Table of Contents

UmGaqo-siseko waseUnited States uqinisekisa inkululeko yonqulo njengenye yamalungelo asisiseko kwidemokhrasi yaseMerika. Le migaqo ichazwe ngokuyintloko kwiSihlaziywa sokuqala, esiqulethe amalungiselelo amabini ahlukeneyo kodwa alungelelanisiweyo: ukusekwa kuka-Claus kunye ne-Free Execle Claus. Zombini, ezi zicaka zimisela inkqubo yomGaqo-siseko eqinisekisa ukuba abantu banokuqhelisela ukholo lwabo ngokukhululekileyo ngaphandle kokungenelela kukarhulumente ngoxa urhulumente ekuthinteleni ukuxhasa okanye ukuseka naluphi na unqulo oluthile.

Ukuqonda Unqulo lukaClaus oluhlaziyiweyo Lokuqala

IFirst Amendment ithi: “ISiphendu Sokuqala asiyi kwenza mthetho mayelana nokusekwa konqulo, okanye ukuthintela ukuqheliselwa kwalo ngokukhululekileyo. La mazwi alishumi elinesithandathu aye aguqula inkululeko yonqulo lwaseMerika ngaphezu kweenkulungwane ezimbini, emisela ulwalamano olukhethekileyo phakathi korhulumente nonqulo olwahlula iUnited States kwezinye iintlanga ezininzi.

Amalungiselelo amabini okuqala oMphetho-mda wokuqala, obizwa ngokuba yiNkolo kaClaus, athi akukho mthetho iNgqungquthela eya kwenza malunga nokusekwa konqulo okanye ukugatywa kwalo ngokukhululekileyo. ISindululo no-Free Expression Claus zavunywa njengenxalenye yeBhili yamaLungelo ngowe-1791. Ngoxa ekuqaleni yayisebenza kurhulumente karhulumente worhulumente kuphela, la makhuselo adluliselwa kurhulumente nakurhulumente wasekuhlaleni ngemfundiso equlunqileyo.

Ukusekwa KukaClaus

Ukumiswa kukaClaus kusikelwe umda obekwe kwiNkomfa yaseUnited States ekuthinteleni ukumisela umthetho wokuseka unqulo olusemthethweni, yaye, ngokutolika, kukwenza kube kokungekho mthethweni ukuba urhulumente akhuthaze ulawulo lobuthixo okanye akhuthaze unqulo oluthile olunerhafu.

Lo mgaqo uchazwa njengothetha ukuba urhulumente umele alondoloze unqulo, axhase, okanye angenelele kakhulu kwimisebenzi yonqulo okanye ahlale engekho ngqiqweni, angaluthandi okanye angaluthandi unqulo.

Ukuzilolonga Ngokukhululeka

ISinyuso soQokelela uLonwabo lokuKhuthaza u-Ourshif Claus siyayilela iKhomishini ekunqandeni ukusebenzisa unqulo ngokukhululekileyo. Ukuqhelisela inkululeko yabantu yokufikelela, yokubambelela, yokuqhelisela, yokuguqula iinkolelo ngokukhululekileyo ngokwemiyalelo yesazela. Oku kukhusela kudlulela ngaphaya kokukholelwa nje ukuba kuqukelele ihambo nehambo yonqulo.

IFree Execle Claus iyayithintela imigaqo karhulumente yonqulo, yaye ngaphandle kwemiqathango, inkululeko yokugcina iinkolelo neembono zonqulo iphelele. Ngoko ke umthetho wesiZwe okanye wesizwe awunakukwenza kube lulwaphulo-mthetho ukubambelela kwinkolelo okanye uluvo lonqulo ngenxa yeFree Execle Claus.

Ulwalamano Oluphakathi Kwabo Bambini UClaus

I-Free Execle Claus ixhalabele "ukunyanzeleka kukarhulumente," lo gama ukumiselwa kuka-Claus kugunyaziswa yimithetho emisela unqulo olusemthethweni ukuba loo mithetho isebenza ngokungqalileyo ukunyanzela abantu ukuba bangabheki okanye bangabhangi." omabini la magama akhusela imilinganiselo efanayo, kwaye ngokufuthi ukwaphula omnye kuya kuba ukwaphula omnye.

Noko ke, la mabinzana mabini maxa wambi angenza uxinezeleko. Ukuba urhulumente uhamba kakhulu ekukhuseleni elinye, ubeka ubomi esichengeni sokwaphula elinye. Umzekelo, ukuba urhulumente akavumi ukunikela iinkonzo ezithile (oko kukuthi, umlilo nokhuseleko lwamapolisa) kwiicawa, oko kusenokuchasana negalelo lokusebenzisa iziyobisi. Ukuba urhulumente unikela iinkonzo ezininzi kakhulu kwiicawa (mhlawumbi ukhuseleko olongezelelekileyo kwisiganeko secawa), ubeka engozini yokwaphula icandelo lokumiswa.

