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Ukuqonda Imithetho Entle: Ukhokelo Oluyinkokeli Kumalungelo Asekuhlaleni Nokusesikweni EMerika

Amalungelo asekuhlaleni nokusesikweni kusisiseko sebutho labantu abanobulungisa nabanokulingana. Kuyo yonke imbali yaseMerika, ukuphunyelelwa kwempatho efanayo phantsi komthetho kuye kwabangela iinguqu eziphawulekayo zomthetho ezikhusela abantu ekucalucalulweni nokuqinisekisa ukuba wonke umntu uyakwazi ukufumana amathuba afanayo. Ukuqonda le mithetho kubalulekile ukuze aqonde amalungelo akho, akhuthaze okusesikweni, kwaye akhe uluntu oluthe qheke ngakumbi.

Lo myalelo ubanzi uhlola imithetho engundoqo yamalungelo abantu ebumba ibutho labantu namhlanje, ukusuka ekukhuseleni intlalo-ntle yabemi baseMerika, ukusuka ekuhlaleni, ukulingana kwemfundo ukuya kwizindlu ezineziphene. Enoba ungumsebenzi, umqeshi, umfundi, okanye ummi oxhalabileyo, eli nqaku liya kukunceda ulawule indlela entsonkothileyo yomthetho wamalungelo abantu kwaye uqonde indlela le mithetho ekukhusela ngayo wena nebutho lakho.

Isiseko Samalungelo Abemi EMerika

Imithetho yamalungelo abantu eUnited States imela amashumi eminyaka emfazwe, ubungangamsha, kunye nenkqubo yowiso-mthetho ejolise ekupheliseni ucalucalulo nokuqinisekisa ukuba bonke abemi baphathwa ngendlela efanayo. Le mithetho ikhusela abantu ekuphathweni ngokungekho sikweni ngenxa yeempawu ezifana nebala, imibala, unqulo, isini, imvelaphi yobuzwe, ubudala, kunye nokukhubazeka. Ukuqonda umongo wembali kunye nendaleko yezi nxalabo kusinceda siqonde ukubaluleka kwazo kwaye siqonde iingxaki eziqhubekayo.

Ayintoni Amalungelo Asekuhlaleni?

Amalungelo angokwamakhaya ngamalungelo asisiseko nenkululeko eqinisekiswe kubo bonke abantu ngomthetho. La malungelo aqinisekisa ukuba wonke umntu angaba nenxaxheba ngokupheleleyo kwibutho labantu ngaphandle kokucalucalulwa okanye ukuphathwa ngendlela engalinganiyo. Amalungelo abemi aquka iinkalo ezininzi zobomi bemihla ngemihla, kuquka umsebenzi wemihla ngemihla, imfundo, indawo yokuhlala, ukuvota, nokufumana iinkonzo zikawonke-wonke-wonke kunye neendawo zokuhlala.

Ingcamango yamalungelo abantu isekelwe kumgaqo wokuba bonke abantu bafanelwe yinkuselo elinganayo phantsi komthetho, kungakhathaliseki iimpawu zabo okanye imvelaphi yabo. Olu khuselo lunyanzeliswa ngorhulumente, urhulumente, nangomthetho wasekuhlaleni, kunye namaqumrhu ahlukahlukeneyo karhulumente ajonge uphando lokwaphulwa nokuqinisekiswa kokuthobela.

Indaleko Yamalungelo Abantu

Uhambo oluya kukhuseleko lwamalungelo asekuhlaleni olubanzi eMerika luye lwathatha ixesha elide yaye lwaba lucelomngeni. Ngoxa umGaqo-siseko noMgaqo-siseko wamaLungelo waseka inkululeko esisiseko, amaqela amaninzi aye ajamelana nocalucalulo olucwangcisiweyo kwizizukulwana. Umbutho wamalungelo abantu weminyaka yee-1950 neyee-1960 wazisa ingqalelo yesizwe kolu kungabikho kokusesikweni yaye kwaneenguqu eziphawulekayo zemithetho.

