Ukuziswa Kwemigwebo Yamakhaya Nezaphuli - mthetho

Iinkqubo zomthetho zamazwe amaninzi, ingakumbi ezo zisekelwe kumthetho oqhelekileyo, zahlulwe zaba ziintsika ezimbini eziphambili: ulawulo lwabemi kunye nolawulo lolwaphulo-mthetho. Ngoxa zombini zisisiseko ekugcineni ucwangco nokusesikweni, zisebenza imisebenzi eyahlukileyo kwaye zisebenza phantsi kwemithetho engafaniyo, iinkqubo, kunye nemigangatho yokungqina. Ukuqonda umahluko phakathi kolawulo lwamakhaya nolwamagorha angokwasemthethweni kuyimfuneko kungekuphela nje kwiingcali ezingokwasemthethweni kodwa kwanakwabemi, abafundisi, nabafundi abanqwenela ukuqhuba indlela esemthethweni ngokunempumelelo. Eli nqaku linikela uphando oluphezulu lolawulo ngalunye, ucalucalulo olungundoqo, umahluko ongundoqo, kunye neenkcazelo ezisebenzisekayo.

Ngokwahlukileyo koko, umthetho wasekuhlaleni uthetha ngeengxaki phakathi kwamaqela azimeleyo − abantu abangoowentlalo, amashishini, okanye imibutho — apho elinye iqela lizibanga lifumene umonakalo okanye ukulahlekelwa ngenxa yezenzo okanye ukulahlwa komnye umntu. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, umthetho wezaphuli-mthetho ubandakanya ityala elichasene norhulumente okanye ibutho labantu liphela, apho urhulumente amangalela umntu okanye umntu othile othile ngenxa yehambo ebonakala iyingozi kulungelelwaniso lukawonke wonke. Le ngxaki isisiseko ibumba yonke into kumaqela abandakanyekeneyo kunye nobunzima bobungqina obuphathekayo kwiziphumo ezinokwenzeka kunye nonyango olukhoyo.

Yintoni Isigwebo Sesimilo?

Ulawulo loluntu luquka iqumrhu lomthetho olawula iimbambano phakathi kwabantu ngabanye, imibutho, okanye amanye amaqumrhu angengoorhulumente. Injongo ephambili kukunikela ilungiselelo elisemthethweni lokucombulula iingxabano, ukubuyisela amalungelo, nokubuyisela amaqela akhuselweyo. Iimeko zamakhaya zibandakanya ukubiza imali emoshakeleyo, ukwenza okuthile, okanye imimiselo ekhethekileyo (imiyalelo yequmrhu emele yenze okanye ingayenzi into ethile).

Imizekelo yamatyala asekuhlaleni iquka ukwaphulwa kwesivumelwano, amatyala omntu siqu, iimbambano zempahla, uqhawulo-mtshato kunye nokugcinwa kwabantwana, ucalucalulo lwemisebenzi, kunye nokungathobelwa kwempahla yenkcubeko. Kwiqela ngalinye, i-arhente izisa ityala(i-partiff) ifuna unyango kummangalelwa, otyholwa ukuba uphule umsebenzi okanye ilungelo elingokwasemthethweni.

Umthwalo wobungqina kwiimeko zamakhaya uqhelekile ukuqwalasela ubungqina , ithetha ukuba ummangalelwa kufuneka abonise ukuba kunokwenzeka kakhulu ukuba (kungaphezu kwama-50% anokwenzeka) ukuba ummangalelwa ubekelwe ityala. Oku kumgangatho ophantsi kunakwimeko yolwaphulo-mthetho, ubonakalisa isibakala sokuba isohlwayo samakhaya sisetyenziswa ngokwemali okanye silinganayo kunokuba sichazwe ngendlela efanayo.

Ulawulo lwabemi lukwaphawulwa ngendima esebenzayo yamaqela. Umlandu uqala imeko, ulawula umlinganiselo wezimvo, kwaye angakhetha ukuhlala nangaliphi na ixesha. Abameli banokuzimela (pro se) okanye baqeshe amagqwetha obuqu. Urhulumente (urhulumente) akaloqela elingqalileyo ngaphandle kwakwiimeko apho urhulumente engummangalelwa (iimibandela yokhuselo lokhuseleko oluphezulu).

Yintoni isaphuli - mthetho esigwebayo?

