Ukwazisa: Umanyano lweRhulumente njengeSithintelo Kumalungelo aBami

Ukhuseleko oluzimeleyo lwesizwe ngumgaqo-siseko we-ligiousthism waseMerika owenzelwe ukukhusela amatyala kunye namaqumrhu awo ekumangalelweni kwinkundla karhulumente ngaphandle kwemvume yawo. Le mfundiso yenzelwe ukukhusela imiba yoovimba belizwe nokugcina isidima samalungelo orhulumente. Noko ke, kwimeko yamalungelo asekuhlaleni abandakanya ulutsha oluneemeko zokungathintelwa kwamajoni omzimba, ingadala imiqobo eyoyikekayo. I Juveniles, exhomekeke kwiinkqubo ezisebenzayo zikarhulumente ezifana nezikolo zikawonke-wonke, amaziko entlalo-ntle, kunye neendawo zokuvalela, ngokufuthi zifuna ukuvuselelwa ngokwezo ngokomthetho ngenxa yokuphulwa komthetho. Kodwa ukukhusela okusoloko kubandakanya ezo meko ngaphandle kokuba kusetyenziswa ngokukhethekileyo. Le ngxelo ihlolisisa imfundiso yemongalamkelo yolawulo, ukusetyenziswa kwemithetho yoluntu, iimfuno eziphambili zezo ezinokuphelisa ukukhuselwa kwelungelo, iimfuno ezifanelekileyo, iimfuno zokhuseleko ezifanelekileyo zokulwela amalungelo abantu abaselula, nezingamelelwayo.

Ukuqonda ukusetyenziswa kwamalungelo okhuseleko oluphezulu namalungelo abantwana kubalulekile kuye nabani na obandakanyekileyo kumthetho wemfundo, kubulungisa babantwana, okanye kumalungelo abantwana. Ngaphandle kokuyiqonda le mfundiso, kwanamalungelo anamandla asekuhlaleni anokupheliswa ekungeneni. Olu khokelo lwandisiweyo lunika ushwankathelo olucacileyo lwemeko-bume esemthethweni, lunika uluvo olusebenzisekayo kubenzi bomthetho kunye nokuncinwa kwamalungelo alawula amatyala anjalo.

Ukuqonda Umanyano lweMongami kaRhulumente: Imvelaphi Nendlela

Ingcamango yokuzikhusela ekuzimela ulawulo oluzimeleyo lwase-United States ayizukuthathwa njengendlela yokubuyela kumthetho wamaNgesi, apho isiBhulu sasingenakumangalelwa ngaphandle kwemvume yaso. EUnited States, uHlaziyo lweshumi elinesine lwamisa lo mgaqo kumgangatho wesizwe, inika: “Amandla eejaji eUnited States akasayi kuthathwa njengokwandisa nasiphi na isambatho kumthetho okanye isiko, siqala okanye simangalelwe nxamnye nenye i-United States yi-Vanicaze yaseMgangeni-zwe, okanye yi-Candelo okanye yi-Candelo okanye iziNtlanganiso ze-Rhulumente yalo nayiphi nayiphi na iRhulumente. Nangona umbhalo ubonakala ulinganiselwe kwisuti eyahlukene, iNkundla ePhakamileyo ichaza ukuLamla i-Gastmente ngokuchasene nemeko yabemi bayo, kakuhle, phantsi kwemfundiso yokhuseleko. JonPG.[FF]

Le mfundiso ayinyuki nje kuphela kulawulo lwaseburhulumenteni kodwa ikwaya kumasebe karhulumente athathwa “ngezixhobo zikarhulumente.” Ukuba iqumrhu lifanelekela njengengalo karhulumente kuxhomekeke kwizinto ezifana neqondo lolawulo lukarhulumente, imvelaphi yenkxaso yalo, kwaye ukuba umgwebo uya kuhlawulwa kuqoqosho lwaseburhulumenteni. Umzekelo, iyunivesithi okanye isebe lorhulumente lokulungisa izinto lizikhusela ngokwesiqhelo, kanti ingingqi okanye isithili yesikolo asixhomekekanga (ngokuba zisezahlulo zezobupolitika zikarhulumente, ingengurhulumente ngokwawo). Lo mahluko uya kubalwa kwiimeko zolutsha: ukuba umShulumente ungummeli wesizwe (umz., urhulumente wolawulo lobundlobonke), umgangatho wokuzingela, uyakwazi ukusebenza, kodwa ukuba ibhungalo-osikolo okanye i-odministratedversity, i-odversity, idla ngokuba ingumphathi-odventili, idla ngokuba i-mon

