Ukwazisa: Ukwahlula-hlula Okusisiseko Kwiinkqubo Zomthetho

Izakhiwo ezisemthethweni jikelele ehlabathini zahlulwe zahluka-hlulwa ngokuphandle ngokweendidi ezimbini eziphambili: umthetho wamakhaya kunye nomthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho. Ngelixesha zombini iinkqubo zizimisele ukugcina ucwangco, ukusombulula iimpikiswano, nokunika okusesikweni, zisebenza phantsi kwemithetho eyahlukileyo, iinjongo, kunye neziphumo. Kumntu nabani na onokuthi adibane nemibandela engokwasemthethweni . "Nomnini shishini ofaka izivumelwano, ujongane nokugxothwa, okanye umntu omangalelwa ngolwaphulo-mthetho", ukuqonda okuko. Eli nqaku linikela uphando olubanzi lomthetho wamakhaya, iinkcazelo ezigqugqizayo, iziphumo, iziphumo, iziphumo zombutho. Kwakhona libalase indlela ezi nkqubo zokudibana kwecaluvo kunye nokunika imizekelo eluncedo ekuqondeni.

Uyintoni Umthetho Wamakhaya?

Umthetho wamakhaya ulawula iimbambano phakathi kwamaqela azimeleyo ngezantsi, amashishini, okanye imibutho. Injongo asikokusohlwaya kodwa sisigqibo: ukugqiba ityala nokunika ikhambi kwiqela elilimeleyo. Ngokungafaniyo nomthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho, ofuna ukohlwaya ububi obubekwe kwiphondo, umthetho wasekuhlaleni ugxininisa ekubopheleleni ixhoba okanye ekumiseni ilungelo elophulweyo.

Imisebenzi kunye nenkcazelo yexesha

Kwimeko yamakhaya, umntu oqala ukumangalelwa ngumthetho chazanteff. Umntu okanye into eququzelelwayo ingu idendendint[. Umchasi-mthetho kufuneka abe nokuma okusemthethweni, `enzakala kwekonkrithi okanye umonakalo.] Ukuzisa imeko enkundleni. Iimeko zamakhaya zingabandakanya nantoni na kwisivumelwano esenziweyo kwingozi yemoto kwimida yempahla.

Imizekelo Yetyala Lomthetho Wamakhaya

  • Impikiswano: Umthengi umangalela umthengi ngokungaphumeleli ukuhlawula iimpahla ezinikezelwayo.
  • [[UMTL:0] Inqanawa ezihamba ngenqanawa, Umntu ohamba ngenqanawa umangalela umqhubi ngenxa yokungakhathali emva kokubethwa kuhambo olunqamlezileyo.
  • Umthetho wosapho: imicimbi yoqhawulo-mtshato, amadabi okugcina abantwana, kunye nezibongozo zokukhulisa abantwana.
  • [[Umthetho:0] weProperty: ingxwabangxwaba yeLand Londhor-metain malunga nokhuseleko olugciniweyo okanye ulwaphulo-mthetho oluqeshiweyo.
  • Umthetho wokuphelisa ophosakeleyo okanye ukumangalelana ngocalulo.

Umthwalo Wobungqina Osemthethweni Wamakhaya

Amatyala angaphakathi asebenzisa umlinganiselo wobungqina. Oku kuthetha ukuba umgwebi kufuneka aqinisekise umgwebi okanye abachobi ukuba uhlobo lweziganeko zabo lubonakala luyinyaniso kune_zokwenene, “ngokoqobo, ngu 51% yamathuba.” Le ngumba osezantsi kakhulu kunomgangatho osetyenziswa kumthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho, obonisa isibakala sokuba amatyala asekuhlaleni abandakanya amalungelo abantu kunokuba athathele inzala yenkululeko.