Imithetho yezolwaphulo-mthetho emiselwe umthetho ejongene nokuziphatha okungavumelekanga ngenxa yokuba isongela ukhuseleko lukawonke-wonke, intlalo-ntle, okanye indlela yokuziphatha. Urhulumente, esebenzisa umtshutshisi, uzisa izityholo ngokutyholwa ngumntu okanye ummangalelwa (ummangalelwa) otyholwe ngokuthabatha ityala. Injongo asikokuhlawula ixhoba elithile (kusenokuyalelwa) kodwa kukumohlwaya lowo umonileyo, ukuthintela ukuziphatha kolwaphulo-mthetho kwixesha elizayo, nokulungisa ummangalelwa apho kunokwenzeka.

Ulwaphulo-mthetho lubekwa ngokwamaqela kwiindidi ezimbini ezingundoqo: iimpazamo (ngaphandle kwezobutyala ezinzulu, umzekelo, ubusela obuncinane, ukuziphatha okungalungelelananga) kunye nee-inguqu (iityala ezinkulu, umzekelo, ukubulala, ukudlwengula, ukuphanga ngezixhobo). Ezinye iindawo zokwahlula ulwaphulo-mthetho okanye ukwaphula umthetho (umz., amatikiti ezithuthi), ezisoloko ziphethwe ngaphandle kwenkqubo yolwaphulo-mthetho.

Kumatyala olwaphulo-mthetho, umthwalo wobungqina ngowona mlinganiselo uphezulu owaziwayo kumthetho: ngaphandle kothandabuza olusengqiqweni. Oku kuthetha ukuba ityala kufuneka lingqine zonke iinkalo zolwaphulo-mthetho ngokomlinganiselo wokuba akukho mntu onengqondo onokuthi athandabuze ityala lommangalelwa. Lo mlinganiselo uphezulu ukhusela umntu omsulwa kwintembeko ephosakeleyo kwaye ubonakalisa iziphumo ezibuhlungu zenkululeko, ukuhlazeka, kunye nokulahlekelwa kwamalungelo abantu.

Abameli kwiimeko zolwaphulo-mthetho banemigaqo-mthetho ebanzi yokukhusela, kuquka ilungelo lokuvavanya ngokukhawuleza kunye nokuvavanywa kukawonke-wonke, ilungelo lokucebisa (obekumiselwe ukuba ungummeli), ilungelo lokuthetha namangqina, kunye nokukhusela ekuzidibaniseni ngokwabo (UMthetho wesihlanu ohlaziyiweyo kwi-U.S.). Ezi zikhuseli azinamandla kakhulu kwimicimbi yasekuhlaleni.

Umahluko Oyintloko Phakathi Kwamatyala Angoorhulumente Nabesaphuli - mthetho

Nangona omabini amasebe omthetho esebenza kwinkundla enye, umahluko wawo unzulu. Ngeli ngezantsi kudityaniswa kweyona mahluko ibalulekileyo.

Imeko Nezipheko Zibandakanyekile

[[FLT: 0] I-CIILI: Impikiswano phakathi kwamaqela azimeleyo (aphandle ama-vs. Ummangalelwa). Urhulumente ngokuqhelekileyo akalolungu ngaphandle kokuba urhulumente uyamangalela okanye uyamangalelwa (umz., i-tort ithetha ngokuchasene nombutho karhulumente).
[[FLT]] Urhulumente (umgaqo, urhulumente, okanye ummandla) umangalela ummangalelwa wokwaphula umthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho. Ixhoba alilo iqela; banokuba lingqina okanye liziphumo zengxelo yexhoba.

Umthwalo Wokungqina

[[NTLT: 0] ICIILI: Uqwalaselo lobungqina (ngokunokwenzeka kunokuba lungabi). Kwezinye iimeko, njengobuqhetseba, umgangatho unokuba "ubungqina obucacileyo nobeyiseko," obuphakathi.
] .[FLT]IKSMENT :[ Ngaphezu kokuthandabuza okufanelekileyo.

Iziphumo Nezibonelelo

Ityala le-Motalial: Imposiso ye-Mothary (ityala, impepho, igamana) okanye isiphumlisi esilinganayo (injformations, impumelelo ethile). Akukho kubanjwa.
I-Criminal:[[[FLT:]] Ulwahlulo, intengiso, intelekelelo, inkonzo yoluntu, ukuhlawulelwa amaxhoba, yaye ngamanye amaxesha isohlwayo sokufa. Ulwelo lolwaphulo-mthetho lungaphumela ekulahlekelweni kwamalungelo okuvota, amalayisense, amagunya omsebenzi, kunye nezinye iziphenezo zentlalo.

