Ukufumana Inkululeko Yonqulo EUnited States

Inkululeko yonqulo yenye yezona nkululeko zixatyisiweyo neziphikiswayo kwinkqubo yomgaqo-siseko waseMerika. Inika abantu inkululeko yokubamba, ukuvakalisa, nokusebenza kwiinkolelo zabo zonqulo ngaphandle kokungenelela korhulumente ongafanelekanga, ngoxa ikwathintela urhulumente ekubekeni unqulo kubemi bakhe. Oku kukhusela okubini kudala ukungavisisani okunamandla phakathi kokusekwa nokusetyenziswa kwemigaqo ekhululekileyo yeSigqibo sokuqala, ukuxinzelelwa kwenkundla, iindlu zowiso-mthetho, kunye nabantu ngokubanzi. Ukuqonda inkululeko yonqulo kufuna ukuvavanya iimvelaphi zayo zembali, isiseko somthetho, iinkcazelo ezingundoqo, kunye neempikiswano zale mihla ezivavanya imiqathango yayo.

Imbali Yenkululeko Yonqulo

Ingcamango yenkululeko yonqulo eMerika ayizange ivele ingenamdla. Yaye yenziwa ngokuphenjelelwa kweemfazwe zonqulo, intshutshiso, neembono zokukhanyiselwa ezazicelw'ucelomngeni lwesizwe esineenkolelo zoburhulumente. Abalandeli bobupolitika bangaphambili babedla ngokubaleka beyitshutshisa iicawa zabo ezizinzileyo kuphela ukuseka iicawa zabo ezizinzileyo, njengoko zibonwa kwiPuritan Massachusetts okanye e-Anglican Virginia. Kodwa ukuchasana kwabangela ukuba abantu baqonde inkululeko ngokuthe ngcembe.

Ezibalulekileyo ekuphuhlisweni kwenkululeko yonqulo ziquka ezi:

  • UHlaziyo lwamaProtestanti ngenkulungwane ye16]: lwaphelisa umanyano lweNgqobhoko yaseNtshona, nto leyo eyakhokelela kwiinkulungwane zemfazwe phakathi kwamaKatolika, amaLuthere, abalandeli bakaCalvin, kunye nama-Anabaptist. Le mdumba yanyanzelisa iinkcuba-thelekelelo ukuba ziqwalasele enoba iinguqu zonqulo zinokuhlaliswa ngaphandle kwemfazwe yamakhaya.
  • Roger Williams kunye neRhode Island (1636): Williams wasungula iProvidence Plantations ngomgaqo "wenkululeko yomphefumlo," ephikisa ukuba urhulumente welizwe wayengenalo igunya kwisazela. Ithanga lakhe laba likhusi kumaBhaptizi, amaQuaker, namaYuda .
  • I-Statute yaseVirginia yeNkululeko Yonqulo (1786): Ijoliswe nguThomas Jefferson kwaye yaxhaswa nguJames Madison, lo mthetho wasusa iCawa yamaTshetshi eVirginia yaza yavakalisa ukuba "akukho mntu oya kunyanzeleka ukuba atyelele okanye axhase naluphi unqulo, indawo okanye ubulungiseleli." Yaba ngumzekelo weSiphendulo Sokuqala.
  • [[NTL:0] IsiHlayiso sokuqala (1791): Sifunyaniswe njengenxalenye yeBhili yamaLungelo, sanika isiseko somGaqo-siseko: "ISiphendu asisayi kwenza mthetho ngokusekwa konqulo, okanye sithintele ukuqheliselwa kwalo ngesisa"

Ezi ziganeko zibonisa inkolelo ekhulayo yokuba inkululeko yonqulo inelungelo lemvelo, ayingorhulumente onikelayo, nelokuba inkululeko yokwenyaniso iyachuma xa urhulumente ehlala engundilele phakathi kweenkonzo naphakathi kweenkolelo nokungakholwa.

IsiHlomelo Sokuqala: Isiseko Esimanyeneyo

Imithetho yonqulo yeFirst Amendment isebenza kunye ukukhusela inkululeko yonqulo. I-Complimentation Claus ithintela urhulumente ekuvumeleni okanye ekunyanzeleni inkolelo yonqulo, ngelixa i-Free Execle Claus ekhusela ilungelo lokukholelwa nokuthatha inyathelo kwezo nkolelo. Zizonke, ziyila isakhiwo esikhuselayo nesintsonkothileyo.