Kwavela umthetho omkhulu wamalungelo abantu oyintloko owenziwa ngeminyaka yee-1960 neyee-1970, nangona imithetho ebalulekileyo isaqhubeka imiselwa ize ilungiswe ukucombulula iingxaki. Le mithetho yakhelane, idala isiseko esibanzi sokukhusela esijongene nocalucalulo kwiimeko ezahlukeneyo kwaye ikhusela amaqela abantu ahlukahlukeneyo.

UMthetho wamaLungelo ka-1964: Umthetho wophawu lwelizwe

UMthetho waMalungelo oMsebenzi ka-1964 umi njengenye yezona nkcukacha zibalulekileyo zomthetho kwimbali yaseMerika. Lo mthetho ubanzi wathetha ngocalulo kwiindawo ezininzi zobomi bukawonke-wonke kwaye waseka isiseko sokhuseleko lwamalungelo abantu olulandelayo. Ukuqonda lo mthetho obalulekileyo kubalulekile ekuqondeni indlela imithetho yamalungelo abantu yale mihla esebenza ngayo.

IVII: Ucalucalulo Lomsebenzi

Isihloko VII soMthetho wamaLungelo ka-1946 silwalela ucalucalulo lwemisebenzi olusekelwe kuhlanga, imibala, unqulo, isini, okanye imvelaphi yesizwe. Eli candelo lomthetho lisebenza kubaqeshi abaqeshi abali-15 okanye abaqeshwa abangaphezulu kwaye ligubungela zonke iinkalo zemisebenzi, kuquka ukuqeshwa, ukudutyulwa, ukunyuselwa, intlawulo, uqeqesho, nezinye iimfuno kunye neemeko zengqesho.

Umthetho ukwenza kube nzima ukuba abaqeshi bakhethe abantu abacela umsebenzi okanye abasebenzi ngenxa yeempawu zabo ezikhuselekileyo. Oku akuquki nje ucalucalulo olungqalileyo kodwa kubandakanya nemigaqo-nkqubo okanye izenzo ezinempembelelo engathethekiyo kumaqela akhuselweyo, kwanokuba ucalucalulo lungaqhutywa ngabom. IKhomishini ye-Active Broomportography Implication (EOC) inyanzelela ukuba iSihlomelo VII sinyangwe kwaye ihlole izikhalazo zocalucalulo lwemisebenzi.

Izigqibo zeNkundla Ephakamileyo yakutshanje ziye zacacisa ukuba ucalucalulo olusekelwe kwimbonakalo yesondo nakwindlela yokuba neentlobano zesini kuxhomekeke kucalulo lweSihloko VII, nto leyo ebangela ukuba i-LGBTQ+ abasebenzi baso balufumane ucalucalulo olusekelwe kwisondo nakwi-geneni.

Ezinye iziGqeba eziBalulekileyo zoMthetho wamaLungelo

Ngaphaya kweSihloko VII, umThetho waMalungelo oMsebenzi ka-1964 uquka amanye amalungiselelo abalulekileyo. Isihloko II silwalela ucalulo kwiindawo zikawonke-wonke ezifana neehotele, iivenkile zokutyela, amaholo emidlalo, namanye amashishini anceda uluntu. Isihloko III siphendula ucalulo kwiindawo zikawonke-wonke. Isihloko I-IV siqhubana nocalucalulo oluseluntwini lwezikolo zikarhulumente.

Isihloko ngasinye sithetha ngocalucalulo ngokwemeko ethile, sidala ilungiselelo elibanzi lokukhusela amalungelo abantu.Sidibi solu lungiselelo saguqula ibutho labantu baseMerika ngokwenza ucalucalulo olungekho mthethweni kwiindawo ezininzi zikawonke wonke nokuseka iinkqubo zokunyanzelisa nokulungisa.

UMthetho weNtlawulo olinganayo ka- 1963: Ukulwa nocalucalulo

UMthetho wePay Elinganayo watyikitywa njengomthetho ngoJuni 10, 1963, nguJohn F. Kennedy, ewenza ube ngomnye wemithetho yokuqala karhulumente ethetha ngokukhethekileyo ngocalulo olusekelwe kwi-i-genetics emsebenzini. I-Aumediement Pay Pay Act ka 1963 ngumthetho we-United States oxhasa i-Fair Labor Standard Act, ojolise ekupheliseni ukuhla intlawulo olusekelwe kwisondo.