Injongo yokuzikhusela ekuzilawuleni kukukhusela amatyeli karhulumente ekuncitshisweni yimiba engokwasemthethweni, ngaloo ndlela kulondolozwa ukuzilawula korhulumente kunye nolungelelwano lwamandla phakathi koorhulumente bakarhulumente noorhulumente. Noko ke, le mfundiso iye yagxekwa ngokushiya abantu − kuquka abona babuthathaka kakhulu(________ngaphandle konyango lokwaphula umthetho. Ngenxa yoko, iBhunga kunye neenkundla ziye zayila iinkundla eziliqela ezivumela iindidi ezithile ukuba ziqhubeke phezu kwako nje ukuthintelwa kolawulo lolawulo.

Ulawulo LoMthetho - melo Weshumi Nenye Neenguquko Zawo

INkundla ePhakamileyo ithethe ngokuzikhusela kwimithetho emininzi yeziganeko zendalo, ibumba isicelo sayo esithe sachazwa ngaphaya kwexesha. Hans v. Louisiana (1890), iNkundla ibambelele kwelokuba iDemond Amendmentment ilwalela ukumelana nesizwe sabemi baso kwinkundla karhulumente, nangona umbhalo woMphengululo ungathethi ngokucacileyo. Kamva, ex eYoung (1988), iNkundla yakha umahluko obalulekileyo: ifanele ukukhulula abasemagunyeni amagosa akwinkundla karhulumente alwayo ngokuchasene nomthetho karhulumente. Lo mthetho awuqwalalelwanga ngokuchasene nemeko. [ingxelo yegunya elisemthethweni eligwetyelweyo lomthetho othelwe igunya elingenanto.]

Imfundiso yokuzikhusela yozinzo lwezimo zale mihla yaqiniswa kwiimeko ezifana ne SAMINOLE FRANCE v. Florida (1996], eyayikholelwa ukuba iKhomishini ayinako ukukhusela ulawulo lwesizwe oluqulukileyo phantsi kweGatya I (umz., Cooperation Claus) ngaphandle kokuba isebenza njenge pursusudu kuLqu 5 loMbeko we 1495. Oku kuthetha ukuba imimiselo emininzi yesizwe ebekwe phantsi kweQumrhu Indibaniswe phantsi kwemithetho-mthetho I-ejongth Amedimenti. Kuba ulutsha luchatsha, oku kuyimfuneko ngokukhethekileyo kwimithetho efana nomthetho ka-Avereversature Critives Ex Act (IDA) kunye neSihlomelo-IX, enokuthi ibekwe phantsi kwemiqatha ukuba ayikwazi ukukhusela kwicandelo elisebenzayo lecandelo lesiX.

Amatyala angokwaMalungelo aBalelwano achaphazela amaJuvenile: Umhlaba obanzi

I Juveniles isebenzisana nemeko ngeendlela ezininzi ezinokubangela ukuba kufuneke amalungelo abantu.