Imvelaphi Nenkqubela Yembali

Isiseko Samarhamente

Ingcamango yenkululeko yonqulo eMerika inemvelaphi enzulu yembali eyabakho ngaphambi koMgaqo-siseko. Ngonyaka we-1681, iPennsylvania yasekwa ingenalunqulo oluzinzileyo kwaye ingenayo ikhuselwa lenkululeko yonqulo. Kwiminyaka yee-700, amanye amathanga anikwa inkululeko epheleleyo okanye elinganiselweyo yonqulo. Oku kuvavanywa kwakudala konqulo kwabeka isiseko sokhuseleko lomgaqo-siseko oya kulandela.

Umthetho owenziwe ngo-1777 yaye waziswa kwiNdibano Jikelele yaseVirginia ngo1779. INdibano Jikelele yade yafika ngowe-1786. UJames Madison wadlala indima ebalulekileyo kwindima yayo. Umthetho wasusa iCawa yase-Ngilani eVirginia kwaye waqinisekisa inkululeko yonqulo kubantu bazo zonke iinkonzo, kuquka amaKatolika namaYuda kunye namalungu azo zonke iinkonzo zamaProtestanti.

Ukuhambelana

Ngaphambi kokumiswa koMgaqo-siseko weshumi elinesine weSigqibo seUnited States ngowe-1868, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yathi ukhuseleko olusezantsi lweBhili yamaLungelo alusebenzi koorhulumente bakarhulumente. Ngokulandelayo, ngemfundiso yokuHlanganisa, iBhili yamaLungelo iye yasetyenziswa ngokubanzi ekumiseleni umda norhulumente wasekuhlaleni.

Ngo1940, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yasebenzisa igalelo lendlela yokuzilolonga elikhululekileyo kumaphondo (Cantwell v. Connecticut). Ukumiselwa kuka-Claus kwafakwa ku-Everson v. Bd. ka-Educ, 330 U.S. 8, (1947), ngoxa i-Free Execle Claus yafakwa kwiCantwell v. Connecticut, 310 U.S. 296, 303 (1940). Oku kwakuthetha ukuba elo lizwe norhulumente wasekuhlaleni, hayi nje urhulumente wequmrhu, wabanjwa ngunqulo luka Claus.

Imilinganiselo Yasemthethweni Nezilingo

Uvavanyo Lwelemon Lokumisela Amatyala KaClaus

Kangangeminyaka emininzi, iinkundla zasebenzisa inkqubo engqalileyo ukuvavanya enoba inyathelo likarhulumente lalephula iSindululo sika-Claus. Inkundla Ephakamileyo yenza uvavanyo oluziinxalenye ezintathu ukuze kuvavanywe amatyala ka-Claus. Imithetho emiselwe ngokwemGaqo-siseko phantsi koMgaqo-siseko Wokuqala: (1) imele ibe nenjongo yehlabathi; (2) imele ibe nempembelelo ephambili engaqhubeki okanye ithintele unqulo; (3) ingabi nakuphenjelelwa kakhulu ngurhulumente kunqulo.

Olu vavanyo, olwaziwa ngokuba luvavanyo lweLemon emva kwetyala lika-1971. Kurtzman, wakhokela ekumisweni kuka Claus ejurispridence kangangamashumi eminyaka. Noko ke, iNkundla yalushiya uvavanyo lweLemon kunye neemvavanyo ezinxulumene nalo, yaza yaluthabathel' indawo ngokuqwalasela "izenzo zobubhali kunye nokuqonda" kwizigqibo zakutshanje.

Imilinganiselo Yokuzilolonga: Ukusuka Kubuchule Obungqongqo Ukuya Kukuba Nobundilele

Umgangatho osemthethweni wokuvavanya iingxelo zokuzilolonga okukhululekileyo uvele ngokuphawulekayo ekuhambeni kwexesha. INkundla yaqalisa ukusebenzisa umgangatho "wokuhlola icandelo" kwimimandla eyahlukeneyo yomthetho wamalungelo abantu, ifunda i-Free Expression Claussle ukufuna indawo yokuhlala yonqulo ngaphandle kokuba urhulumente abonise umdla onyanzelekileyo kwaye akukho ndlela ilula yokufikelela loo njongo.