Amalungiselelo Omrhumo Olinganayo

I-EPA iyalwalela ucalucalulo olusekelwe kwisondo phakathi kwamadoda namabhinqa akwisibonelelo esinye asebenza imisebenzi efuna ubuchule obulinganayo, umgudu, kunye noxanduva phantsi kweemeko ezifanayo zokusebenza. Oku kuthetha ukuba abaqeshi abanakukwazi ukuhlawula abaqeshwa besini esingaphantsi kwabasebenzi besini esahlukileyo ukwenzela umsebenzi olinganayo.

Zonke iintlobo zembutho zihlawulwa, kuquka umvuzo owengeziweyo, ingeniso engaphaya komsebenzi, iibhonasi, i-inshorensi yobomi, ikhefu kunye nemali yeholide, ukucoca okanye imali yepetroli, iindawo zokuhlala ehotele, ukuhlawula iindleko zohambo, neengenelo. Ingxelo yomthetho ebanzi iqinisekisa ukuba ucalucalulo alunakufihlakala ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo zembuyiselo.

Yintoni Ebangela Ukuba Kube Ngumsebenzi Onzima?

Imisebenzi ethelekiswayo kufuneka ubuchule obulinganayo, umgudu, kunye noxanduva kwaye yenziwe phantsi kweemeko ezifanayo zokusebenza kwisakhiwo esinye. Ukuthathwa njengolinganayo ngokubhekiselele, imisebenzi kufuneka "inxulumene ngokusondeleyo" okanye "ifana kakhulu" kunye nomahluko omncinane kwimisebenzi, okanye ubuchule, umgudu, okanye uxanduva olufunekayo kwimisebenzi aluzukuwenza umsebenzi ungalingani.

Umthetho uhlolisisa oothunywashe abaliqela xa ufumanisa ukuba imisebenzi iyalingana. Ubuchule bulinganiswa ngamava, ubuchule, imfundo, kunye noqeqesho olufunekayo ukuze kuphunyezwe umsebenzi. Umgudu ubhekisela kubungakanani bokusebenza nzima emzimbeni okanye engqondweni. Imbopheleleko iqwalasela iqondo lokuziphendulela. Iimeko zokusebenza ziquka izinto ezikumgangatho ophezulu kunye neengozi zomsebenzi.

Wavumela Imithetho Eyahlukileyo

I-EPA ivumela ukwahluka kwemivuzo esekelwe kumgangatho, kwixabiso, okanye kubuninzi bemveliso, okanye ezinye ii-arhente ezingasekelwanga kwi-screenne. Oku kuvumela abaqeshi ukuba bagcine iinkqubo ezifanelekileyo zokuhlawula ezinika umvuzo wamava, ukusebenza, kunye nemveliso ngaphandle kokwaphula umthetho.

Noko ke, abaqeshi abanakusebenzisa ezi zinto njengezizathu zocalucalulo. Ukuba kukho intlawulo eyahlukeneyo phakathi kwamadoda namabhinqa asebenza umsebenzi olinganayo, umqeshi kufuneka angqine ukuba umahluko usekelwe komnye wale mibandela ifanelekileyo kunokuba ube sisini. Uxanduva lokuqinisekisa luxhomekeke kumqeshi ukuze athethelele nakuphi na ukungahlawulwa.

Ukulungisa Ucalucalulo

Ukuba kukho ukungalingani kwimivuzo yabantu abanobudoda abasebenza imisebenzi elinganayo, abaqeshi kufuneka banyuse imivuzo elinganayo kodwa bangawucutha umvuzo wabanye abantu. Eli lungiselelo liqinisekisa ukuba ukulungisa ucalucalulo kungenelwa umqeshwa ohlawulwa ngaphantsi kunokuba kwenzakalisa abanye abasebenzi.