  • Imfundo: ithetha phantsi koMgaqo woKhubazeko lwemfundo (IDEA), iCandelo lama-504 loMthetho wokubuyiselwa, isiHloko II samaMelika enoMthetho (ADA) Onqanda Ubulwelwelo, kunye neSihloko se-IX soLawulo lwemfundo ka1972. Le mimiselo ikhusela abafundi ekucalucalucalulweni nasekuqinisekiseni iinkonzo ezifanelekileyo zemfundo. Ukhuseleko oluPhakathiweyo lusoloko luvela xa amasebe karhulumente ewemfundo okanye izikolo ezigunyaziswe ngurhulumente.
  • Juvenile Devonsotion kunye nolungiso: Iimeko zokuvalelwa zinika amathuba okusetyenziswa kovalelo olubi, amandla agqithisileyo, ukungakhathalelwa kwezamayeza, nokusilela ukukhusela abantwana kugonyamelo. Inkqubo yoMphetho-Mbetho weshumi elinesine ka-Clauscese kunye noMphetho-Mbetho wesibhozo (ukuze kungene kwi-14) ibonelele iindlela zokuhlangula, kodwa ukhuseleko oluphezulu lungasithintela kwimo ngokwalo.
  • I- I-Tream Welfare: ithi ichasene neenkonzo zokhuseleko lombuso kumntwana wokusilela ukukhusela abantwana ekuxhatshazweni okanye ekususweni ngokuphosakeleyo. Ezi zisoloko zibandakanya ukutyholwa kwenkqubo efunekayo encinci yokwaphulwa phantsi koMthetho we-14.
  • Ucalucalulo: Imithetho echaza ucalucalulo lobuhlanga, ubufanasini, okanye olukhubazekayo ngamagosa karhulumente okanye amaqumrhu, njengoqeqesho olungenakulinganiswa kwizikolo okanye amapolisa alawula amaqela amancinane.

Kule meko nganye, ubukho bommangalelwa welizwe bubangela uhlalutyo lokuba ngaba ukhuseleko oluzimeleyo luyasebenza okanye, ukuba kuyenzeka, ukuba umahluko uvumela isuti ukuba ihambele phambili.

Isizathu Sokuba Umanyano Olulawulayo Luyingxaki Ngokukhethekileyo Kubantwana Abancinane

I-Juveniles iphakathi kwamalungu asengozini yoluntu. Asoloko engenabo ubuncwane, ulwazi, kunye nomelo olusemthethweni olufunekayo ukuze kusetyenziswe ukhuseleko oluntsonkothileyo lwenkqubo. Ngaphezu koko, urhulumente usoloko ekwindawo engundoqo ebekelwe ityala lokugcinwa kwawo, imfundo, okanye ikhuselwa. Xa loo rhulumente ephula amalungelo awo, imfundiso yokuthintelwa kweliso lobuzwila-mbuso iyakwazi ukudibanisa umonakalo ngokuwancama i-paramente ukuze afumane uncedo. Umzekelo, umntwana okwishumi elivisayo oxhatshazwa ngokuxhatshazwa kakhulu kwiso lokhuseleko lwaseburhulumenteni angafumana ukuba isuti yentambo yelahleko yolawulo, ngoxa isuti yenkululeko ethintelweyo (njengomyalelo wokuphelisa ukuxhatshazwa kokuphathwa kakubi) inokwenzeka kuphela phantsi [[FLD [FF:0] inxalenye encinane [FFM], kwana, ngokuchasene nomthetho, kwangoko, igosangomntu ngamnye, igosagosa.

Ngaphezu koko, imimiselo emininzi yamalungelo abantu karhulumente ekhusela abantwana − njenge-IDEA kunye ne-ADA(require) ithi iyavuma ukuvumelana nemeko yokufumana inkxaso-mali yezwe. Noko ke, amaphondo anokuyiphelisa okanye ayibeke umda imvume enjalo, kwaye iNkundla ePhakamileyo ibeke umda amandla eNkundla ekwaziyo ukukhusela abantwana phantsi kwemimiselo ethile. Oku kudala icandelo lokukhusela elahlukileyo ngokwemeko nangohlobo lwezityholo.

Izithintelo Ezibangelwa kukungahambelani kweNkxaso

Xa umntwana okanye ummeli wakhe efaka ityala lamalungelo abantu kwinkundla yesizwe, ummangalelwa (umbutho okanye umphathi) angaphakamisa ukhuseleko lobungangamsha njengokhuselo. Ukuba ukhuseleko luphumelele, inkundla kufuneka ililahle ityala ngenxa yokungabi nagunya laphantsi. Oku kunokwenzeka kwiqonga lokucela, phambi kokuba kufunyanwe okanye kuqinisekiswe. Ezi zithintelo zilandelayo zixhaphakile:

  • Ibhalelwe kwiziphumo zomonakalo: ukhuseleko oluPhakamileyo ludla ngokunqanda iisuti zomonakalo wemali kurhulumente okanye kumagosa awo asemthethweni kumandla awo (ngokuba umonakalo onjalo uza kuhlawulwa kubuncwane bemali yengingqi). Oku kungumqobo obalulekileyo, njengokuba abaselula belimele ukuphazanyiswa ngumthetho ngokufuthi bafuna imbuyekezo yemali yezamayeza, iintlungu nokubandezeleka, okanye umonakalo wemfundo.
  • [[Umthetho:0] Ibhar ukuya kwisombululo esithe ngqinelanayo: Ascheme ezifuna ukucombulula ulwaphulo-mthetho oludlulileyo kwizahlulelo zokophula okanye umonakalo zivalwa jikelele. Kuphela ukukhululeka okuzakwenziwa (umz., umyalelo wokutshintsha inkqubo okanye ukuqhelisa ukuya phambili) uvunyelwe phantsi [ Inxenye encinane .]
  • Bar kwinkundla yelizwe: INkundla ePhakamileyo ibambelele kwelokuba ukhuseleko lwezikhuseli zendalo luyasebenza nakwinkundla yelizwe xa urhulumente ebekwe icala phantsi komthetho wesizwe, ngaphandle kokuba urhulumente ugonyelwe ukuthintelwa. Bona Alden v. Maine (1999). Oku kuthetha ukuba ulutsha alunako ukuyisusa ngokulula imfundiso ngokuyifaka kwinkundla yelizwe.
  • Bar Adsuts Adpiders Phantsi kwecandelo 1983: 42 U.S.C. 1983 sisithuthi esiphambili sokuqinisekisa umGaqo-siseko wesizwe namalungelo omthetho nxamnye nabadlali bakarhulumente. Ngoko ke, iNkundla ePhakamileyo ebanjelwe ISigqeba seSebe leSizwe [[FLT] [19989] [umbuso) urhulumente awungowo “umthetho” ophantsi kwentambo ephambili phantsi konyaka ka-199849. Ngoko ke, icandelo lowe-19981 lithetha ukuba umonakalo nxamnye norhulumente okanye abameli bayo bathintelwe ngumgaqo-mthetho. Iimeko-omatilo-mthetho abangowabo abazimeleyo (ngokuzikhuselayo).

Oku kuthetha ukuba kumatyala amaninzi amalungelo oluntu alutsha, ekuphela kwendlela esebenzayo kukumangalela amagosa ngamanye kumandla awo obuqu omonakalo okanye ukufuna isiqabu esingeyongozi kumagosa asemthethweni kumsebenzi wawo phantsi ex icandelo leYoung[. Kwangoko, ukucela ngononophelo kufuneka ukuphepha ukugxothwa.

Izangqa Ezikhethekileyo Nezikhewu: Iindlela Ezijikeleza Ulawulo

Nangona kukho umgangatho omkhulu womzimba ozikhuselayo, kukho abaxhasi abaninzi nabachaphazeli bamalungelo asekuhlaleni.

1. Ukuhlaziywa kweCandelo 5 loMphetho-nkqubo we-14

IKhomishini ingasikhusela ngokuphandle isombululo solawulo lukarhulumente xa sisenza njalo kwaye sisebenza ngokuphandle kwimvume yomgaqo-siseko ephazamisa ukukhusela ulawulo. Inkundla ePhakamileyo ithi ngumthetho owiswe phantsi kweCandelo 5 loMphetho-weshumi elinesine (onika iKhomishini amandla okunyanzela iziqinisekiso zeSigqibo soMphetho-empepho () uyakwazi ukugunyazisa ukhuseleko lwe-brogate kwisuti yenkundla yesizwe. Imithetho egqithise phantsi kweSigqeba I (Commerce Claine, i-Clausce Clausce, etc.) ayinako ukunikezela ngemithetho yokuphelisa u-Classiss. Bona Floridate.Pretary Postse Egate Exfly Exfution Board Board v.[FLDB]