Ukusekwa KukaClaus

ISindululo sikaClaus sikwalela urhulumente ukuba angenzi nawuphi na umthetho "ohlonela ukusekwa konqulo". Oku kuthetha ukuba urhulumente akakwazi ukuyila icawa esemthethweni, akhethe olunye unqulo ngaphezu kolunye, okanye azithande ngokungeyomfuneko ngeenkonzo zonqulo. INkundla ePhakamileyo iye yavelisa iimvavanyo eziliqela zokuvavanya ukwaphulwa okutyholwayo:

  • Uvavanyo lwelemon (ukusuka ku Limon v. Kurtzman, 1971): Umthetho kufuneka ube nenjongo yehlabathi, hayi phambili okanye uthintele unqulo, kwaye uphephe ukurhintyelwa ngokugqithiseleyo lunqulo.
  • Uvavanyo lweNkqutyana (ukusuka Lynch v. Donelly, 1984]): Uqheliselo lukarhulumente aluhambelani nomthetho ukuba umqwalaseli osengqiqweni uyayijonga njengegunyazisa unqulo.
  • Uvavanyo lwe Coercion (usuka . Weisman[, 1992): Urhulumente akasayi kunyanzela abantu ukuba babe nenxaxheba kwimisetyenzana yonqulo.

Ukumiselwa kophawu lwelizwe kuquke Engel v. Vitaire [62], eyabetha umthandazo owenziwe ngorhulumente kwizikolo zikawonke-wonke; Abington v. Schempp [1963], oweyisa ukufundwa kweBhayibhile njengomsebenzi wokuzinikela ezikolweni; no Sant Fependent V. Doe Fiverst School [[FLT:] [2]]

Ukuzilolonga Ngokukhululeka

I-Free Execreence Claus ikhusela ilungelo lokukholelwa kunye nelungelo lokuthatha inyathelo kwezo nkolelo. Nangona ilungelo lokukholelwa ukuba ligqibelele, ilungelo lokuthatha amanyathelo lingalinganiselwa ngemithetho enika umdla kurhulumente. Ukutolikwa kweNkundla Ephakamileyo kutshintshile ngokuhamba kwexesha:

  • Iimeko zokuqala ezifana [ Reynolds v. United States (1879]) ixhasa imithetho echasene nesithembu, ukwahlula inkolelo yonqulo kwihambo.
  • [[FLT: 0] Uvavanyo lwe Sherbert (ukusuka ku . Verner, 1963) ufuna urhulumente abonise umdla onyanzelekileyo phambi kokwenza umsebenzi wonqulo ube nokwenza uxanduva kwaye asebenzise iindlela ezincinci. Oku kwasebenza kwiingenelo zokungasebenzi kwaye kamva kwezinye iimeko.
  • Utshintsho ku Icandelo loMgaqo-siseko v. Smith [1990] wabambelela ekubeni imithetho yobundilele yokungabikho kwentsebenziswano jikelele ayingqubani noMdlalo wesiKhangelo we-Freedom Claus, nokuba ngethuba elifutshane yabangela ukungqubana kocalucalulo, ikhokelela iBhunga ukugqitha uMthetho weReligious Consolation (RFRA) ngo 1993, eyabuyisela uvavanyo lwe-Sherbert lwemithetho karhulumente.

Inkundla Ephakamileyo Ibeka Amatyala Aphazamisa Inkululeko Yonqulo

INkundla Ephakamileyo iye yagqiba kwimiba emininzi ebalulekileyo yenkululeko yonqulo, le ilandelayo imela iinguqu ezimaxongo:

  • Reynolds v. United States (1879): INkundla ngamxhelo mnye yaxhasa umthetho wesizwe owelela isithembu, elawula ukuba inkolelo yonqulo ayinakusetyenziswa ukuthethelela izenzo ezichasene nemithetho yolwaphulo-mthetho. Oku kwamisa inkolelo/umahluko.
  • [FLT] Cantwell v. Connecticut (1940)[FLT: INkundla yaquka i Free Expressifice Clause ngokuchasene namazwe ngokusebenzisa uHlaziyo lweshumi elinesine, igalela phantsi imfuneko yokucela unqulo.
  • [FLT Virginia v. Barnette v (1943): INkundla yathi abafundi besikolo sikawonke-wonke abanako ukunyanzeleka ukuba bakhahlele iflegi okanye bacengceleze iSifungo sobuNtlo ukuba sichasene neenkolelo zabo zonqulo. Uluvo lweJackson lwaziwayo luthi "akukho mphathi, uphezulu okanye oncinane, unokuthi uzakugunyazisa oko kuza kubakho ngokwezobupolitika, kunqulo, okanye kwezinye izinto zoluvo."
  • [FLT] . . . [[63]] : I-Adventist yeSeven yosuku yazikhaba iinzuzo zokungaqeshwa ngenxa yokwala ukusebenza ngoMgqibelo. INkundla yenza uphando olungqongqo, idala umvalo ophezulu wemithwalo karhulumente kwimisetyenzana yonqulo.
  • Wiconsin v. (1972]]: Abazali bama-Amish baphumelele ilungelo lokukhupha abantwana babo esikolweni sikawonke-wonke emva kwebanga lesibhozo elisekelwe kwiinkolelo ezinyanisekileyo zonqulo. Inkundla yafumanisa ukuba umdla karhulumente kwimfundo yehlabathi lonke awulugqithi uqeqesho lwasekunene.
  • Icandelo loMbhalo v. Smith (1990): Abaqeshwa bamaMelika omthonyama bahlulwa iinzuzo zokungaqeshwa emva kokusebenzisa ipeyote kumsitho wonqulo. Inkundla yagqiba ukuba uthathi-nxaxheba, jikelele imithetho esebenzayo ayingqubani ngokukhululekileyo, nokona inzala enyanzelisayo. Oku kubekelwe imiqathango yangaphambili.
  • [FLT]Burwell v. Hobby Lobby Zitore, Inc. (020: Phantsi kweRFRA, iNkundla yavumela iinkampani ezibambeke ngokusondeleyo ukungavumi ukuthelekisa okugunyazisiweyo ngumthetho weAfford Care Care esekelwe kwimpikiswano yonqulo lwabaphathi.
  • Ikhomyutha yamaMacateshop v. Colorado Civil Rights Commission (208): INkundla yagqiba umbhaki ongavumiyo ukwenza ikeyiki yomtshato wesibini se-xxxnet, kodwa kwizizathu ezimxinwa ukuba ugunyaziso lubonise ubutshaba kunqulo. Ungquzulwano olubanzi phakathi kwenkululeko yonqulo neLGBTQ+ amalungelo ashiywe.
  • Fulton v. IsiXeko sasePhiladelphia [2021] : INkundla yabambelela kwiFiladelphia ingenakunyanzela umthetho ongenaluhlanga nxamnye nesebe lenkxaso-ntle yamaKatolika elalayo ukuqinisekisa izibini ezifanayo ze-exx. Isigqibo saphepha ukubhukuqa [[[FLT:]]Smith[FL:5] kodwa sashiya ucango luvulekile ukwenzela imingeni yexesha elizayo.

Iimbambano Zexesha Elidluleyo Zenkululeko Yonqulo

Kumashumi eminyaka akutshanje, inkululeko yonqulo ibisoloko iphambili kwiingxoxo ezishushu eziphathelele ukunyanyekelwa kwempilo, imfundo, umsebenzi, nokulingana kweLGBTQ.

Ukucinezelwa Kunqulo Nokunyanyekelwa Kwempilo

Imimandla ethandabuzayo ibandakanya ukungavumi konqulo ukulungiselela okanye ukufumana iinkonzo zezonyango.

