Ukulingana njengentsika yamalungelo oluntu kunye namankululeko

Ingcamango yokulingana idibene kwisiseko samalungelo oluntu kunye nenkululeko. Ayiyongcamango enye, engqinelanayo kodwa ngumgaqo onamandla oye wachazwa, waxutyushwa, walwa nezizukulwana ngezizukulwana. Ngaphakathi, ukulingana kulo mongo kuthetha ukuba wonke umntu ufanelwe ngamalungelo afanayo asisiseko, ukhuseleko, kunye namathuba phantsi komthetho, kungakhathaliseki ukuba luluphi uhlanga, ubufanasini, unqulo, imbonakalo yesondo, isiphene, okanye ezinye iimpawu. Kodwa intsingiselo esebenzayo yokulinganisa (* kwaye ifuna ukuphathwa okanye iingxelo zembali ezingalunganga kunye neempikiswano ezinzulu zembali.) [==inqaku lihlolisisa oko kuthethwa luhlanga, ubufana, ubufana, ubufana, ubufana, ubufana, ubufana, ubugovuvu, okanye ukuqwalalisa iingcambulo zalo, iingxaki zembali, kunye nokubalaselisa umsebenzi oqhubekayo okufunekayo ukuze kwenziwe ukuze kube yinyaniso.

Isiseko Somgangatho Wamalungelo Abemi Embali

Umzabalazo wokulingana ngokusemthethweni eUnited States libali lenkqubela-phambili ephindaphindwayo. Amaxwebhu asungulwayo eli lizwe avakalisa ukuba “onke amadoda adalwa ngokulinganayo,” ukanti elo dinga lakhatywa kubantu abangamakhoboka, abafazi, amaMelika amantsundu, kunye namanye kangangeenkulungwane. Icandelo lamalungelo abantu lichazwa yimibutho efuna umthetho uphile ngokwamazwi awo.

Iqela Labafuna Inkululeko Yokuzikhusela Nesiphelo Sobukhoboka

Ucelomngeni lokuqala olukhulu lokungalingani kweMelika yayingumbutho wokuphelisa, owaphumela kwimfazwe yamakhaya kunye nokudlula kweSinyuso se 13 se-1865, ukuphelisa ubukhoboka. Noko ke, inkululeko iyodwa ayikhange ifake ukulingana. UMthetho we-14th Amendment (1868) wachaza i-Ecute Devition Clausle, echaza ukuba akukho zwe liza “kukhusela umntu okwindawo yalo elinganayo. [FLT:] [FLT] [F: F3], neNkuNkulawula okuPhakath kwishumi elinesithoba].

Iqela Lamabhinqa Elifuna Amabhinqa Akuqala

Ngokuhambelana nomlo wokulingana kweentlanga yayikukulwela ukulingana kwamabhinqa. Umbutho wamabhinqa wokulwa ukulingana kwamabhinqa. Iqumrhu lawo, elaphumela kwiSinyuso se19 se-1920, lakhusela ilungelo lamabhinqa lokuvota. Kodwa ukulingana okusemthethweni kwahlala kuyinto enzima. Kwinkulungwane yama-20, amabhinqa ajongene nemithetho ekwahluleleneyo emsebenzini, umtshato, nemfundo. UMthetho weSigqeba ka1965 noweSihlo se-VII socatshulo samalungelo esisekelwe kwi-Rhulumente (ukugweba i-luvo olusekelwe kwi-cango) amanani amanani amanani amanani ahlala ewahlula amanyathelo abalulekileyo, kodwa ukungaphumeleli kokuHluphala (ERA) kugxininisa indlela okuphikisana ngayo imbono yokulingana kwesini namanani.