Amancedo Asemthethweni

Xa i-partiff iphumelela kwityala lasekuhlaleni, phantse phantse unyango lusoloko luyimbuyekezo yemali (iimali) okanye isiqabu esilinganayo (njengesiyalelo esinyanzelisa ummangalelwa ukuba athabathe okanye amise isenzo esithile). Ukuvalelwa akuyondlela enkundleni yasekuhlaleni. Iindleko eziqhelekileyo ziquka:

  • [[UMTHO: 0] Umonakalo wetyala: Imali yokugquma okulahlekileyo, iindleko zonyango, ingeniso elahlekileyo, okanye umonakalo wempahla.
  • Ilahleko ekhoyo: Imali engaphezulu inikwa ukohlwaya ukuziphatha okubi okungalawulekiyo (efumaneka kuphela kwiimeko ezithile zetort).
  • Isenzo sobunyani: Yimiyalelo yenkundla enyanzela iqela ukuba liphumeze imbopheleleko yesivumelwano (ekwakuthengiselwana kwefama).
  • Umgwebo wokwabelana: Ingxelo yenkundla yamalungelo amaqela ngaphandle komonakalo ohlawukileyo.

Uyintoni Umthetho Wezaphuli - mthetho?

Umthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho owenzelwe ukwaphula umthetho ngurhulumente ngenxa yokuba usongela ukhuseleko lukawonke-wonke, ucwangco, okanye ukuziphatha. Imo `esebenzisa umtshutshisi' izisa izityholo kumntu ngamnye (ityala elikhulu [[[FLT: 0]]] lokubulala )]) ngenxa yokwenza ulwaphulo-mthetho. Intanda-bulumko ephantsi kokokuba yimpindezelo, ukuthintela, ukuvala ityala, nokubuyisela umva. Izenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho zicalucalucalulo (ityala elikhulu elifana nokubulala okanye ukuphanga) okanye ukuphanga okungagoso okululayo).

Imisebenzi kunye nenkcazelo yexesha

Kwityala lolwaphulo-mthetho, urhulumente usoloko eliqela elingumtshutshisi, elimelwa ligqwetha lesithili, igqwetha likarhulumente, okanye umtshutshisi wesizwe. Ummangalelwa ngummangalelwa. Ixhoba alilolungu letyala kodwa lisenokubonakala njengengqina. Urhulumente uthwala wonke umthwalo wobungqina.

Imizekelo Yezaphuli - mthetho

  • [[FLT: 0] Ulwaphulo-mthetho olubi: Ukubulala, ukuhlasela, ukuphanga, ugonyamelo lwasekhaya.
  • [[Umthetho:0] wolwaphulo-mthetho olugqithisileyo: Ingcwangu, i-larcey, i-arson, ubugqwirha bolwaphulo-mthetho.
  • ulwaphulo-mthetho olumhlophe-langa: Uqhatha, ukurhwebelana, ubusela begama.
  • Amacala eziyobisi: IFAYILE, ukusasaza, ukwenza izinto ezilawulwayo.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Umthetho wePublic oyalelo: I-DUI, ukuziphatha okungalungelelananga, ukuphambuka.

Umthwalo Obonisa Ubungqina OseMthethweni Wezaphuli - mthetho

Amatyala olwaphulo-mthetho afuna umgangatho ophezulu wobungqina obaziwayo kumthetho: ngaphandle kobuthandabuza obusengqiqweni. Oku kuthetha ukuba ityala kufuneka lingqine zonke iinkalo zolwaphulo-mthetho ngokucokisekileyo ukuze kungabikho mntu unolwazelelelo onokuba angalithandabuza ityala lommangalelwa. Ukuba abagwebi abanalo naluphi na uqinisekiso olusengqiqweni, kufuneka bakhululwe.

Imiphumo Nesigwebo

Isigwebo esiqatha, kuquka ukuvalelwa, ukuhlawuliswa, ukugcinwa kwetyala, inkonzo yoluntu, okanye isigwebo sokufa (kwimimandla ekuvumelayo). Ubunzulu buxhomekeke kulwahlulo lolwaphulo-mthetho, imbali yolwaphulo-mthetho lommangalelwa, kunye nemigaqo yokugweba. Umzekelo, iDuI yokuqala isenokuzisa ixesha elifutshane lentolongo kunye nelayisensi, ngoxa ukubulawa kunokubangela ukuvalelwa entolongweni okanye isigwebo sokufa.