NgoJanuwari 29, 2009, uMongameli Barack Obama watyikitya umthetho iLilly Benefire Fair Pay Act, enika ibonelelo lokuba ijelo ngalinye lemali ehlawulwa ngokwesini lilulwaphulo-mthetho olutsha. Lo mthetho wathetha ngesigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo esasisikelwe umda ixesha lokuhlawula iimfuno zocalulo, nto leyo eyenza kube lula ukuba abasebenzi bacel ’ umngeni ukuhlawulwa ngokungekho mthethweni.

Imeko Nempembelelo Yembali

UMthetho wePay Elinganayo, otyikitywe nguMongameli uJohn F. Kennedy ngoJuni 10, 1963, wawungomnye wemithetho yokuqala elwa nocalulo-calulo karhulumente eyayithetha ngemivuzo esekelwe kwisini esifana nesobufanayo, ikwenza kube kokungekho mthethweni ukuhlawula amadoda namabhinqa asebenza endaweni enye imivuzo eyahlukeneyo ukwenzela umsebenzi ofanayo.

Umthetho wavela kumashumi eminyaka okungalawuleki nokutshintsha kweemeko zentlalo. Ngexesha leMfazwe Yehlabathi II, amabhinqa aqala ukusebenza ngamanani angathethekiyo, kodwa ngokuphawulekayo afumana ingeniso engaphantsi kunamadoda asebenza umsebenzi ofanayo. Emva kwemfazwe, imigudu yokulungisa lo mahluko yahambela phambili, nangona kwathabatha malunga namashumi amabini eminyaka ukuze kudlule umthetho obanzi.

Imali yedrafti yayifuna intlawulo elinganayo "yomsebenzi olinganayo," kodwa eli binzana latshintshwa laya kutsho kumsebenzi omncinci "wokulingana" othetha ukuthi, "izinto ezifuna ubuchule obulinganayo, umgudu, kunye noxanduva, kwaye zenziwe phantsi kweemeko ezifanayo zokusebenza". Olu tshintsho lwaluyimfuneko ukukhusela ukudluliswa komthetho, nangona abanye abaxhasi babephikisa ukuba umgangatho omxinwa uza kulinganisela impumelelo yomthetho.

AmaMerika anoMthetho weNkqutyana:

AmaMerika AnoMthetho (ADA) Onesiphene aba ngumthetho ngowe - 1990 yaye ngumthetho wamalungelo abantu ongavumeliyo ukuba abantu abaneziphene bakhethe abantu kwiindawo ezininzi zobomi, kuquka imisebenzi, izikolo, ezothutho, neendawo ezininzi zikawonke wonke nangasese ezinokufunyanwa ngabantu ngokubanzi.

Ukuqonda Ukungakhuthazi Ngaphantsi KweADA

I-ADA ilwalela ucalucalulo ngokusekelwe kwisiphene kanye njengokuba eminye imithetho yamalungelo abantu iluthintela ucalucalulo ngenxa yobuhlanga, ibala, isini, imvelaphi yobuzwe, ubudala nonqulo.

IADA ichaza ukukhubazeka okuquka ukungakwazi ukwenza kakuhle emzimbeni okanye engqondweni okunciphisa izinto ezibaluleke kakhulu ebomini. Izinto ezininzi eziwenziwa ebomini ziquka ukutya, ukulala, ukuthetha, ukuphefumla, ukuhamba, ukuma, ukugoba, nokunikela ingqalelo kwizinto ezifana nokucinga nokucinga. Le nkcazelo iquka abantu abanengxaki yokukhubazeka kunye nabo babonwa njengabaneziphene.

NgoSeptemba 25, 2008, uMongameli uGeorge W. Bush watyobela uMthetho wesiHlaliso we-ADA ka-2008 (ADAAA) njengomthetho, owandisa ingcaciso "yokungakhuselwa," ngaloo ndlela yandisa ukhuseleko lwe-ADA kubantu abaninzi. Oku kwaziguqula izigqibo ezininzi zenkundla ezazitolike kancinane intsingiselo yesiphene, nto leyo eqinisekisa ukuba abantu abangakumbi bafumana ukhuseleko phantsi komthetho.