IQumrhu lamaLungelo aMasipala laNgoku kunye noKwaphulwa koMthetho

Inkulungwane yama-20 yangqinelana notshintsho olukhulu olusemthethweni. UMthetho wamaLungelo ka1942 ngumthetho wesigxina owavala ucalulo olusekelwe kwibala, imibala, iintlobano zesini, okanye imvelaphi yesizwe kwizindlu zikawonke-wonke, umsebenzi, kunye neenkqubo ezixhaswa ngurhulumente. [Izibonelelo] zamalungelo oLuntu] Amalungelo oMthetho ka-65 [[FLT] ukhuphiso lokuvota amatyala aseAfrika. [[FLT]] [[FLT]] Isivumelwano se-Fairbooling [25:] iK [12] iK] uMthetho wokuhlala karhulumente othe kratya, iyakuphelisa ukuqeqelelwa kwezindlu zoluntu, i-mali esemthethweni, imele ingurhulumente ngalinye, i-omele ukusetyenziswa ngurhulumente ngamnye, i-ogcisomele ukusetyenziswa ngurhulumente-omele ukusetyenziswa. [inyo.

Ukulingana okungalinganiyo okungagqibekanga

Umahluko obalulekileyo kwintetho yamalungelo abantu uphakathi kokulungelelana kombala kunye [[FT:2]] nomlinganiselo okhuselweyo . Ukulingana okuqhelekileyo kufuna ukuba imithetho isebenze ngokufanayo kubo bonke abantu, eqhuba ngokufanayo. Le ndlela ixhaswe yimibala efihlakeleyo okanye engowesifazane, inqanda ucalucalulo olusekelwe kwiempawu ezikhuselweyo. Umlinganiselo ongaphantsi komgangatho, kwelinye icala, iqonda ukuba ukuphatha okufanayo kungakhuthaza ukungalingani xa amaqela enezibakala eqala okanye ajongene neemeko zembali ezahlukeneyo. Ibuza ukuba iziphumo zilungile na, hayi ukuba imithetho engobuhlanga, ingathathi calukele.

Umzekelo, umthetho ongavumeliyo naluphi na ulwazelelelo lohlanga kwi-oliji engenisiweyo (ukulingana) ungabonakala ulungile. Kodwa ukuba iqela liye lakhutshwa ngokucwangcisiweyo kwimfundo esemgangathweni kwizizukulwana, lingayinanzi imbali enokungena kuthelekiso olukhoyo. Le ngxoxo isekelwe kwimpikiswano zamaxesha angoku inyathelo eliqinileyo [. Izikhankanyiso zembali ze Pier Adgicts v. Harvard [2023], iNkundla Ephakamileyo yabhenela phantsi izimvo zohlanga, igxininisa ukulingana okusesikweni. Abagxeki bephikisa ukuba esi sigqibo silula ukulingana ngokungalingani okuthenjiweyo ngokweendidi ezingapheliyo zemfundo.

Iimfazwe ezingundoqo ezingokwasemthethweni ziphelisa ubulingana - bume

Iinkundla ziye zanendima enkulu ekuchazeni imida yokulingana. Amatyala aliqela abalaseleyo enkundleni Ephakamileyo abonisa indlela intsingiselo yokulingana eye yavela ngayo:

  • [FLT][FULT]n v. Ibhodi yemfundo (1954): ijijekile [ Pnety v. Ferguson, ilawula ukuba ucalulo lohlanga kwizikolo zikawonke-wonke lwalungalingani ngokwemvelo. Esi sigqibo saseka ukuba amaziko ahlukeneyo angenakulingana, siphawula utshintsho kumgangatho osezantsi wemfundo.
  • [FLT] i- Virginia (1967): Igawule imithetho evala umtshato weentlanga ezahlukeneyo, iqinisekisa ukuba ilungelo lokutshata liyinkululeko engundoqo kwaye ukwahlulwa kobuhlanga makube phantsi kolona hlolisiso lungqongqo.
  • obergefell v. Hodges (2015) ( Uluvo lomtshato olinganayo wobunyani njengomgaqo-siseko wamalungelo phantsi koMphetho-siseko we-14, ukwandisa ulingana ku LGBTQ+ izibini.
  • [FLT] Selby County v. Ikhowuti (2013): ithe yaphelelwa lilungiselelo elingundoqo loMthetho wamalungelo okuvota, inyusa inkxalabo ngokukhukuliseka kokhuseleko lokuvota kunye nokungalawuleki kwamalungelo amancinci okuvota.

