kunye negunya likarhulumente asikokungaguquguquki kodwa kukuxinezeleka okunamandla okufuna ingqalelo engapheliyo kunye nokulungisa. Imbali ibonisa ukuba inkululeko ingaphela ngokuthe ngcembe xa abemi bengabakhathaleli, kwaye amaxhala okhuseleko anokusetyenziswa ukuthethelela imida yokuthetha, ukuzimela, kunye nenkqubo efunekayo. Kodwa ibutho labantu elingenalo igunya elaneleyo lorhulumente libeka iziphumo zeengxaki kunye nokungathemba kukawonke wonke. Indlela yobulumko yeyokuthatha imilinganiselo ephezulu eqinileyo yokuhlola ikomiti yomthetho, ukomeleza ukulawulwa kwemithetho-witrojiko, ukuqinisekisa ukusetyenziswa kwe-ofisi ye-witrovissssss, nokukhuthaza uluntu olusebenzayo olunenkuthayo olunelo lungaqhubeki; ukusetyenziswa kwemithetho yemithetho ye-demokhrasi. [5] Imibutho yeZizwe yezizwe namalungelo oluntu ekugqibeleni kwegunyazweyo kuphela, kodwa iqinisekisa ukuba i-edek, kodwa ide ide ide idele i-ethel.