Oyena Mnqakathi

Xa umthetho wamakhaya nowamatyala udibana kwezinye iindawo (njengexesha isenzo singulwaphulo-mthetho kunye nethoni elifana nokuhlasela), basuka behla ngeendlela ezingundoqo. Itafile engezantsi ishwankathela eyona mahluko ibalulekileyo.

Aspect Civil Law Criminal Law
Parties Plaintiff (private party) vs. Defendant State (prosecutor) vs. Defendant
Purpose Compensate victim; resolve private dispute Punish offender; protect public
Burden of Proof Preponderance of evidence Beyond a reasonable doubt
Outcome Money damages, injunction, specific performance Fines, imprisonment, probation, death
Right to Attorney No automatic right (but often hired) Constitutional right (6th Amendment)
Decision Maker Judge or jury (often judge alone) Judge and jury (defendant can waive jury)
Double Jeopardy Not applicable (civil suits can be refiled) Prohibited (5th Amendment)

Ukuwela Nokudibana: Xa Abahlali Bedibana Nesaphuli - mthetho

Ezinye izenzo ezichasene nomthetho wasekuhlaleni nowamatyala ngaxesha linye. Ngokomzekelo, umqhubi onxilayo obangela ingozi ebulalayo angabekwa ityala ngokubulala umntu ngecala (ulwaphulo-mthetho) kwaye agwetywe yintsapho yexhoba ngokufa okuphosakeleyo (ityala). Amatyala amabini azimeleyo/ityala lolwaphulo-mthetho lifuna ubungqina obungenakuphikiswa, ngoxa isuti yesizwe ifuna ubungqina obucacileyo. Oku kungenxa yoko kukuthi uSimpson wagwetywa ngokubulala ngenkohlakalo kodwa kamva wafunyanwa enetyala lokufa ngokuphosakeleyo kwinkundla yamakhaya.

I-"Beyongstings" Vs. “Preftice". kwisenzo

Umahluko kwimithwalo uchaza iziphumo ezininzi ezibonakala ziphikisana. Kwityala lasekuhlaleni, abagwebi bangafumana ummangalelwa enecala kwanokuba ityala lolwaphulo-mthetho liphele ekuxolelweni. Umzekelo, ixhoba elisilela ukuphembelela umtshutshisi ukuba afake izityholo fayile lisenokubeka ityala loluntu kwaye likwazi ukuphumelela kwiziphumo zomonakalo. Le nkqubo yemiba emibini inika amaxhoba elinye icala xa inkqubo yezobulungisa ingaphumeleli.

Xa Umthetho Wamakhaya Ubangela Ukuba Izaphuli - mthetho Zityhileke

Ngokuchasene noko, ukutyholwa koburhulumente maxa wambi kungabhenca izibakala ezikhokelela kwityala lolwaphulo-mthetho. Ngethuba lokufunyanwa kwetyala lobuqhetseba, amaxwebhu asenokubonisa ubungqina bokuqhatha ngocingo okanye ukutyhola, nto leyo ummangali wephondo anokuyichaza kumthetho onyanzeliswayo. Ngokufanayo, ukubhaliswa kwemali esele ukusetyenziswa kwemali kusenokutyhila ukuzifihla kwamatyala.

Umahluko: Indlela Amatyala Ahamba Ngayo Kwinkundla

Imaphu ebhaliweyo yamatyala asekuhlaleni nawamatyala olwaphulo-mthetho ibonisa iinjongo zazo ezicacileyo.