Ulawulo olusemgangathweni olulawulayo uninzi lwemithetho yamiselwa kwicandelo leMsebenzi lonyaka ka1990. Smith, apho iNkundla Ephakamileyo yagqibayo ukuba ilungelo lokuzilolonga alimkhululi umntu kwimbopheleleko yokuthobela umthetho 'olinganayo nongathathi cala-calucalulo kumhlaba apho umthetho ubhalelwa (okanye ugunyazisa) ukuziphatha okuyalelwa lunqulo lwakhe (okanye umbhali).' Oku kwaphawula ukutshintsha okubalulekileyo kwi-Free Exectrisprudence.

Kwanasemva koSmith, umthetho obeka imithwalo ekhethekileyo kwimisebenzi yonqulo usenokungagqalwa njengongondilele okanye osetyenziswayo kwaye usenokuba ubangela uhlolo oluphangaleleyo. Urhulumente ukhululekile "ngokuqhelekileyo ukubeka imithwalo yethutyana kwindlela yonqulo" logama inkqubo yakhe ingekho kwicala kwaye isebenza jikelele. Ukuba inkqubo karhulumente ayingobundilele okanye isetyenziswa jikelele, ikho le nkqubo yale mihla ye-Free Execle jurisprudence ifundisa ukuba kusetyenziswe uphando olungqongqo, ithetha ukuba urhulumente makangqine izenzo zayo "Imisebenzi enyanzelekayo kwaye ilungele oko kufunwa kwayo kwaye inokwenziwa ngokufutshane ukuze ifeze ezo njongo."

UMthetho Wokubuyiselwa Kwenkululeko Yonqulo

Ukushiywa kweNkundla yokuvavanywa ngokungqongqo kwalandelwa kukungavunyelwa kakhulu yiKhombutho kunye nokudlula koMthetho weNkululeko yoLuntu weNgqino yoBuyiselo loMqathango ngo1993 ukuzama ukubuyisela uvavanyo olungaphambili. UMthetho weNkundla weNdlela yoLuntu woBugqibo lokubuyisela uluvo oluphezulu waba ngumthetho oyalela ukuphendula kwiSebe leMisebenzi yoMsebenzi weziXhosa yoLuntu le-Oregov-th . Smith. Esi senzo sasiyiyo ngokusisiseko esithethth'a ngokusemthethweni we-Smith's Smith's ulawulo. Ifuna imithetho emisela inkululeko yonqulo ukugqithisa umgaqo ongqongqo. Ukuba umgaqo ophezulu womgaqo-siseko uzama ukulinganisela imigaqo yonqulo yomntu, kufuneka isekelwe ku "urhulumente olawula umdla" kwaye ithwalwe nge "indlela yolawulo olungqongqo" enokwenzeka.

KwisiXeko saseBoerne v. Flores, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yasilela isenzo esisetyenziswa eUnited States, isithi ngokungekho mthethweni yazama ukurhoxisa indima yeNkundla ePhakamileyo ekutolikeni umGaqo-siseko, ngaloo ndlela ishiya uvavanyo lweSmith endaweni yayo. Noko ke, i-RFRA iyaqhubeka isebenza kwizenzo zikarhulumente.

I-Religious Land Use and Institutional Persons Act, ekwamkelwe yiKhomko yamaBhunga ngo- 2000, isoloko ibizwa njengomthetho woodade ngenxa yokufana kwawo. Okuphawulekayo kukuba, iyabalela oorhulumente, okanye abameli babo, ekubekeni ekungayimfuneko "umthwalo ongaphantsi" kumalungelo abo bavalelweyo" kunqulo.

Ityala Eliphakamileyo Lenkundla

Amatyala Angaphambili: Ukuchaza Imida

Reynolds v. waseUnited States (1878)

Ngowe-1878, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yabizwa okokuqala ukuchaza umlinganiselo we-Free Execroem Claus eReynolds v. eUnited States, ngokunxulumene nokutshutshiswa kwesithembu phantsi komthetho wesizwe. INkundla ePhakamileyo yaxhasa isiqinisekiso sikaReynolds sokukhusela i-grain, igqiba kwelokuba ukwenza ngapha koko bekuya kukhusela umGaqo-siseko iinkolelo zonqulo, kuquka ezo zigabade njengedini lomntu.

Le Nkundla yathi: “Imithetho yenzelwe urhulumente wezenzo, yaye ngoxa ingenakuphazamisana neenkolelo neembono zonqulo, isenokubangelwa luqheliselo. Oku kwaveza umahluko obalulekileyo phakathi kweenkolelo zonqulo, ezifumana ukhuseleko olupheleleyo, nehambo yonqulo, enokuthi ilawule phantsi kweemeko ezithile.