Imizekelo yemimiselo exhaswe njengesebenzayo phantsi kweCandelo 5 iquka iSihlomelo II se-Melika enoMthetho wokungakhubazeki (njengoko kusetyenziselwa ukufikelela kwiinkundla neenkonzo ezithile zikawonke-wonke) kunye noMthetho weNtsapho kunye noMgaqo-nkqubo weNtlalo (njengoko usetyenziswa ekunyamekeleni intsapho ushiya ucalucalulo lobufana), umxholo II we-ADA unakho ukuvumela izenzo zomonakalo kumazwe akhubazekileyo kwizikolo zikawonke wonke okanye kwizakhiwo zokuvalelwa, unikezelo olukhethekileyo lweNklulo lwe-Dintshiti. Noko ke, imiqathango ye-brogx ihlala ikho ngetyala, kwaye iinkundla ezisoloko zifuna ukuboniswa “kwenziwa kwendlela yokungatshati-mthetho" phambi kokuvumela iisutifomu. Ityala elikhokelayo liyilo liyi-[FLTreenne] v [FPGene] [2004]

Ukungalawuleki

Amazwe angawaphazamisa ngokuzithandela amatyala okuzikhusela kwawo kwimicimbi yawo ephezulu, mhlawumbi ngokungqalileyo (ngomthetho okanye ngamalungiselelo omgaqo-siseko) okanye ngokugqibeleleyo (ngokwamkela imali karhulumente ekwimeko ecacileyo avumelana nayo). Amazwe amaninzi aye amisela i-tort ukuba ayenze izenzo zokuzikhusela kwiintlobo ezithile zemali, ngokufuthi eneentambo zokophula ityala kunye neemfuno zemali ezifana nesaziso sokuzikhusela ngexesha elifutshane. Umzekelo, umntwana owenzakala kwemali komqeshi welizwe ungayifaka phantsi kwemeko yetyala. Ngaphezu koko, xa urhulumente evuma imali ekwimifanekiso eqingqiweyo efana ne-IEA okanye i-IX, iimeko zemali zidla ngokufuna ukuba akhuseleke njengemeko yokuzikhusela ngokwemimiselo. Bona [FL:] Creancel [FFFFFFF]

Kwiimeko zabantwana, eyona ixhaphakileyo yenzeka nge-IDEA, emisela inkxaso-mali yemfundo ekhethekileyo karhulumente ngokuvumelana nenkundla karhulumente. Ngokufanayo, iSihloko se-IX sisebenzisa abamkeli bemali yemfundo karhulumente, kuquka iiyunivesithi zikarhulumente kunye nezikolo ze-K-12 ukuba zisetyenziswa ngurhulumente. Noko ke, umlinganiselo wokusetyenziswa kwemali esetyenziswayo phantsi komthetho we-Malifa le-Daslassi ulinganiselwe kwicebo elithile lomgaqo wokulungisa kwaye awuwachaphazeli umgaqo womthetho othe ngqo wokuzikhusela kwezinye izinto.

3. Inxalenye Epheleleyo Yolutsha Ekhethekileyo

Mhlawumbi eyona nto ibalulekileyo kulwahlulo lwamalungelo olutsha kukukwazi ukumangalela amagosa karhulumente kumsebenzi wawo osemthethweni wokulungisa ukukhululeka okuqhubekayo komthetho karhulumente. Phantsi .

Kulutsha, oku kukhetha kusetyenziswa rhoqo ekuhlaziyweni kwemithetho-siseko, njengeemeko ezilucelomngeni kumaziko okuvalelwa kolutsha okanye ukunyanzeliswa kwee-IDEA ezifunekayo. Umzekelo, isenzo seqela elichaza ukuba intolongo encinane ebalekayo yelizwe lisebenzisa ukuvalelwa komntu omnye kakhulu ngokwaphula umgaqo wesi-8 neSindululo se-14tifomu singaqhubeka ngokuchasene nomlawuli wentolongo phantsi [[FLT:] Exte Young

4. Izihluzo ezichasene noorhulumente namagosa

Kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuba ukukhusela ukhuseleko lwezolawulo oluphezulu alwalelwanga ngoomasipala, ubalo-mthetho, izikolo, okanye amanye amaqumrhu karhulumente. UHlaziyo lweshumi elinesibhozo lusebenza kuphela kumaphondo nakwizandla zawo. Ngoko ke, ukumangalelwa kwequmrhu lesikolo sasekuhlaleni, iziko lokuvalelwa kwabantwana kwiphondo (ukuba lisetyenziswa liphondo), okanye isebe lamapolisa alithintelwanga yiyo isokhuselo lombuso. Noko ke, la maqela anjalo asenokuzikhusela kwezinye izikhuseli, kwaye agqalwa “abantwana" afanele afaneleke ngaphantsi kwecandelo.