  • Imiyalelo yekompraption: Emva koMthetho weCandelo oBalekayo kufuna umqeshi-oxhotyiswe ngemiqathango yempilo ukugquma inzala, imibutho efana ne Hobby Lobby kunye neMincinci yaBantwana baMahlwempu ifune ukukhululeka. INkundla ePhakamileyo kwi Hhobby Lobby[ inike uncedo kwimibutho ebambeneyo, kwaye ukubekwa komthetho kukwandisa ukukhulula konqulo kubaqeshi kunye nabaxhasi.
  • Imiyalelo ye-Vaccine: Ngexesha lesifo se-COVOID-19, abaqeshi abaninzi noorhulumente babefuna ukugonywa. Ukungakhululeki konqulo okusekelwe ekuvunyweni kwemigca yeseli yosana olungekazalwa ekuphuhlisweni kwezonyango okanye inkcaso eninzi. IiNkundla jikelele zaxhasa imiyalelo yokugonya ngexa kufunwa ukuba ukukhulula konqulo kunikwe noko kwisigaba kunye nezinye iimvume zokukhulula.
  • [[Uncedo oluthe ngqo: 0] uncedo lokufa [: Abanye abanikezeli bezonyango bacebe ukuncedisa ngokufa ngenxa yezizathu zonqulo, bephakamisa imibuzo ngokufikelela komguli nokungavumelani nesazela.

Inkululeko Yonqulo Namalungelo

Ukudibana kwenkululeko yonqulo neLGBTQ+ amalungelo kuye kwavelisa ingxuba-ngenye yezona zizathu zoqhankqalazo kwiminyaka yakutshanje.

  • Imacatehop[[FLT]] (2017]): Isigqibo seNkundla sijoliswe kwikomishini yonqulo lobugxwayi borhulumente kodwa sishiyekile sivulekile enoba umthengisi womtshato angazichasa na iinkonzo ezisekelwe kwinkcaso yonqulo kumtshato we-extensite kulawulo oluphelisa ucalucalulo lwe-calulo lwe-cawa.
  • Fulton v. Philadelphia[FLT] [202]]: INkundla yagqiba kancinane ukuba inkqubo yokungadibanisi yeFiladelphia ingenyanzeliswa nxamnye neNkonzo yeNtlalo yamaKatolika kuba isivumelwano sesixeko sivumele umahluko. Isigqibo sayekwamkelwa ukuphinda ubuye ubuye ungene SMT, kodwa iJaji Alito's Confictive wakhupha umqondiso wokuyirhoxisa.
  • 303 I-LLC v. Elenis[FLT] [2023]]: INkundla yathi umyili we-website akanakunyanzeleka phantsi kwe-Colorado umthetho weendawo zokuhlala zikawonke-wonke ukuseka ii-webhsayithi ezifanayo. Inkundla yafumanisa ukuba ukunyanzela kwakhe ukuthetha kuya kwaphula umthetho wenkululeko yokuthetha, kodwa isigqibo sinokwaphula imibandela yenkululeko yonqulo ngokufanayo.

La matyala abonisa inkxwaleko esisiseko: abantu namashishini angafuniyo ukuya emkhosini wonqulo bathi abafanele banyanzeleke ukuba babe nenxaxheba kwimibhiyozo okanye kwiziganeko ezichasene nokholo lwabo, ngoxa iLGBTQ yamangqina ephikisa ngelithi ukungavumi okunjalo kufana nokucalucalulwa kwiindawo zikawonke wonke. INkundla Ephakamileyo ayikawuchazi umthetho ocacileyo oxolelanisa izilangazelelo.

Inkululeko Yonqulo Kumsebenzi Nakumfundo

Emsebenzini, abaqeshwa basoloko befuna indawo yokuhlala ngenxa yezenzo zonqulo ezifana nokugcinwa kweSabatha, amaxesha omthandazo, okanye isinxibo sonqulo. UMthetho weSihloko se-Sizwe VII samaLungelo akwi-Civil ufuna abaqeshi ukuba banikezele iindawo zokuhlala ezifanelekileyo ngaphandle kokuba ukwenza oko kubangela ubunzima obungeyomfuneko. Noko ke, into edibanisa "ukungalwani" iye yachazwa ngokubanzi ziinkundla (umz. [[FLT: 0]]][A.harlison, 1977], eyenza kube nzima ngakumbi ngabaqeshwa ukuphumelela ekuwiseni izityholo. Ngo-2023, iNkundla ePhakamileyo kwi [FT:2]. . Deoy[FLT] [FFF:3]]] iqine kakhulu umgaqo womthetho, umqeshisho omele abonise "inkciso-off" kumgangatho wonqulo, ingumsebenzi ungakulwa kwenkululeko.