Ibhodi yemfundo (1947)

Eli tyala laphawula okokuqala iNkundla Ephakamileyo yasebenzisa iSekela likaClaus kurhulumente wephondo. Eli tyala lalibandakanya umthetho waseNew Jersey owawuhlawula abazali ngeendleko zokuhamba ukuze bathumele abantwana babo esikolweni, kuquka nezikolo ze-patochial. INkundla yaxhasa umthetho, ifumanisa ukuba awuzange ungqubanise uKwamkelwa kukaClaus kuba wanika bonke abafundi inzuzo kungakhathaliseki ukuba zinjani iinkonzo zezikolo zabo.

INkundla YaseWarren Yexesha: Ukhuseleko Olungakumbi

UEngel v. Vitale (1962)

Amagosa karhulumente asenokungaqulunqi umthandazo karhulumente aze afune ukuba uphinde uthethwe kwizikolo zikarhulumente, kwanokuba umthandazo ungowobundilele, nokuba abafundi bangahlala bethe cwaka okanye bavunywe. Ngo-1962, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yathi inkqubo yesikolo yokuba umthandazo wemihla ngemihla yawuphula ibinzana lokumiswa, nangona lo mthandazo wawungeyocawa yamalungu enkonzo yasekuhlaleni yaye abafundi babenganyanzelekanga ukuba babe nenxaxheba. Esi sigqibo siye sagxekwa ngokuqatha ngabanye abezobupolitika neinkokeli zonqulo yaye siye sakhokelela ekubeni imigudu emininzi yokuphelisa uMgaqo-siseko.

ISithili seSikolo saseAbington njl.Schepp (1963)

Akukho mthetho okanye bhodi yesikolo yarhulumente inokuthi ifune ukuba kufundwe iindinyana zeBhayibhile okanye ukuba uMthandazo weNkosi ucetywe kwizikolo zikawonke-wonke, nokuba abafundi basenokungavunyelwa ukuya okanye ukuba nenxaxheba kwisicelo esibhaliweyo sabazali babo. Eli tyala lagxininisa ngakumbi ekunqandeni ukuqhelisela unqulo kwizikolo zikawonke-wonke.

Sherbert v. Verner (1963)

KuSherbert v. Verner, iNkundla yasibhukuqa isigqibo seKhomishoni yephondo sokwala inzuzo yokungaqeshwa kwelungu elisebenzayo leCawa yamaSabatha emva kokuba umqeshi wakhe efumene umsebenzi weveki yesithandathu, eyayiza kufuna ukuba asebenze ngeMigqibelo ngokuchasene nemiyalelo yonqulo lwakhe. Njengoko iJaji William Brennan yathethayo ngoninzi, "ukuqinisekisa ukufumaneka kweenzuzo kulo mqeshwa ukuba uzimisele ukuchasa umgaqo oyintloko wokholo lwakhe."

Wisconsin v. Yoder (1972)

Kule meko, iNkundla Ephakamileyo yathi abazali bama-Amish abanakunyanzeleka ukuba bathumele abantwana babo kwisikolo sikawonke-wonke emva kwebanga lesibhozo, njengoko oku kwakuza kungqubana neenkolelo zabo zonqulo ngemfundo kunye nebutho labantu. INkundla yafumanisa ukuba umdla karhulumente kwimfundo enyanzelekileyo awuzange ulibale ngaphezu kwelungelo elisisiseko labazali lokukhokela unqulo lwabantwana babo.

Lemon v. Kurtzman (1971)

Eli tyala laseka uvavanyo lweenxalenye ezintathu lokuvavanya ukwaphulwa komthetho ka-Claus oya kukhokela iinkundla kangangamashumi eminyaka. Ityala lalibandakanya iinkqubo zikarhulumente ezazinika inkxaso yemali kwizikolo zonqulo ngenjongo yemfundo yehlabathi. INkundla yazibetha ezi nkqubo, imisela isiseko sokuba imithetho imele ibe nenjongo yehlabathi, ngokuyintloko imele ingaqhubeli phambili okanye ithintele unqulo, kwaye akufunekanga ikhuthaze urhulumente ukuba aphenjelelwe kakhulu elunqulweni.

I-Shift: Icandelo Lomsebenzi v. Smith (1990)

Eli tyala laphawula incopho yotshintsho olubalulekileyo kwiqumrhu lokuzilolonga elikuFree Gravices. INkundla yathi imithetho yobundilele yokungachaphazeli jikelele ayingqubani noMdlalo wesiKlasko weFree Claus ozinzileyo nokuba ngaba baxakene noqheliselo lonqulo olunzima. Eli tyala lalibandakanya amadoda amabini amaIndiya aseMelika agxothwa kwimisebenzi yawo kwaye lalamkela iinzuzo zokungaqeshwa emva kokusebenzisa ipeyinti njengenxalenye yomsitho wonqulo. Isigqibo seNkundla yale yalenze lanciphisa umgangatho wokukhuselwa kwemikhwa yonqulo phantsi kwe-Free Execree Clas Classe, nto leyo eyakhokelela ekubeni kungenelwe iRFRA.