Inkqubo

  1. I-complaint ifaka umba obhaliweyo ochaza izibakala kunye nezingqino ezingokwasemthethweni.
  2. Inkonzo yenkqubo: Ummangalelwa uxelelwa ngokusemthethweni kwaye unikwe ithuba lokuphendula.
  3. [[FLT: 0] Impendulo okanye intshukumo:[[FLT: 1] ifayile ummangalelwa iphendula ngokuvuma okanye ngokukhanyela izityholo, okanye intshukumo yokurhoxa.
  4. [[UMTL: 0] Icebo: Bobabini uxhulumaniso lotshintshiselwano, inkqubela, kunye namaxwebhu okucela.
  5. Intshukumo yomgwebo ecacileyo:[[FT:1] Ilungu lingacela inkundla ukuba igqibe ityala ngaphandle kokuvavanywa ukuba akukho zibakala zezinto eziphathekayo ziphikisanayo.
  6. [[UMTL:0] : Ukuvavanywa kwebhentshi (ukugweba kuphela) okanye ukuchophela ityala lejaji kwenzeka. Ummangalelwa unikela ubungqina kuqala; ummangalelwa ngoko unikela ingxubeko.
  7. Idict kunye nomgwebo: Inyani- efumana isigqibo setyala kunye nomonakalo.
  8. [[UMTL:0] Appal:[ Iqela elilahlekileyo lingabhenela kwinkundla ephezulu esekelwe kwiimpazamo zomthetho.

Isenzo Sezaphuli - mthetho

  1. Umthetho onyanzelisayo uthatha umkroti kwintolongo, okanye imingeni yokuvela.
  2. [[UMQONDISO: 0] Umthetho: Ummangalelwa usiwa phambi komgwebi, uxelelwe ngetyala, kwaye ungena kwisibongozo (umthetho, ungenatyala, okanye ungena khuphiswano).
  3. [[Umthetho:0] Ukuva okumnyama: Ijaji igqiba ukuba ummangalelwa angakhululwa na elindele ukuvavanywa kwaye amisele iimeko.
  4. ukuva koonozakuzaku okanye abagwebi abaphezulu: Ijaji okanye uhlolo olukhulu lwabachopheli-tyala olubonisa ukuba kunokwenzeka ukuba kubonwe unobangela wokuvavanywa.
  5. [[UMTL: 0] Intshukumo ezifihlakeleyo kunye nezomshicileli: omabini amacala atshintshisana ngobungqina; ukhuseleko lungathatha intshukumo zefayile ukunqanda ubungqina obufunyenwe ngokungekho mthethweni.
  6. [[UMTL:0] Ukuthelekisa: ngaphezu kwamatyala olwaphulo-mthetho angama-90% aphela ngesivumelwano sesicelo kunokuba avavanywe.
  7. [[UMTL:0] ```Umthetho'''. Ukuba akukho sibongozo, ijaji (okanye ijaji) iva ubungqina. Ityala kufuneka libonise ukuba linetyala ngokungaphaya kokuthandabuza okusengqiqweni.
  8. Ipesenti Isohlwayo: Ukuba ubanjelwe, ukuva ngokwahlukileyo kumisela isohlwayo.
  9. Appal:[ Ummangalelwa angabhenela kuqiniseko", urhulumente akakwazi ukubhena ukugwetywa (ingozi ephindwe kabini).

Indima Yokungaququzeli: Amadoda

Enye yezona ngcamango zibalulekileyo zokwahluka phakathi komthetho wamakhaya nowakwaphula umthetho kukuphatha injongo. Kumthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho, ityala elininzi lifuna iziphathi-zibonda ezi-[FLT]."" Ingtshutshiso mayibonise ukuba ummangalelwa wenza ngokwazi, ngabom, ngokungakhathali, okanye ngokungakhathali, okanye ngokungakhathali kwezaphuli-mthetho (exhomekeke kumthetho). Ngaphandle kwale mithetho, umntu ngokuqhelekileyo akanakubekwa ityala lolwaphulo-mthetho. Umzekelo, ngempazamo ukuthatha iambrela yomnye umntu akubi ngenxa yokuba akukho njongo yokuzingela ngokusisigxilo.