Kwizikolo zikawonke-wonke, iingxabano ezinxulumene nomthandazo, izibhino zokuphumelela, kunye nezifundo ziyaqhubeka. Umzekelo, amajelo anike imithetho efuna ukuboniswa kwe "KuThixo Sikholosa" okanye ukuvumela ukuthandaza okuzingisileyo, ngokufuthi bejongene nocelomngeni luka-Claus. Okwangoku, abazali baye bathi baninzi ngokukhulula abantu kunqulo olusuka kwiLGBTQ+, bephikisana ngeempikiswano zezinto eziphathekayo nokholo lwabo.

Inkululeko Yonqulo Yamazwe Ngamazwe

I-United States ikwanomdla wasemzini kwinkululeko yonqulo. IKhomishini ye-U.S. engoMbutho we-International Freedom Act ka-1998 yaseka iKhomishini ye-U.S. engoMbutho weNkululeko Yonqulo (USCIRF) kwaye ifuna ukuba iSebe leSizwe linikele ingxelo rhoqo ngeemeko zenkululeko yonqulo ehlabathini lonke. Amazwe anjengeTshayina, iSaudi Arabia, i-Iran, ne-North Korea asoloko ebizwa ngokuba yi-"Iquarlariory Confectal" yokwaphula umthetho. U.S. Uncedo lwamanye amazwe kunye nengcinezelo yezolawulo lusetyenziswa ukukhuthaza inkululeko yonqulo emhlabeni wonke, nangona le miqathango idiza.

Ukulungelelanisa Inkululeko Yonqulo Namanye Amalungelo

Alikho ilungelo elipheleleyo lomgaqo-siseko. Inkululeko yonqulo imele ilungelelaniswe nxamnye nezilangazelelo ezikhuphisanayo ezinjengokhuseleko lukawonke-wonke, impilo, ukungacalucalulo, namalungelo abanye. Iinkundla zisebenzisa iimvavanyo ezahlukeneyo zokulinganisela ukucombulula iingxabano.

Umgangatho Wobuhlalutyi Obungqongqo

Phantsi kwe-RFRA kunye nezenzo ezininzi zonqulo zenkululeko karhulumente, urhulumente kufuneka anelise uphando olungqongqo xa ezama ukulungiselela unqulo. Oku kuthetha ukuba umthetho kufuneka ukhonze intsabelo karhulumente enyanzelisayo kwaye usebenzise iindlela ezincinci ezingqongqo. Ngokuqhelekileyo, uhlalutyo olungqongqo alusoloko lusithi "luqikelelwa, luyingozi" kunecebiso eliceliweyo. Iinkundla zifumanise izilangazelelo ezinyanzelisayo ekukhuseleni impilo kawonke-wonke wonke, ukuqinisekisa uqeqesho lwezomkhosi, nokunqanda ucalulo. Ngokwano, [umzekelo,] Lobby, iNkufumana ukuba urhulumente uneendlela ezimbalwa zokuqinisekisa ukufikelela ekuthinteleni ukuthintela, ezo zinto ngokuzimisela ngokuzinzisayo okanye ngokuzigweba ngokwazo. Ngokwahlukileyo, ngexesha lokukhusela i-COVD, i-RFFF, kwanombolo, kwanolwazi oluphantsi kolukufumana phantsi kolu, ukuthintela ukuthintelwa kweminxana nokugweba okuncinane, okungenayo, oku

Ukulungelelanisa Ufundo Lwetyala

Iqebengwana Elinobuchule: Ngaba Lithetha Ngenkululeko Okanye Lizindlwana Zasekuhlaleni?

Ilixa lombhaki lixhomekeke kwinkululeko yokuthetha neendawo zokuzilolonga, lo gama esi sibini siphikisa ngelithi umthetho kawonke-wonke wendawo yokuhlala kaColorado awuluthinteli ucalucalulo olusekelwe kwindlela engokwesini. Inkundla ePhakamileyo ayizange isombulule ukungqubana ngesondo, kodwa eli tyala libalaselisa ubunzima: ukuba abachasi bonqulo banelungelo lokungavumi iinkonzo zemitshato efanayo, lonkcazo ebangela ukuba kuncitshiswe imithetho echasene nocaluvo? Imithetho esezantsi yenkundla yezomthetho ayidibaniselwanga. Abanye bavumela ukukhulula iinkonzo zentengiso (iphotography, iplay, iplaging, imiqha), ngoxa abanye bekholelwa ukuba imicimbi yorhwebo evulekileyo kubantu abaqhelekileyo ayinakukhetha kwaye ikhetha abaxhasi abasekelwe kwiimpawu ezikhuselweyo.