ICawa yaseLukumi Babalu Aye v. iSixeko saseHialeah (1993)

INkundla Ephakamileyo yathi ukubuza enoba imithetho esekelwe kunqulo ayipheleli ngokubhaliweyo kwemithetho ekhoyo. Ubundilele bemithetho abuthinteli kuphando, kuba i-Free Expressifice kunye nokubekwa kuka-Claus kungaphaya kokucalucalulwa ebusweni. Ityala lathi isixeko esithile siwisa umthetho ngokuchasene nedini lezilwanyana eliqhutywa yicawa entsha.

Uphuhliso Lwakutshanje: Inkulungwane yama - 21

Burwell v. Hobby Lobby Stores, Inc. (2014)

UMthetho weReligious Freedom Reformation Act (RFRA) uvumela ukuba umbutho oxhaswe ngokusondeleyo ukuze ukhanyele abasebenzi bawo ukukhutshwa kwempilo yezokuthintela ukukhawula okuthi ngandlela ithile abasebenzi banikwe imixholo yeSikhundla soMzabalazo ne-Affordal Care Act, esekelwe kwiimfuno zonqulo zabanini bombutho. Okuninzi, ukukhusela amalungelo okuqheliselwa ngesisa amaqumrhu alawulwa ngokusondeleyo akhusele inkululeko yonqulo yabantu abawabo nabalawulayo.

UBathathu Emnye, UEspinoza NoCarson: ISikolo Esixhasa Uncwadi Lweencwadi

Izigqibo ezithathu eziphambili ziye zabangela lo tshintsho: uBathathu Emnye iCawa yamaLuthere yaseColumbia, Inc. v. Comer (207), iEspinoza kunye neSebe leMontana leNgeniso (2020), kunye noCarson kunye noMakin (2022). La matyala athe anweba ngokuqhubekayo umgaqo wokuba iintlangano zonqulo zingenakukhutshwa ngaphandle kwizinto ezikhoyo zikarhulumente eziyingenelo kwiinkqubo zonqulo okanye ezisetyenziswayo.

INkundla ePhakamileyo eCarson v. Makin wawisa umthetho ngoJuni 2022 ukuba inkqubo yokuhlawula iMaine ayinakuvala intlawulo yabazali abathumela abantwana babo kwizikolo zonqulo. Eli tyala labonisa ulwandiso oluphawulekayo lomgaqo wokuba ucalulo lonqulo kuluntu lungahambiselani neenkqubo eziyingenelo ze-Free Execle Claus.

Kennedy v. Bremeton School District (2022)

Inkupho yomthandazo ezikolweni yaphambili kwityala likaKennedy v. Bremeton School District (2022). Kwisigqibo sika-5-4, inkundla yaphakamisa ilungelo lomfundisi webhola ekhatywayo kwisikolo samabanga aphakamileyo ukukhokela iqela lakhe ekuthandazeni ngexesha nasemva kwemidlalo. INkundla yagqiba kwelokuba umthandazo womqeqeshi umele ukuthethe, nokuba ukuvalwa kwalo mthandazo kwawuphula amalungelo oQala uLawulo lweMgaqo-mvume kwana nokuthetha konqulo.

Iimeko ze-COVID-19

Inkundla ePhakamileyo yase-U.S. kwisigqibo esahlulwe ka-5-4 ngoNov. 25, 2020, yavala imiqathango ye-COVOID-19 ye-New York emalunga nobukhulu beentlanganiso zonqulo, isithi nangona urhulumente wayenomdla onyanzelisayo kwimpilo kawonke-wonke, imithetho yabetha kwintliziyo yenkululeko yonqulo. Eli tyala, iRoma Katolika Diocese of Brooklyn v. Cuomo, yaphawula ukuba ikulungele ukusebenzisa imithetho ephakanyiswayo ejongeneyo kwimicimbi yehlabathi ejongene neyonqulo.

Mahmoud v. Taylor (2025)

Kwisigqibo esi-6-3 esaqanjwa nguJaji Alito, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yajika iNkundla yesine, ikholelwa ukuba abazali babenelungelo lokuyalela kuba ukusungulwa kwencwadi yamabali, kunye nesigqibo seBhodi sokungafaki miyalelo ekhethekileyo, ngaphandle kwemithetho, kwabangela ukuba abazali basebenzise uqeqesho lonqulo. Inkundla yokuqala yathetha indlela lo mthwalo ozinzileyo, ichaza ukuba iFree Execs Clause ikhusela amandla okubandakanye nezenzo zonqulo, kwaye "kubantu abaninzi]... zimbalwa izenzo zonqulo ezibaluleke ngakumbi kunemfundo yonqulo yabantwana babo."