Ukufanelekela Icebiso

: Akukho siqinisekiso somgaqo-siseko sokukhulula umelo olusemthethweni ukuba iqela alikwazi ukulithenga (ngaphandle kwezinye iimeko ezifana nokupheliswa kwamalungelo omzali).
. . . . . . . . . .[[[FLT]] ISihlaziso-Mpanzi seSithandathu siqinisekisa ilungelo lokucebisa, kwaye inkundla kufuneka imisele igqwetha lamalungelo abamangalelwa abajongenelo.

Ukuququzelelwa Kwenkqubela

ICIIIL:[ Ityala lefayile ze-alltiff. Inkundla ayinakuqalisa ityala loluntu ngokwayo.
'Crimerime:[[ Urhulumente (umtshutshisi) iifayile emva kophendlo lwamapolisa kwaye rhoqo emva kwetyala elikhulu lejaji okanye ukuchophela. Ityala lineengelo lokulahla izityholo.

Umgangatho wesigqibo sikaJury

[[FLT: 0] Ityala: Izigqibo ze Julthi azisoloko zifuneka ukuba zidibane ngaphandle kwezinye iindawo kwiimeko ezithile. Iityala ezininzi zabemi zigqitywe ngabagwebi kuphela (amatyala angoonqanwa).
] ICrimesti:[ kumatyala anzima kakhulu alwaphulo-mthetho, izigqibo zejaji kufuneka zivumela ukuba zivumelane kwi U.S. (kukodwa amanye amatyala avumela abangathanga- macala aphantsi). Umthetheli- funeka ukuba aphumele ityala elibi.

Ukhuseleko lwengozi oluphindwe kabini

[[NTLT: 0] Ityala: Alisebenzi. Umntu angamangalelwa ngokwesigqeba kwaye agwetywe ngokugweba ngesenzo esinye (umz., O.J. Simpson wakhululwa ngetyala kodwa wafunyanwa enetyala kwinkundla yamakhaya).
] .[[FLT]]

Ukumanyana Nokudibana Phakathi Komthetho Wamakhaya Nowakwabelana Ngezaphuli - mthetho

Nangona imigaqo yamakhaya neyolwaphulo-mthetho yahlukile, isoloko isebenzisana. Isenzo esinye esiphosakeleyo singabangela ityala lolwaphulo-mthetho kunye nokumangalelwa kwamakhaya. Umzekelo, umqhubi osele esele ebulale umntu usenokujamelana netyala lolwaphulo-mthetho (umngcwabi ngengozi) kwaye amangalelwe yintsapho yexhoba (ukubulawa ngokungeyomfuneko). Ityala lolwaphulo-mthetho lijonge isohlwayo nokungavunyelwa; ityala lamakhaya lifuna imbuyekezo yentsapho.

Ngokufanayo, ukuqhatha, ukuhlasela, ubusela, nokonakaliswa kwemekobume kunokubangela iziganeko ezifanayo. Iziphumo zingahluka ngenxa yokuba ubungqina obufunekayo ukuze kuwinwe ityala loluntu buncinane kunobo bufunekayo kwityala lolwaphulo-mthetho. Ummangalelwa usenokufunyanwa engenatyala kwinkundla yezaphuli-mthetho kodwa usenokubekwa icala kwinkundla yasekuhlaleni, njengoko kwakunjalo kwityala le-O.J.Simpson ngokuphosakeleyo lokubulawa.

Iinkundla zisenokusebenzisa iinkolelo zolwaphulo-mthetho njengobungqina kumatyala asekuhlaleni. Ukuba ummangalelwa ugwetyelwe ukuqhatha, ityala linokuveliswa kwisuti yetyala yetyala lasekuhlaleni, nangona umthwalo uhlala uhleli kummangalelwa ukuze kungqinwe ukuba uboniwe wonakele.

Inkqubela-nkqubo: Ulwaphulo-mthetho lwangaphakathi

Zombini ezi zixhobo zilandela iinkqubo ezicwangcisiweyo, kodwa amanyathelo nemigca yexesha iyahluka kakhulu.

Imboniselo yangaphakathi

Inkqubo yoluntu iqala ngokubanzi ngokumangalelwa ngumlawuli. Ummangalelwa ngoko uyaphendula ngempendulo okanye ngentshukumo yokugxotha. Ukuxilonga kulandela apho omabini amaxwebhu okutshintshisana, ukuthatha ityala, kunye nokuncina. Ukufunyaniswa kwamatyala asekuhlaleni kusenokuba kukhulu kwaye kudla ngokuba lilungu. Amatyala amaninzi amakhaya ahlala phambi kokuchotshelwa kwetyala. Xa kungekho ntlanganiso ifikelelwa, ibhedriki okanye ityala lejaji liyaququzelelwa. Ijaji okanye ijaji egwebelweni. Ijaji okanye ityala lejaji eligwebileyo liyenzeka, kodwa anokubekwa kwityala neziphumo zomthetho.