Isihloko I: Ukhuseleko Lomsebenzi

Umxholo Ndinceda abantu abaneziphene ukuba bafumane amathuba emisebenzi afanayo kunye neengenelo ezifumaneka kubantu abangenaziphene kwaye basebenza kubaqeshi abaqeshi abasebenzayo abali-15 nangaphezulu.

ISihlomelo Ndifuna abaqeshi ukuba banike abafaki-zicelo okanye abasebenzi abafanelekayo indawo yokuhlala, echazwa njengeinguqu ezihlalisa abasebenzi abaneziphene ukuze basebenze ngaphandle kokubangela umqeshi "ubunzima obungalawulekiyo" (ubunzima okanye indleko).

Izindlu ezifanelekileyo zingathatha iindlela ezininzi, kuquka ukulungelelaniswa kocwangciso lomsebenzi, ukubonelela ngobugcisa obuncedisayo, ukulungisa imisebenzi, ukwenza iindawo zokuhlala zifikeleleke, okanye ukunika abatoliki okanye abafundi. Indawo efunekayo ixhomekeke kwisiphene somntu kunye neemfuno zomsebenzi. Abaqeshi nabaqeshwa kufuneka babandakanyeke kwinkqubo yokusebenzisana ukuze bafumanise iindawo zokuhlala ezisebenzayo.

Isihloko II: IiNkonzo zikaRhulumente noRhulumente

Isihloko II sifuna amaqumrhu kawonke-wonke enze iinkqubo zawo, iinkonzo nemisebenzi efikeleleka kubantu abakhubazekileyo kwaye bachaze iimfuno zokuphepha nokuceba; benza utshintsho olufanelekileyo kwimigaqo, izenzo, kunye nenkqubo apho kuyimfuneko khona ukuphepha ucalucalulo; ukuchaza imiqobo yokwakha; nokunxibelelana ngokunempumelelo nabantu abaneendlebe, abanokuva nabangathethi kakuhle.

Lo mxholo usebenza kuwo onke amaqumrhu karhulumente nawasekuhlaleni, kuquka izikolo, iinkundla, abameli beenkonzo zoluntu, iinkqubo zezithuthi zikawonke-wonke, kunye nezibonelelo zokuzonwabisa. Amaqumrhu oluntu kufuneka aqinisekise ukuba abantu abaneziphene banokuba nenxaxheba kwaye bangenelwe kwiinkqubo neenkonzo zikarhulumente

Isihloko III: Iindawo zokusebenzela zikawonke-wonke

ISihlomelo III salela iindawo zokuhlala zikawonke-wonke ezingahlawuli abantu abaneziphene, kuquka abantu abaneziphene, abaqeshwa okanye abasetyenziswa ngasese njengeehotele, iivenkile zokutyela, abarhwebi, iiofisi zoogqirha, izifundo zegalufa, izikolo zonyango, amaziko emidlalo, amabala emidlalo, iifilimu njalo njalo.

Isihloko III simisela imigangatho encinane yokufumaneka kotshintsho kunye nokwakhiwa okutsha kwezakhiwo zorhwebo kunye neendawo zokuhlala zikawonke-wonke. Oku kuqinisekisa ukuba izakhiwo ezintsha nokuhlaziywa kubandakanya iimpawu zokufumaneka ezisuka kwiqonga loyilo, ukuze kube lula kwaye kuphumele imali eninzi ukunikezela ngofikelelo olulinganayo.

Izindlu zoluntu kufuneka zisuse imiqobo yokwakha apho kulula ukufumaneka, zibonelele uncedo kunye neenkonzo zonxibelelwano olusebenzayo, zilungise nemigaqo-nkqubo kunye nezenzo ezicalula abantu abaneziphene. Ezi mfuneko ziqinisekisa ukuba abantu abaneziphene bayakwazi ukufumana izinto, iinkonzo, kunye nezixhobo ezinokufumaneka ngokulinganayo nabanye.