Ukujongana namagosa asebupoliseni kumatyala asekuhlaleni

Xa kuqwalaselwa ubunkimbinkimbi bokhuseleko olulawulayo, amagqwetha amela ulutsha kufuneka abahlolisise ngenyameko abamangalelwa abafanelekileyo kunye noonobangela besenzo phambi kokubhala isambatho. Ezi ndlela zilandelayo zinokukwandisa amathuba empumelelo:

  • Ibonisa uKhuselo oluLungileyo: Ukuba urhulumente ugonyiwe, qwalasela ukumangalela izinto zoburhulumente zasekuhlaleni (isithili, iphondo, isixeko, isixeko) ukuba bezibandakanyekile. Kwakhona, amagosa karhulumente akwisikhundla sawo somonakalo (othobela ukulondolozwa okufanelekileyo) kunye nobuchule bawo obusemthethweni bokukhululeka phantsi uEx Young .
  • Funa Icebo Apho Kuyimfuneko khona: Eminye imimiselo, enjenge-IEA kunye noMthetho weNtolongo woTshintsho (PLRA), ifuna ii-arhente ukukhupha amayeza olawulo phambi kwesuti yokukhupha intloko. Ukungaphumeleli ukukhupha umbhobho kungaphumela ekugxothweni.
  • [[NTL:0] Iimeko zoManyano loManyano-mali: Xa urhulumente efumana imali yorhulumente kunye nomthetho ocacileyo wemeko ezixhasayo ezixhasayo ezithintelweni, ukuba i-raver ingacelwa. Icebiso kufuneka liphande ukuba urhulumente uyamkele imali phantsi kwe-IDEA, iSihloko se-IX, 76 504, okanye i-ADA nokuba ithe yazikhusela ngokucacileyo ii-e.
  • [[FLT: 0] Inkcazo yeNkcubeko yokwaphula okuhambayo: Ukusebenzisa Umahluko OseTsha [, isikhalazo kufuneka sibonise ulwaphulo oluqhubekayo lomthetho wezwe kwaye sicele kuphela isiphumlisi esilindelekileyo.
  • Caphula iZicwangciso zeNkundla yeSizwe: Nangona ukukhusela ulawulo lombuso kukwasebenza kwiinkundla zikarhulumente phantsi Alden v. Maine, amanye amazwe anokhuseleko oluthintelweyo kwiinkundla zawo. Ngokubhekele phandle, izimvo zomgaqo-siseko zisenokuqhubeka ukuba urhulumente uyavuma. Ukujinga kwinkundla yombuso kungavumela ukuchasana norhulumente phantsi komthetho we-tort, ephantsi kwemiqathango.
  • Sebenzisa Icandelo 1983 Adrompligns in Icapasation: Nokuba urhulumente ukhuselekile, umntwana angamangalela igosa lorhulumente ngokobuqu ngenxa yomonakalo owenziweyo phantsi konyaka ka1998. Igosa lingaphakamisa ukhuseleko olufanelekileyo, kodwa ukuba eli lungelo limiselwe ngokucacileyo, eli lizwi lingenza. Esi sisixhobo esinamandla sokubeka amagosa athile egoqweni ngalinye ekuba netyala ngokuchasa umthetho ombizela ukuvalelwa okanye ukungakhathaleli kwangamaqumnqa ekufuneni iimfuno zonyango.