La matyala abonisa ukuba ukulingana asiyondawo emiselweyo kodwa ngumda okhuphiswano olusemthethweni.

Imida Yanamhlanje Yokulingana

Namhlanje, umlo wokulingana uquka uludwe olubanzi lwezikhundla kunye neenkupho. Inqaku lokuqala lithetha ngamalungelo eLGBTQ, okusesikweni kwemekobume, namalungelo abomthonyama. Singanwebela kwimeko nganye ngemizekelo eqinileyo kunye nokubaluleka kwale mihla.

LGBTQ+ Amalungelo kunye nedabi lonyango olulinganayo

I-LGBTQ+ , i-LGBT+ iphumele uloyiso olubalulekileyo olungokwasemthethweni, kuquka ukulingana komtshato kunye nokukhuselwa ekucalulweni ngemisebenzi phantsi kubock v. County [20], eyachaza ukuvalwa kweSihloko se VII socalulo ngokwesini ukugqumathela imbonakalo yesondo kunye nokuzichaza kobufana. Noko ke, imithetho yomgangatho wombuso ejolise ijolise ing'inxaxheba kwimidlalo, ukufikelela kwinkathalo yelungu, kunye nokusebenzisa igumbi lokugeza i-"-X20], ichaza ukuba ukulingana kuhlala kukhuphisana kakhulu. Uxinzeko lwenkululeko yonqulo kunye ne-LGTQt+ amalungelo engundoqo ayaqhubeka evelisa ukusetyenziswa kwe-progconsttiesting kunye nengxoxo ye-nkqubo.

Ukungalingani Kwezoqoqosho Nobuhlanga

Ukungalingani kwezoqoqosho okudibeneyo namalungelo abantu ngendlela enzulu. Isifo se-COVID-19 sibhenca ukwahluka okukhulu kokufikelela kwempilo, ukhuseleko lwengeniso, kunye nokufa kwimiba ye-oksidi. ULungu Lobomi Bumnyama IManqaku[ Intshukumo elawula ulawulo lwesizwe kwinkohlakalo yamapolisa kunye nobuhlanga, nto leyo ekhokelela ekubizeni utshintsho, ukukhutshwa kwentlukwano, kunye nokupheliswa kwemithetho efana nomthetho kaGeorge Floyd Justice ePolicicial Act, utshintsho lwasekuhlaleni luye lwavela. Umahluko oqhubekayo phakathi kwezindlu zamapolisa nabamhlophe nabaNsundu kunye nabaNsundu kunye nabahlali-Spedish uhlala ungumlinganiso ocacileyo wendlela ekwakhiwe ngayo uluntu ukusuka ekulingana kwe-Centenstan.

Amalungelo okuDluliseka nokufikelela

Ngaphandle kwe-ADA, abantu abakhubazekileyo basajamelana nemiqobo ebalulekileyo emsebenzini, kwizithuthi, nakubugcisa. Unyuko lwemingeni yokufumana i-ADA ibalaselisa ukuba ukulingana ngoku kwadlulela kwihlabathi eliyinyani. i-#Crip TheVote umbutho kunye nokungagunyaziswa kwengingqi yesiphene kugxininisa ukuba ukufikelela nokuhlala kuyimfuneko kwingingqi elinganayo yokuba ngummi.

Ulawulo loBukhosi beMisdiyan neSivumelwano

Izizwe zamaMelika amaIndiya ziyaqhubeka zilwela ukuvunywa kolongamo lwazo, amalungelo omhlaba, kunye nokulondolozwa kwezithethe. I-Stign Rock igatya ngokuchasene neDakota Access Pipeline (206-2017) yazisa ubulungisa bokusingqongileyo kunye namalungelo esizwe kwinkxalabo yomhlaba wonke. I-Indiyan ChildWelfarelve Act (ICWA), ixhaswe yiNkundla ePhakamileyo ngowama-2023 (] Haland v. Bracleen ), ikhusela abantwana bamaIndiya namaqela esizwe ekunyanzelweni ngenkani. Le mizabala ibala ibalabala ifuna ukuhlonelwa ngokwasemthethweni nangokwezo ezopolitiko, hayi nje kuphela.