Isihloko IV: Unxibelelwano lonxibelelwano

Isihloko se-IV sifuna iinkampani zemfonomfono ne-intanethi zinikezele ngeenkonzo zokudlulisela ngonxibelelwano ezivumela abantu abangakwaziyo ukuva nokuthetha ukuba banxibelelane ngemfonomfono. Oku kuquka iinkonzo ezifana neemfonomfono zombhalo (TTTY) kunye neenkonzo zokudlulisela iividiyo ezisebenzisa itoliko yolwimi lwezandla. Esi sihloko sikwafuna ukuba kubhalwe amagama afihlakeleyo ezaziso zenkonzo kawonke-wonke ezixhaswa ngurhulumente.

Isihloko V: Amalungiselelo Aziintlobo ngeentlobo

Isihloko V siqulethe amalungiselelo ahlukeneyo anxulumene neADA iyonke, kuquka ulwalamano lwayo neminye imithetho, ukuthintela ukuziphindezelela nokunyanzelisa, kunye nemali yetyala yegqwetha. Esi sibizo sicacisa ukuba iADA ayisimili okanye ayiwubeki mgangathweni omnye umthetho okanye urhulumente onika abantu abaneziphene okanye abanokukhuselwa okungakumbi.

Impembelelo nokubaluleka

I-ADA yakhokelela kwinkqubela ephawulekayo ngokuphathelele ukufikelela kwiinkonzo zikarhulumente, ukufumaneka kwemekobume eyakhelweyo, nokuqondwa koluntu ngesiphene. Umthetho uye waguqula ibutho lamaMerika ngokufuna amashishini, imicimbi karhulumente neminye imibutho ukuqwalasela ukufumaneka kwemisebenzi nezakhiwo zawo.

I-ADA iye yabangela utshintsho olugqithisileyo kwimizinzo yomzimba, ukusuka ekunqumleni nasekufumanekeni kwezithuba zokupaka ukuya kwi-shefu nakwizindlu zangasese ezifikelelekayo. Ikwatshintshe imisebenzi, amathuba emfundo, nokufumana iinkonzo. Ngaphandle kotshintsho lomzimba, i-ADA iye yanceda ekutshintsheni isimo sengqondo soluntu ngokukhubazeka, ikhuthaza ukuqonda ukuba abantu abanesiphene banelungelo lokuthatha inxaxheba ngokupheleleyo kuzo zonke iinkalo zebutho labantu.

UMthetho ka-1965 Wokukhusela Ukuthabatha Inxaxheba Kwedemokhrasi

UMthetho wamalungelo abantu we-1965 umela enye yezona zinto zibalulekileyo ziphunyezwe ngumbutho wamalungelo abantu. Lo mthetho ubalulekileyo wathetha ngemiqobo ecwangcisiweyo eyathintela abantu base-Afrika kunye namanye amaqela amancinane ekusebenziseni ilungelo lawo lomgaqo-siseko lokuvota. Ukuqonda lo mthetho kubalulekile ukuze siqonde ukuzabalazela ukuphumelela okuqhubekayo kwamalungelo okuvota nokuthabatha inxaxheba kwidemokhrasi.

Imbali Nenjongo

Phezu kwayo nje isiqinisekiso soMphetho-mda weshumi elinesihlanu weSimiselo soHlaziyo soHlaziyo ukuba ilungelo lokuvota alinakutshintshwa ngenxa yohlanga, amazwe amaninzi, ingakumbi kuMzantsi, asebenzisa iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokuthintela ama-Afrika ekuvoteleni. Ezi ziquka iimvavanyo zokufunda nokubhala, iirhafu zovotelo, iirejista, kunye nokoyikisa okuthe ngqo. UMthetho weSigunya sobuBomvu ucelwe ukuphelisa ezi ndlela zolwaphulo-mthetho nokuqinisekisa ukuba bonke abemi banokusebenzisa ilungelo labo lokuvota.