Hobby Lobby: Unqulo Oluneengcamango Ezingaqondakaliyo Nezigqubuthelo Eziphenjelelwayo

Isigqibo seNkundla se 5-4 sanyusa ukhuseleko lwe-RFRA kwimibutho yengeniso elawulwa yentsapho enye. Abahlalutyi baphikisa ngelithi amaqumrhu awangobantu abakwaziyo ukuqhelisela unqulo, kodwa iNkundla yafumanisa ukuba ukukhusela iinkolelo zonqulo zabaninizo kwakubaluleke ngokwaneleyo ukucela ukwahluka kumthetho wokuthintela ukukhawulela. Uxatyo lukarhulumente kwimpilo yamabhinqa lwagqalwa lunyanzelekile, kodwa iNkundla yafumanisa ukuba urhulumente anganikela intelekiso ngolunye uhlobo. Le meko ingqina indlela ukukhusela iinkolelo zonqulo ezinokukhokelela ngayo kwimithetho emincinane evumela ukungakhange kungeneleli mthetho.

IMiqathango ye-COVID-19 kunye neenkonzo zoNqulo

Ngexesha lobhubhani, amazwe amaninzi akhupha imiqathango ehlanganisa iicawa, iicawa zecawa, kunye nezindlu zesikhungu. INkundla Ephakamileyo ekuqaleni yalumkela uvumo lwamagosa ezempilo, yazikhaba izicelo zokungangeni kunqulo. Noko ke, ngo-202020, iNkundla e iRoman Catholic Diocese of Brooklyn v.[[FLT] yavala imiqathango yemiqathango yonqulo lwaseNew York kwiintlanganiso, ifumanise ukuba bakhetha izindlu zokunqulwano zoburhalarhume kunokuba bahlawulise iintlanganiso zelo. Inkundla yasebenzisa uhlolo olungqongqo, kunokuba ibhekise phambili, ichaza ukuba kwana kwimiqathango yempilo kawonke, urhulumente akanakuchasa unqulo.

Isiphelo

Inkululeko yonqulo ihlala ingummandla onamandla nolawulayo womthetho waseMerika. Iziseko zayo kwiSinyuko Sokuqala zibonisa intembelo yabaseki yokuba inkululeko yesazela lilungelo langaphambi kwezobupolitika urhulumente amele alihlonele. Ngaphezu kweenkulungwane ezimbini, iNkundla ePhakamileyo iye yachaza izigwebo zonqulo ngeendlela ezibangela ukuba ukukhusela nokuzimisela konqulo, kusoloko kuzama ukulinganisela amalungelo abantu ngabanye kunye nemfuno yebutho labantu abahlala bebonke. Iingxoxo zemfundo zemfundo yezoburhulumente, ii-LGBTQ, kwaye impilo kawonke ityhile ukuba akukho sigqibo sokugqibela sinokwenzeka. Endaweni yoko, umthetho uza kuqhubeke uphuhlisa inkqubo yokulawula, ukuhlola ingxubuliso, inkcuka yenkqesho yezesithethe. Kuzomthetho kunye nenkcubeko yomthetho wobupolisholo lwenkcube, ukuqonda iingcambu yenkcaso yembali, kunye neents, kunye neeziphumo eziyimfuneko kwingxoxo zengxoxo yemithetho yezo zezenkolo."Amone, isalathi yeNt.

Ukuphinda ufunde, jonga ugcino-lwazi olusuka kwi Iziko lomGaqo-siseko wohlanga, iprojekthi Oyez] ukwenzela ukushwankathela umbandela, kunye Iziko lophando lobuPhindo lweFacel & lamp; Ubomi boluntu [ kugcino-lwazi lwenkululeko yonqulo yanamhlanje.