Inkqubela-phambili yakutshanje kunye nophawu lwelizwe

Izigqibo ezininzi zakutshanje zeNkundla ePhakamileyo kunye nezingengaphantsi kwenkundla zilolonga umgangatho wezokhuseleko lwezikhundla kulutsha. Umzekelo, Allen v. Cooper (2020), iNkundla ibekelwe umda amandla okukhusela ulawulo oluphezulu lwephondo phantsi kwe-Mvume, kodwa ityala liqinisekisiwe ngokubaluleka kweCandelo 5 lokunyanzelisa. Kumo wolutsha, Arm vorn. Ikomkhulu elikwiSiko loMntwana [ (20) ikholelwa ukuba ulawulo olulinganayo lweMidid Actal Act ingenakunyanzelwa ngokuchasene nesenzo esingentla sobucala phantsi kwe-Supreymaclas, i-9694 imida yemiqatha yemiqatha ekhoyo xa ingafumaneki kwingxelo egotyiweyo.

Enye indawo ebalulekileyo kukusetyenziswa kwe-IDEA wainer. Inkundla ePhakamileyo kwi-Fry v. UNapoleon Community Schools (2017) ucacise ulwalamano phakathi kwe-IEA ne-ADA, ibambe ukuba abathathi-nxaxheba bangazisa i-ADA ngaphandle kokufumana amayeza adinisayo ukuba abafuni uncedo phantsi kwe-IDEA. Oku kumisela ukuba ulutsha oluneziphene zingasebenzi zifumanekelele ukusukela uncedo olubanzi phantsi kwe-ADA, eziquka ukuchaphaza kumazwe ukuba ukukhuthuza kulungile.

Iinkundla ezisezantsi ziyaqhubeka zibambene nomlinganiselo weSihloko II ADA ukuhlaziywa njengoko kusebenza kwizakhiwo zokuvalelwa kolutsha. Isekethi yesibini, DEAN v. IYunivesithi eBuffalo School of Medicine (2015]), ikholelwa ukuba iSihlomelo II sikhusela urhulumente ngokusemthethweni ekuthetheni amalungelo angundoqo abandakanya ukufikelela kwinkundla yenkundla. Abameli kufuneka baqwalasele umzekelo wesiphaluka sabo kwibroglasi yemeko ethile yolutsha.

Isiphelo: Ukugatya uRhulumente oNkulumbuso ukuze kukhuselwe Amalungelo

Ukhuseleko olulawulayo lwelizwe luhlala lungumqobo obalulekileyo kumatyala amalungelo abantu abatsha, kodwa akunzima ukumelana nawo. Ukuqonda imvelaphi yemfundiso, imiqathango yayo, kunye noludwe lwezinto ezingeyomfuneko kunye nezithinteli ezikhoyo kubalulekile ukuze kuphumelele ukukhusela i-athom. Ngokukhetha ngenyameko izinto ezikhoyo zasekuhlaleni kunokukhetha amagosa karhulumente, ukubiza amagosa akwisikhundla ngasinye, nokufuna oko kunokwenzeka kuwethulelo lwawo ngaphantsi ukukhululeka kweqela elincinci [FLT:] [iiiindawo ephambili yokukhetha i-outroverses ziyakwazi ukoyisa ukukhusela ukuthintela. Ngaphezu koko, ukusetyenziswa kwemeko yesizwe nokuqinisekisa imimiselo enjenge-IEA, ADA, kunye neSihlomelo-X siyakwazi ukunikezela ngemvume yokuba kunikezelwelo lweengxube.

Izithintelo zomthetho ziphezulu. Banelungelo lokukhusela umgaqo-siseko, imfundo efanelekileyo, ukuphathwa ngobubele ekuvalweni, nakukukhululeka ekucalucalulweni. Ukhuseleko oluphakamileyo alufanele lube likhaba elishiya aba batsha bengena mvume. Ngokuzinzisa nokuqonda okunzulu okuchasene nomthetho, abaxhasi banokuwathethelela amalungelo amatsha ngoxa bewaphatha ngokufanelekileyo amagunya abo ekuphatheni imicimbi yabo yemali. Njengoko umthetho uqhubeka usanda ukuvela `````ibhula''' phantsi kweCandelo le-145-Revolution-jogment'''''' [FFFF], uyakwazi ukuqinisekisa ukuba amalungu angena ezingxaki ezininzi zoluntu afumana intsingiselo kubulungisa. [FFogne], ukk