Inkqubo yamakhaya ilawulwa yimithetho efana neMimiselo yeSizwe yePhondo yoLuntu (kwinkundla yeNtloko yeNtshona Koloni) okanye izinto ezingqinelanayo. Le mithetho igxininisa ukuphumelela nenkcitho yexabiso. Ukuthunyelwa kokuxhatshazwa kokuxhatshazwa akukho qatha kangako kunakwiimeko zolwaphulo-mthetho.

Ingongoma Yezaphuli - mthetho

Inkqubo yezaphuli-mthetho ilawulwa kakhulu ukukhusela amalungelo omgaqo-siseko wabamangalelwa. Le nkqubo iqala ngophendlo (ephendla imiyalelo, ebamba). Emva kokubanjwa, ummangalelwa usiwa phambi komgwebi ukuze avele. Ukuba umvava okanye umchopheli-tyala omkhulu umisela ukuba kukho isizathu esinokwenzeka sokuqhubeka. Ummangalelwa ugunyazi owenziwe ngokusemthethweni okanye owenziwe ngokusemthethweni. Ukuba umangalelwa ungena esibongozo. Isigwebo sibandakanya ingxelo yangaphambili engaphambili, emalunga namatyala kunokuba avavanywe. Ukuba umbathiwe umele abonise ukuba unetyala ngaphandle kokuthandabuza okufanelekileyo. Ummangalelwa angakhetha ukungqina okanye ahlale ehleli phantsi. Ukuba ugwetyiwe, ukugwetywa, ukugwetywa kusenokubandakanya ingxelo yokuthunyelwa kwetyala kunye nokuchatshaniswa. Umtshutshisi-Shunyusi wasekunene unokuba nengxelo yokubhenela kwityala.

Umthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho ulawula umgaqo-nkqubo osemthethweni nokhusela amalungelo abantu. Ngokomzekelo, ubungqina obufunyanwa ngokusetyenziswa kophando olungekho mthethweni bungapheliswa phantsi komthetho othatyathiweyo, ngoxa obo bungqina bunokungasetyenziswa kwityala loluntu. Imithetho yobungqina (umz., indlebe-mv.) isetyenziswa ngokungqongqo ngakumbi kwiimvavanyo zolwaphulo-mthetho.

Imilinganiselo Yobungqina Enzulu

Umgangatho wobungqina ngomnye wezona zibalulekileyo zokwahlula. Kwimeko zabemi, ummangali-mthetho ufuna kuphela ukuqinisekisa umgcini wenyaniso ukuba kunokwenzeka kakhulu kunokuba ummangalelwa afanelwe yityala. Le yi bar esezantsi: ukuba ubungqina bulungelelaniswe ngokulinganayo, ummangalelwa uyaphumelela. Ngamanyhadala, oku kuthetha ukuba umgwebi uyakwazi ukuphumelela nokuba ngaba ijaji ingu 51% iyisekile.

Kwizityholo, ityala kufuneka liphelise onke amathandabuzo asengqiqweni. Oku akuthethi ukuqiniseka ngokupheleleyo, kodwa kunoko kuthetha ukuqiniseka ukuba ummangalelwa unetyala. Ukuba kukho nayiphi na into enokwenzeka yokuba ummangalelwa unokuba msulwa, abachopheli-tyala kufuneka bakhululwe. Lo mlinganiselo ukhusela kwiinkolelo eziphosakeleyo kodwa maxa wambi uvumela amaqela anetyala ukuba akhululeke.

Kukwakho nomgangatho ophakathi( ubungqina obucacileyo nobuneyiselelo] .esetyenzisiwe kwimicimbi yasekuhlaleni efana nokuqhatha, impembelelo engafanelekanga, okanye ukupheliswa kwamalungelo obuzali. Lo mgangatho ufuna ubungqina obubaluleke kakhulu kunobo bungekhoyo, obuqhelekileyo malunga no 75-80% intembelo.

Ukuqonda le migaqo kubalulekile kwiqhinga elingokwasemthethweni. Kwimeko zasekuhlaleni, ummangalelwa usenokufuna ukungxengxezwa ngaphaya kwegunya ngenxa yokuba umthwalo uphantsi. Kwimeko zolwaphulo-mthetho, ingqwalaselo idla ngokuphumelela ngokubangela amathandabuzo asengqiqweni, kwanokuba ummangalelwa usenokuba unetyala.