Inkundla yagqiba kwelokuba isenzo sikarhulumente esiphazamisana kakhulu nokukhula konqulo lomntwana okanye sibangela "isisongelo esinzulu sokuthoba uxinzelelo" iinkolelo zonqulo umzali afuna ukubethelela kumntwana wakhe mazihlolwe phantsi komgangatho ophezulu womGaqo-siseko. /ukuvavanywa kwecandelo elinomxholo-ukungachazelwa kwesenzo kusini na, kwaye kusoloko kufanelekile.

Iindawo Ezingundoqo Zenkqubo

Unqulo Kwizikolo Ezikawonke - wonke

INkundla Ephakamileyo iye yabambelela ngokuqinileyo ekuthinteleni umthandazo neminye imisebenzi yonqulo kwimisebenzi yesikolo nakweso sikolo esisemthethweni.Ithi izikolo zisenokungabi nayo imiyalelo yeBhayibhile yemihla ngemihla, okanye amaxesha okuzola okucamngca okanye ukuthandaza, okanye imithandazo xa kufundwa izikolo, okanye kwanabafundi abakhuphiswe yimidlalo yebhola ekhatywayo kwisikolo samabanga aphakamileyo.

Noko ke, iNkundla iye yaqonda ukuba akuvumelekanga ukuba kubekho zonke iinkonzo ezikhoyo kwizikolo.

Ukuxhasa Imali Kukarhulumente Neziko Lonqulo

Ngoxa iNkundla iye yathintela amazwana ekuxhaseni iinkonzo ezithe ngqo, ayiwathintelanga ekuncedeni iikholeji zonqulo kunye neeyunivesithi. ETilton v. Richardson (1971), iNkundla yavumela ukusetyenziswa kwemali kawonke-wonke yokwakhiwa kwezakhiwo kumaziko onqulo kwimfundo ephakamileyo. Kwafunyaniswa ukuba kwakungekho "kusindeka" ekubeni izakhiwo zazingakho nkonzo, ngokungafaniyo nabafundisi-magumbi emfundo, kwaye ngenxa yoncedo lwawo lwemali olukhoyo ngexesha elinye, kunokuba kufumaneke uncedo oluqhubekayo.

Enye yeempikiswano ezinkulu zakutshanje ngenxa yokulungisa isiseko semfundo yesikolo, ````inkxaso karhulumente kubafundi ukuba baye kwizikolo zonqulo lwamacala nezonqulo oluphambili. INkundla ePhakamileyo, eZelman kunye neSimmons-Harris (2002), ixhase ukuxhasa komgaqo-siseko kwabaphathi besikolo babucala, iphembelela ukumiswa kuka-Claus.

Imizekelo Yonqulo Kwizinto Eziphathekayo Kuwonke - wonke

Umthetho-siseko wemiboniso yonqulo kwimpahla karhulumente uye waba ngumba oziphindaphindayo. KwiAllegheny County ACLU, urhulumente wephondo umise imiboniso emibini ngexesha leKrismesi. Omnye wawungumboniso (crèche) kwaye omnye wawungaphandle owawubonisa umthi weKrismesi, i-menorah (emela uChanukah) nomqondiso wokukhahlela inkululeko ngexesha leholide. Bathi i-crèche yayingathathwa njenge-statitunite ngenxa yokuba yayinokubonwa njengegunyazisa ubuKristu. Okunye ukuboniswa, okuqulathe imiqondiso yeenkonzo ezimbini kunye nenkululeko, kwakugqalwa njengendlela esengqiqweni yokuvuma iholide ngeemeko zonqulo nezithethe zombini.

Inkululeko Yonqulo Ezindlobokweni

Abantu abaqashelweyo bagcina amalungelo athile enkululeko yonqulo, nangona ezi zinokulinganiselwa zizinto ezisemthethweni ezifunwa yincwadi. I-Religious Land Use and Institudeed Persons Act inika ukhuseleko olukhethekileyo kumabanjwa aqhelisela unqulo, ithintela imithwalo enzima kuqheliselo lonqulo ngaphandle kokuba urhulumente angabonakalisa umdla onyanzelekileyo ofunyenwe ngezona ndlela zingqongqo.

Umsebenzi Nezindlu Zonqulo

Ukudibana komthetho wemisebenzi nenkululeko yonqulo kuye kwavelisa amatyala amaninzi abalulekileyo. Abaqeshi kufuneka ngokusengqiqweni bamkele izenzo zonqulo zabaqeshwa ngaphandle kokuba ukwenza oko bekuya kubangela ubunzima obungeyomfuneko. Ucalucalulo lolungiselelo, oluqwalaselwe yiNkundla Ephakamileyo, luthintela iinkundla ekungeneleni kwizigqibo zemisebenzi ezingezobefundisi nezinye iinkokeli zonqulo.