Umthetho wamiswa emva kokungquzulwano olunogonyamelo ebudeni bemiboniso yokuvota, ingakumbi iziganeko zaseSelma, eAlabama, ngoMatshi 1965. Ezi ziganeko zavuselela inkxaso yesizwe kumthetho wokuvota wamalungelo esizwe kwaye zakhokelela uMongameli Lyndon B. Johnson ukuba anyanzele ukudlula ngokukhawuleza koMthetho wamaLungelo.

Amalungiselelo angundoqo

ISahlulo 2 sikwalela nayiphi na inkqubo yokuvota ecalucalula uhlanga, imibala, okanye amalungu eqela elincinane lolwimi. Eli lungiselelo liyasebenza kulo lonke ilizwe yaye limisela umgaqo osisigxina ochasene nocalucalulo lokuvota.

Icandelo 5, eliye laba lilungiselelo lokwexeshana eliye lahlaziywa, lafuna ulawulo oluthile olunembali yocalulo ukuze kufumane imvume karhulumente (ngaphambi kokubekwa) phambi kokuzalisekisa naluphi na utshintsho kwimithetho yabo yokuvota okanye iinkqubo. Eli lungiselelo lenzelwe ukuthintela utshintsho localulo ngaphambi kokuba luphunyezwe. Noko ke, isigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo ka-2013 eShelby County v. UVimbar ngokunelo wayikhupha ngokunempumelelo imfuneko yangaphambili yokukhupha imigaqo yokubhalisa esetyenziswa ukugqiba ukuba ngawaphi amagunya aphantsi kwe-preclance.

Lo mThetho ukwaneenkqubo ezifuna izixhobo zonyulo ezilwimi ezimbini kwiindawo ezithile, ukunqanda uvavanyo lokufunda nokubhala kunye nezixhobo ezifanayo, kunye nokugunyazisa abaqwalaseli besizwe ukuba bajonge unyulo kwiindawo ezithile.

Ucelomngeni Olunempembelelo Neluqhubekayo

ISivumelwano samaLungelo sakhawuleza saba nempembelelo ephawulekayo ekubhalisweni kwevoti nasekuthatheni inxaxheba phakathi kwama-Afrika kunye namanye amaqela amancinane. Kwiminyaka elandela ukudlula kwayo, imigangatho yokubhalisa yabavoti phakathi kwama-Afrika asezantsi yanda ngokuphawulekayo, kwaye umelo oluncinane kwiiofisi ezinyuliweyo lwakhula ngokuphawulekayo.

Noko ke, amalungelo okuvota asasoloko ephikiswa kwimicimbi yezobupolitika yaseMerika. Emva kwesigqibo se-Shelby County, amaphondo amaninzi aphumeza imiqathango emitsha yokuvota, kuquka imithetho ye-ID engqongqo, ukuncitshiswa kwamaxesha okuqala, nokukhutshwa kwemiqulu yabavoti. Abameli baphikisa ukuba la manyathelo achaphazela ngokungenakuthelekiswa nanto abavoti abambalwa ngokuvotayo kwaye amela ukubuyela kwizenzo zokurhoxa. Ingxoxo engokubandakanyekileyo ngamalungelo okuvota iyaqhubeka ibumba idemokhrasi yaseMelika kwaye ihlala iyimbambano egxeka amalungelo abantu.

UMthetho weZindlu ongowe-1968: Ukulwa nocalucalulo lwezindlu

ISivumelwano seFair House House Act, esikwabizwa ngokuba yiSihloko VIII soMthetho waMalungelo oMsebenzi we-1968, sithintela ucalucalulo ekuthengisweni, ekuqeshweni, nasekuxhaseni kwezindlu ezisekelwe kwibala, kwibala, kwinkonzo, kwisini okanye kwimvelaphi yesizwe. Kamva iziphumo zongezelelwa ukhuseleko kubantu abaneziphene kunye neentsapho kunye nabantwana. Lo mthetho uthetha ngenye yeenkalo ezingundoqo zamalungelo abantu: ukukhusela, ukukwazi ukukhusela izindlu ezifanelekileyo ngaphandle kokucwaswa.