Umthetho wamakhaya, ngokwahlukileyo, usoloko ubeka ityala ngaphandle kobungqina benjongo. Kwimeko zobungakhathali, ingqwalaselo ikwinto yokuba ummangalelwa waphula umsebenzi wenkathalo, hayi koko wayekujolise kuko. Ityala elingqongqo lentambo. Elifana nemveliso yemveliso yemveliso enesiphene .Njengokuba umenzi usebenzise zonke inkathalo enokwenzeka. Ngokufanayo, uqhawulo lwesivumelwano alufuni kuboniswa ukholo olungalunganga; iqela linokubekwa kwityala lokusilela ukwenza nokuba ukonakala kunokwenzeka.

Ukukhuselwa KomGaqo-siseko: Isizathu Sokuba Umthetho Wezaphuli - mthetho Ukhuseleke Nje

Ngenxa yokuba umthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho usongela inkululeko, umGaqo-siseko wase-U.S. unika abamangalelwa inkxaso eninzi engafumanekiyo kumatyala asekuhlaleni. Ezi ziquka:

  • [[UMTL:0] Ekunene kwisiluleko: Abamangalelwa abangengomagqhinga kufuneka banikwe igqwetha (Gideon v. Wainwright). Ilitha loluntu alinasiqinisekiso esinjalo.
  • ekunene ukuba ahlale ethe cwaka: Ummangalelwa wesaphuli-mthetho akanakunyanzeleka ukuba anikele ubungqina; ingtshutshiso ayinakugqabaza ngokuzola.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Ukhuseleko nxamnye nophendlo olungekho ngqiqweni kunye nokuxhuzula: Ubungqina obufunyenwe ngaphandle kwesiqinisekiso (okanye umahluko) bungakhutshwa ngaphandle.
  • Icandelo lobungozi obuphinda-phindeneyo: Xa ekhululwe, umntu akanakuphinda azame ukutyala into enye.
  • Ityala le-'FLT': 0] Ityala lolwaphulo-mthetho olunzulu, ummangalelwa uneSithandathu SomHlayiso-Mmiselo wamalungelo kwityala labagwebi.

Kwiimeko zamakhaya, abamangalelwa abanazo imigaqo-siseko esezantsi. Ngokomzekelo, iSeven Amendment iqinisekisa ukuchotshelwa kwamatyala asekuhlaleni angaphezulu kwee-20, kodwa amatyala angamisela imithetho eyahlukeneyo. Akukho lungelo lokumisela isiluleko kwaye akukho khuseleko ekuzithinteleni (nangona uMphetho-mda wesihlanu unokubhenela ukuba ubungqina bungalichaphazeleka kwityala lezaphuli-mthetho elahlukeneyo).

Ukusuka Kwinkundla Ukuya Kutsho Kubomi Bamihla Le: Isizathu Sokuba Oku Kubalulekile Kuwe

Ukuqonda umahluko wolwaphulo-mthetho lwangaphakathi akuyomfundo nje kuphela. Kubumba indlela osingatha ngayo iingxaki zomthetho:

  • Ukuba ulixhoba lolwaphulo-mthetho: Kusenokufuneka ugqibe ukuba ufanele usebenzisane nomtshutshisi (olawula ityala lolwaphulo-mthetho) nokuba uyaliqesha igqwetha labucala ukuze lifake ityala lasekuhlaleni. Iindlela ezimbini zingaqhubekeka ngexesha elinye.
  • Ukuba utyholwa ngolwaphulo-mthetho: Ufuna igqwetha lokhuseleko ngokukhawuleza. Nokuba ukhululekile, ungajongana nesuti yoluntu (umz., emva kwesigqibo esingangeni tyala kwityala lebhetri, ixhoba elithethwini linokugwetyelwa ityala lomonakalo).
  • Ukuba ubandakanyeke kwimpikiswano yeshishini: Inkoliso yeengxaki zoshishino yimicimbi yamakhaya, ukurhoxa kwesivumelwano, ukudilika kwentsebenziswano, ukuphazamisana kwempahla yenkcubeko. Kodwa ukuba kukho ubuqhetseba okanye ubusela, ukutshutshiswa kwabethwa kunokwenzeka.
  • Ukuba usayina isivumelwano: Ungena kummandla womthetho wasekuhlaleni. Yazi ukuba ukungaphumeleli ukwenza kungakhokelela kwityala lemali, hayi kwintolongo.