ISivumelwano noMthetho ka-Free Execless wamangalela abalungiseleli bazo, besithi batshayelwe ngokuchasene nemithetho yocalulo lwemisebenzi. Lo mgaqo ukhusela inkululeko yeentlangano zonqulo ekukhetheni iinkokeli zazo zokomoya.

Iimbambano Nempikiswano

Ukukhululeka Konqulo

Enye yezona ndawo zilwayo kwinkululeko yonqulo yanamhlanje ibandakanya iimbambano phakathi kwenkululeko yonqulo nemithetho ekhusela abantu kwikhethe leLGBTQ. Ityala elibandakanya abarhwebi bemitshato, abameli bokukhulisa abantwana nabanye abanyamekela iinkonzo liye laphakamisa imibuzo enzima ngendlela yokulungelelanisa izilangazelelo ezikhuphisanayo.

Isigqibo seHobby Lobby kunye namatyala alandelayo aye abalaselisa ukungavumelani phakathi konqulo ekunikezeleni iinkonzo ezithile okanye iingenelo kunye nemigaqo elwa nokungavumelani. Iinkundla ziyaqhubeka zizama ukumelana nendlela yokucombulula ezi ngxabano ngeendlela ezihlonela inkululeko yonqulo nemigaqo yokulingana.

Izikolo Zonqulo

U-Oklahoma Attorney General Gentner Drummond wathi iqumrhu lesikolo somthetho-siseko wesizwe laphula umthetho wesizwe nomthetho we-U.S. kunye no-Oklahoma xa lavuma isivumelwano neSt. Isidore yaseSeville Yezoqobo Isikolo seSteretere. Ukuseka isikolo somthetho-mthetho wecawa. St. Isidore waceba ukuqhuba isikolo somthetho wesikolo njengesikolo samaKatolika. Inkundla yephondo yavuma ne-Drummond. Inkundla yesizwe yathi, "inkcitho yemali karhulumente yeSt. Isid's ithetha ukusetyenziswa kwemali karhulumente ukuze kungenelwe kwaye kuxhaswe icawase cawast, kwaye loo nto itsho i-" l-" i-'uploritist" yemithetho yemost.

Amalungelo Omzali Nemithetho

Amatyala akutshanje aye abhekisa kumalungelo abazali okulawula umgangatho wemfundo yabantwana babo engqubana neenkolelo zabo. Ityala likaTaylor limela inkqubela-phambili ebalulekileyo kulo mmandla, liqinisekisa ilungelo lomGaqo-siseko labazali lokuyalela uqeqesho lonqulo lwabantwana babo kwanakwizikolo zikawonke-wonke.

Ukucinezelwa Kwerhafu Yonqulo

Imibuzo ephathelele ukuba ngawaphi amaqumrhu afanelekele ukukhulula irhafu yonqulo iyaqhubeka ivela. IKhomishini yeCatholic Charities Bureau neWisconsin Labor & Industry Review ibhenate yesibheno yamaKatolika yeNkundla ePhakamileyo exhasa ukukhanyelwa kokungahlawulwa kwerhafu karhulumente. Inkundla yelizwe yathi iCatholic Charities (ingalo yekomkhulu lamaKatolika) ayizange isetyenziswe ngokuyintloko ngenxa yeenjongo zonqulo"njengoko kufunekayo kwintengiso yerhafu phantsi komthetho wesizwe, kwaye imisebenzi yayo, endaweni yoko, yayiyiyo "impangelo neyamahlalo kunye neyonqulo"

Ukucaciswa Okutshintshayo Kwenkululeko Yonqulo

Ingcaciso egqwethekileyo yenkululeko yonqulo yeNkundla Ephakamileyo ithetha ngeempikiswano eziqhubekayo eziphathelele ulungelelwano phakathi kwamalungelo abantu neembutho zikarhulumente. Indlela yeNkundla yokusingatha amatyala enkululeko yonqulo iye yatshintsha ngokuphawulekayo ukutyhubela amashumi eminyaka, ukusuka kukwahlula okungqongqo kwenkulungwane yama-20 ukuya kumgangatho ongakumbi wokuhlala kwiminyaka yakutshanje.

Abaninzi beNkundla kaRoberts abaphili ngemithetho babonakala befuna amatyala onqulo ngokunganelisekiyo, ingakumbi lawo abandakanya igalelo lokwenza umthambo ngokukhululekileyo. Abanye abaphengululi abalandela izigqibo zonqulo lweNkundla bakholelwa ukuba uninzi luye lwaphakamisa elo binzana ngaphezu kwegalelo ngokubonisa inkxalabo encinane ngorhulumente orhaxwa lunqulo.