Indima Yamabhunga Kumatyala AngooNontlalo - ntle Nawamatyala Ezaphuli - mthetho

I Juries idlala indima ebalulekileyo kuzo zombini ezi mimandla, kodwa ukwenziwa kwazo kunye nemisebenzi iyahluka. Kwizigwebo zolwaphulo-mthetho, ummangalelwa unelungelo elisemthethweni lokuchophela ityala naliphi na icala elinokuphumela ekuvalelweni iinyanga ezingaphezu kwezithandathu (e-U.S.). Ijaji igqiba ukuba netyala; ijaji ibeka isigwebo ngokwesiko. Ijaji lezaphuli-mthetho kufuneka isoloko ivumelana kumabanjwa, kwaye naliphi na iqhinga elisengqiqweni lingaphumela kwijaji (ityala) elixhotyiweyo.

Kwityala lasekuhlaleni, ilungelo lokuchophela ityala labachopheli-tyala likho ngenxa yeengxelo ezithile (umz., ukuHlomelo weSebesti kwiinkundla zetyala lomonakalo zaseUnited States), kodwa amatyala amaninzi angoorhulumente agqitywe ngabagwebi. Kwanaxa kukho abachopheli-mgwebi, umqobo wokugweba usenokungadibani; amazwe amaninzi avumela izigqibo zoluntu ngetyala elingu-5/6 okanye 3/4. Abachopheli betyala loluntu bagqiba ityala kunye nelahleko (ngaphandle kokuba abagwebi bebhukuqe okanye belungisa ibhaso).

Inkqubo yokukhetha (eyingozi) nayo iyahluka. Kwizimo zolwaphulo-mthetho, ukutshutshiswa nokuzikhusela kubangela ukuba kubonakale ukuba abantu banemikhethe eninzi. Abasemagunyeni bathandabuza ngokunzulu ngakumbi ngesimo sengqondo ngolwaphulo-mthetho, ukunyanzeliswa komthetho, nokuthelekisa ukuba abamsulwa.

Izicelo Ezisebenzisekayo Zoogqirha Nabemi Abasemthethweni

kumagqwetha, ukuqonda uhlobo olubini lomthetho kubalulekile xa kucetyiswa abaxhasi. Ishishini eliqhatha umthengi lisenokujamelana netyala lolwaphulo-mthetho (ukukhutshelwa kwesivumelwano, ukutyetyiswa ngokungekho sikweni). Igqwetha kufuneka lilungelelanise iindlela zombini kwii-athom, liphawula ukuba la mazwi athethwayo kwityala le-gambhin (ngokubhekiselele kwimicimbi yeSinyusi-Mpanzi).

Kubantu ngabanye, ukwazi umahluko kunceda kwiimeko zemihla ngemihla. Ukuba ubandakanyekile kwingozi yemoto, usenokuba umangalelwe ngokwetyala lolwaphulo-mthetho, kodwa akuzukumangalelwa ngaphandle kokuba uqhutywa ngempembelelo okanye ngokungakhathali. Ukuba utyholwa ngolwaphulo-mthetho, ubuncwane obuninzi belizwe bubekwe nxamnye nawe, kwaye unelungelo lokuhlala uthulile nokuba negqwetha xa ubuza.

Amashishini akwamele aqwalasele oko kuphulwa komthetho (umz., OSHA okanye umthetho wemeko-bume) kunokukhokelela kwimali yoluntu yomibini (izigwebo zolawulo) nokutshutshiswa kwabezolwaphulo-mthetho ukuba oko kwaphulwayo bekungabom okanye kubangele umonakalo.

Isiphelo

Umahluko phakathi kwamandla oluntu nawolwaphulo-mthetho usekelwe kumthetho. Umthetho wamakhaya unika indlela yokucombulula imbambano kunye nembuyekezo, ngoxa umthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho uxhasa ucwangco lukawonke-wonke kwaye wohlwaya ihambo ephosakeleyo. Iinkqubo zawo ezahlukeneyo, imithwalo yobungqina, kunye nemigaqo yokukhusela iqinisekisa ukuba okusesikweni kusetyenziswa ngokwahlukileyo kuxhomekeka kuhlobo lomonakalo. Ngokuqonda oku, abafundi, abafundisi, iingcali zomthetho, kunye nabemi banokubuqonda kakuhle ubunkimbi benkqubo yomthetho kwaye benze izigqibo ezingokolwazi ebomini babo.

Ukuqhubeka kufundwa, uphando lobuncwane obufana nolu lweNkcazelo yoLwazi lwasemthethweni lweZiko loMthetho wezeNkcubeko, U.S. iNkundla zophando lwamatyala olwaphulo-mthetho[, kunye nothelekiso vil v. umthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho osuka kwiBritannity.