Iingcamango Eziqhelekileyo Neziphosakeleyo

Ukungaqondani okuninzi ngomthetho wesigqeba nowakwaphula umthetho kusaqhubeka:

  • [[FLT: 0] Myth: Umntu anga- "yongezelelwa” ngokwaphulwa ngumthetho. Isivumelwano: Kuphela urhulumente angazisa izityholo zolwaphulo-mthetho. Amaqela angawaqulunqi anokuzisa iityala. Ifayili yecala “ingcaciso” okanye“ imithetho.
  • [[FLT: 0] Myth: Ummangalelwa kwityala loluntu unelungelo kwigqwetha. Isivumelwano: Akukho lungelo lomgaqo-siseko lokucebisa kwiinkqubo zasekuhlaleni, nangona amazwe amaninzi enikela uncedo olulinganiselweyo kwiimeko ezithile (umz., i-explor, i-location yomntwana).
  • [[FLT: 0] Myth: [Ukuba umntu ufunyaniswe “engenatyala” kwinkundla yamakhaya, abamsulwa. Isigqibo sesizwe sokungathembekanga sithetha ukuba umchasi akakwazi ukufikelela kumgangatho wepreander; ayixeli ukuba akanatyala.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Umngxuma wemiba yetyala: Ityala lolwaphulo-mthetho lisoloko lisiya ekuvavanyweni. IFAT: uninzi (angaphezulu kwe 90%) lusombululwe ngesicelo esicetyiweyo.
  • [[FLT: 0]] Myth: zombini izigwebo zamakhaya nezaphuli-mthetho kufuneka zidibane. Fact: Kumatyala olwaphulo-mthetho asekuhlaleni, izigqibo kufuneka zihlangane; kwiimeko zasekuhlaleni, amaqela asoloko evumelana nezigqibo ezingezo zesigqibo esipheleleyo (umz., 5 kweyesi-6 igqibo).

Indlela Yokufumana Uncedo: Apho Unokufunda Okungakumbi

Ukuba ufuna ukuqonda imigaqo esemthethweni yemeko ethile, ukudibana negqwetha elifanelekileyo yeyona ndlela ifanelekileyo.

Isiphelo: Ukuyibeka Ngokwasemthethweni Imbonakalo

Umthetho wamakhaya nowamakhaya zintsika ezimbini zenkqubo yokusesikweni, nganye inemithetho yayo, iinkqubo, kunye neenjongo. Umthetho wamakhaya uzama ukuhlawula iimbambano zabucala nokucombulula iingxabano zabucala ngoncedo lwemali okanye ngoncedo olulinganayo, ngokuthembela kubungqina obuphambili. Umthetho wezaphuli-mthetho uzimisele ukohlwaya abenzi bobubi nokukhusela ibutho labantu, unyanzelisa ubungqina obungaphaya kokuthandabuza okusengqiqweni nokunika ukhuseleko oluqinileyo lwemithetho-siseko. Nangona ngamanye amaxesha zidibana, ukuqonda ukwahlukana kwazo kunceda abantu benze izigqibo ezisekelwe kulwazi, ukukhusela izityholo, okanye ukuyiqonda nje indlela umthetho osebenza ngayo ebomini bemihla ngemihla. Ngokuqonda imithwalo eyahlukeneyo, amaqela, kunye neziphumo ezinokwenzeka, uxhotyiselwa kakuhle ukuze ulungele ukunciphisa imingeni esemthethweni kwaye ukhusele amalungelo akho.

[[FLT: 0] IDisclaimer: Eli nqaku linika ulwazi ngokubanzi kwaye aliyilanga icebiso lomthetho. Imithetho iyahluka-hluka ngokolawulo; jonga igqwetha eligunyazisiweyo ukuze ufumane icebiso kwimeko yakho ethile.[[FLT: 1]