Umahluko: Ukuqonda Ngokugqithisileyo Ukuqhwaba Ngokulinganayo

Inqaku lokuqala elikhankanyiweyo ukudibana kwemida, kodwa sinokukomeleza ukuhlola kwayo. Ngokudityanisiweyo ngumphengululi wezomthetho uKimberlé Crenshaw, ukudibana kwendlela abantu abadibana ngayo nocalucalulo oludityanisiweyo xa bekwiqela elisezantsi. Umfazi omnyama, umzekelo, angajongana nocalulo olungelulo olusukayo kuphela okanye olungolwabantu bobuhlanga kuphela, kodwa umxube okhethekileyo. Iinkundla zisoloko zizama ukuqaphela ukudibana kobuhlanga, njengokuba izakhiwo ezisemthethweni ziqhele ukuphatha amaqela afana nohlanga kunye nobufana nomntu. Lo msantsalela ungashiya abantu ngaphandle kwemi. Umzekelo, umfazi omnyama egxothwa ngenxa yokunxiba imbonakalo yendalo u-II kuphela, kodwa unokuba akakhuseleki phantsi kwembono yenkundla ukuba umgangatho wokulungisa imbonakalo yesizwe okanye ubufana nowenyama. [FFLG: [FFF] [1]

Ukusebenzisa isilanga sokuvula izithuba kubalulekile ekuyileni iinkqubo ezikhuthaza ngokwenene ukulingana. Emsebenzini, kwizikolo nakumasebe karhulumente kufuneka baqwalasele indlela eyahluke ngayo indlela yokusebenzisana ukuze kuveliswe imiqobo eyahlukileyo. Ukuqonda ukudibana kwamaqela kukhuthaza umanyano phakathi kwemibutho, njengokuba iingxaki ezijamelene neqela elithile zisoloko zikhanyisa iinkqubo ezibanzi zengcinezelo.

Indima Yemfundo Ekulinganiseni

Imfundo sisithuthi sokulingana kunye nesazulu sokungalingani. Izikolo zingaxhobisa abafundi ngolwazi ukuze bacel ’ umngeni okungekho sikweni, kodwa ziyakwazi ukuvelisa izalathiso ezincinane. Inqaku lantlandlolo labala ukungalingani kwemali kunye nokungalingani kwezifundo.

Amathuba Alinganayo Emfundo

Iphawulo lwesithili se-Antonio Independent School v. Rodriguez (1973) yabambelela kwisigqibo sokuba akukho lungelo lomGaqo-siseko wesizwe lokulingana nenkxaso yemfundo. Oko kuthetha ukuba isithili ezityebileyo zisoloko zinika ubuncwane obungcono kakhulu kunezo zihlwempuzekileyo . "Iindawo ezingqubana ngamandla nohlanga. Imigudu efana notshintsho lwemali lwesikolo kumazwe afana neNew York kunye [FLT:] ne Caliafornia

Ingcebiso yenkcubeko

Oko abafundi bakufundayo kuguqula indlela abaqonda ngayo ukulingana. ICurricula equka abantu abahlukeneyo bembali, iimbono, kunye nohlalutyo oluhlalutyo lobugqwetha benkqubo engekho sikweni inganika amandla kubafundi. Noko ke, iingxoxo zakutshanje zezobupolitika malunga “nengcamango ehlalutyiweyo yohlanga” kunye nemfundiso ye LGBTQ + yemixholo iye yakhokelela ekucubuleni ulawulo nemithetho engqongqo kwamanye amazwe. Ezi mpikiswano zingqina ukuba imfundo isoloko iyindawo yemfazwe yokuchaza oko kuthethwa kukulingana nokuba bani namabali axelelwe.