Izizathu Ezisebenzisekayo Kubantu BaseMerika

Amalungelo Omntu Ngamnye

Ngaphantsi kwemiqathango yokusebenzisa amahala, abantu bonqulo banelungelo lokulandela ukholo lwabo ngokusebenzela isikhundla sikawonke-wonke okanye ngokukhuthaza imithetho evisisana nemilinganiselo yabo. Imithetho yonqulo yoMmiselo Wokuqala — kungekho lumiselo nendlela yokuziqhelisela — ikhusela ilungelo labantu bazo zonke iinkonzo neenkolelo ukuba basebenzise naluphi na unqulo okanye naluphi na unqulo, ngaphandle kokungenelela kukarhulumente. Lo mGaqo-siseko wenza kubekho uxolo kwiingxubeko ezinzulu zonqulo nezeengcamango. Phezu kwako nje ukuqhambuka kwezantlukwano zonqulo kunye nengxabano kwimbali yethu, iUnited States namhlanje ihlala iyilingelelo elinamandla nempumelelo kwinkululeko yonqulo, ngenxa yokuHlulwa koLuhlulo Lokuqala.

Ukuchaza Unqulo

Xa kutolikwa iSihlaziyo Sokuqala, maxa wambi kuyimfuneko ukuchaza unqulo. iinkundla ngokuqhelekileyo ziye zanikela ingcaciso ebanzi ngeli gama. Iinkolelo zonqulo ziyakhuselwa naxa zingavumelani nemfundiso yayo nayiphi na unqulo oluthile.

Ngowe - 1965, iNkundla Ephakamileyo yandisa ingcamango yonqulo ekhuselwe phantsi koMphetho - Mtshayelo Wokuqala kwityala elibandakanya umntu ongakholelwayo kuSomandla ophakamileyo.

Imida Kuqheliselo Lonqulo

Ngoxa inkolelo yonqulo ifumana ukhuseleko olupheleleyo, ihambo yonqulo isenokuthotyelwa kwimigaqo esengqiqweni. Inkundla yaqhubeka ikhupha i-Reynolds kwityala le-1890 u-Davis v. Beason: "Nangona isenokukhululeka kunqulo, kufuneka ithotyelwe kwimithetho yezolwaphulo-mthetho yelizwe, idluliselwe ngokweembekiselo kwizenzo ezijongwa ngokubanzi njengemiba yomthetho wetyala ngokufanelekileyo."

Urhulumente usenokulawula ihambo yonqulo xa inomdla onyanzelisayo yaye usebenzisa iindlela ezincinane ezikhoyo ezingqongqo, ingakumbi xa ingumthetho ojongene noqheliselo lonqulo ngokukhethekileyo.

Ukukhangela Phambili

Izigqibo zeNkundla Ephakamileyo Zakutshanje zibonisa ukuba kudla ngokubakho utyekelo olungakumbi lokuqhelisela unqulo nokunganyamezeli izenzo zikarhulumente ezicalucalula unqulo, kwanangangqalanga.

Imibuzo ebalulekileyo ayikaphendulwa, kuquka indlela yokulungelelanisa inkululeko yonqulo namanye amalungelo omgaqo-siseko, umlinganiselo iintlangano zonqulo ezinokuthi ngawo zikhululeke kwimithetho eqhelekileyo esebenzayo, nendima efanelekileyo yonqulo kubomi babantu bonke. Njengoko ibutho labantu baseMerika lisiya lisiba neenguqu eziya zisanda kwiinkolelo nezenzo zalo zonqulo, iinkundla ziya kuqhubeka zicombulula ukusetyenziswa konqulo lukaCelaus kwiimeko ezintsha.

Ukukhusela koMphetho wokuqala wenkululeko yonqulo kusengundoqo wenkululeko yamaMerika. Ngokuthintela ukusekwa konqulo nokuphazamisana nokusetyenziswa kwalo ngokukhululekileyo, umGaqo-siseko umisela indawo yonqulo oluziintlobo ezininzi kunye nesazela somntu ngamnye. Ukuqonda ezi nkukhusela nemida yazo kubalulekile kubo bonke abantu baseMerika abafuna ukusebenzisa inkululeko yabo yonqulo ngoxa bewahlonela amalungelo abanye.

Ukuze ufumane ulwazi olungakumbi malunga noMphetho wokuqala kunye nenkululeko yonqulo, tyelela i- Consitution Ancodition kwiThala leencwadi leBhunga okanye Inkululeko yeForum, enika ubuncwane obuninzi kumalungelo oQaphela uHluliso kunye nokusetyenziswa kwebutho labantu lanamhlanje.