Ukufumana imfundo ephakamileyo nesenzo sokuqinisekisa

Isigqibo esipheliswa yiNkundla ePhakamileyo yama-2023 ekwamkeleni uhlanga sinyanzele iikholeji ukuba zifumane ezinye iindlela zokugcina iinguqu, ezifana nentlalo ekhethelweyo yezoqoqosho okanye ukukhuliswa komsebenzi. Iziphumo zexesha elide zokulingana kwezizwe kwimibutho ephezulu zisaza kubonwa. Okwangoku, amatyala abafundi anzima ngokugqithisileyo anzima nawabolekayo, anciphisa ukuhamba kwabo ngokwezoqoqosho. Izicelo zesikhululo-mfundo kunye neenkqubo zokuxolela eziboletwa zidityaniswa njengezixhobo zokulingana kwezoqoqosho.

Ucelomngeni Lokufikelela Umgangatho Namhlanje

Phezu kwayo nje inkqubela engamashumi eminyaka, imiqobo emininzi iphazamisa ukuqondwa kokulingana:

  • [[FLT: 0] Ulomelezo olumhlophe kunye nonyuko lwentshukumo elungileyo nolwaphulo-mthetho lwentiyo lusongela inzuzo enzima. Imithetho yokucinezelwa kwezixhobo ze Voter, ingakumbi ezo zijolise kuluntu oluncinane, iye yanyuka ukususela kunyulo lwama 2020.
  • [[NTLT: 0] Jodicial Retrenchment: INkundla ePhakamileyo ebambelele kwisithethe iye yanciphisa isenzo sokuvuma, yenza buthathaka uMthetho wamalungelo okuBolekisa, kunye nokukhulula okukhulisiweyo konqulo okungalulaza ukukhusela ukulwa nohlanga. Olu tshintsho lubonisa indlela esesikweni yokulingana esoloko ityeshela imiqobo yenkqubo.
  • [[NTL:0] Inkcubeko nemithetho-siseko: Ubuchule bokwenza izinto obusetyenziswa ekuqesheni, ekuqesheni, ekuthatheni ipolitiki, nasekufakeni ityala bungaphinda buvuselele kwaye bundise ikhethe loluntu. Ngaphandle kolawulo, ubugcisa bungakungalingani okugqithiseleyo ngeendlela ezimfiliba nezinzima ukuvavanya.
  • Ukwenziwa kwemithetho yeProtalical: Ingcamango yokulingana ngokwayo iye yaba yintlupheko. Iingxoxo ngengcamango yohlanga erhabaxa, amalungelo ohlanga, kunye nenkqubo yentlalo enziwe yahluka kakhulu, yenza uvumelwano lwe-bipartan kumthetho wamalungelo abantu lunqabe kakhulu.

Isiphelo: UMatshi Ongaphelelanga Kumgangatho

Ukulingana okusemthethweni okufunyenweyo kwinkulungwane yama-20 kwakuyimfuneko kodwa akwanele. Ukufumana ulingana okungalinganiyo okusezantsi . /_Apho iziphumo kunye namathuba zitheth' zalunga ngokwenene zintle.

Umlo wokulingana awupheleli kwiinkundla okanye kwizindlu zowiso-mthetho. Ukwenziwa ezikolweni, kwiindawo zemisebenzi, ezindaweni zemisebenzi, nasemakhayeni. Kufuna ukuba ngamnye kuthi ahlolisise iimbono zakhe, aphulaphule abo bangamava angafaniyo nawethu, aze asebenzisane nolu phawu lungalinganiyo. Intsingiselo yokulingana iya kuqhubeka ivela, kodwa isithembiso sayo esingundoqo sihleli: ukuba wonke umntu, kungakhathaliseki ukuba ngubani, ufanelwe kukuphila ngesidima, inkululeko, nokuba nenxaxheba ngokupheleleyo kwibutho labantu.

Ukuqhubeka ufunda, hlola amaxwebhu ogcino-lwazi lwelizwe ngokulinganayo, ACLU umsebenzi wobulungisa bobuhlanga , kunye nenkcazo ye-[FLT:] yeSiHLO SE-EOC .