Imizekelo Ekhuselweyo

IFair Howard Act ikhusela abantu ekukhetheni okusekelwe kwiimpawu ezisixhenxe: uhlanga, ibala, imvelaphi yesizwe, unqulo, isini (kuquka imbonakalo yesondo kunye ne-i-iaron), isikhundla sobufazi (iintsapho zabantwana abangaphantsi kweminyaka eli-18 nelama-18 ubudala), kunye neziphene. Ezi zikhuseli zisebenza kwinkoliso yezindlu, kuquka ukuthengiswa, ukuqeshwa, ukuboleka imali ngetyala, kunye nabanini-inshorensi.

Umthetho uyalela izenzo ezahlukeneyo zolwaphulo-mthetho, kuquka ukungavumi ukuqesha okanye ukuthengisa izindlu, ukubeka amagama okanye iimeko ezahlukeneyo zokuthengiselwana kwezindlu, ukubhengeza okubonisa ukhetho okanye umlinganiselo osekelwe kwiimpawu ezikhuselweyo, ukukhanyela ngobuxoki ukuba indawo yokuhlala iyafumaneka, nokuzibandakanya ekusebenziseni imiqobo okanye ekuqhubeni. Kwakhona kuyayithintela imisebenzi yokubolekisa ngorhwebeshelwano kwaye kufuna indawo yokuhlala nokulungisa izinto ezifanelekileyo kubantu abanesiphene.

Izindlu kunye nokulungiswa okufanelekileyo

Kubantu abakhubazekileyo, uMthendeleko weFair House ufuna abagcini-zindlu ukuba benze iindawo zokuhlala ezifanelekileyo ngokwemithetho, iinkqubo, iinkqubo, okanye iinkonzo xa kuyimfuneko ukunikezela ngethuba elifanayo lokusebenzisa nokunandipha indawo yokuhlala. Umzekelo, umnini-khaya usenokufuna ukuvumela isilwanyana sokuncedisa enoba impahla ayinayo inkqubo yokusebenza, okanye ivumela umphathi wendlu ukuba afake iibhanti zokuphatha kwigumbi lokuhlambela.

Umthetho ukwafuna abagcini-zindlu ukuba bavumele utshintsho olusengqiqweni kwindawo ekhoyo kwindleko ye-ofisi xa kuyimfuneko ukuba umntu onesiphene asebenzise ngokupheleleyo kwaye aphile kuloo ndawo. Kwizakhiwo ezineeyunithi ezine okanye ezingaphezulu ezakhiwe emva kwenyanga kaMatshi 13, 1991, umthetho ufuna iimpawu ezithile zokufumaneka kwisakhiwo nokwakhiwa.

Unyanzelo Nezicombululo

ISebe leNdlu yeNdlu yeNdlu yeNdlu neNtlalo (UDD) linyanzelisa ukuba kufakwe iNkcubeko yeZindlu EzineeHome. Abantu abakholelwa ukuba baye bacalucalulwe ngokuhlala abakhenkethiswa banokufaka isikhalazo nge-HUD okanye bafake ifayile yetyala kwinkundla yesizwe okanye yephondo. I-HUD iphengulula izikhalazo kwaye isenokulandela imicimbi yolawulo okanye ibhekise amatyala kwiSebe leJaji elifuna ukuhlaziywa.

Unyango loMthetho weFair Hosley Act lungaquka ukophulwa kwelahleko yokwenene kunye noxinezeleko lweemvakalelo, isiqabu sokuthintela ucalulo lwexesha elizayo, isohlwayo samakhaya, kunye nemali yegqwetha. Ezi nyango zinceda ukuhlawulela amaxhoba ocalucalulo nokuthintela ukwaphulwa kwekamva.

Iingxaki Eziqhubekayo Kwizindlu Ezintle

Phezu kwayo nje i-Fair House Act, ucalucalulo lwezindlu luyaqhubeka ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo. Uphando olusetyenziswa ekuhlolweni okudibeneyo, apho abantu abaneempawu ezifanayo kodwa abaneempawu ezahlukeneyo ezikhuselweyo befuna ukufumanisa ukuchana kwezindlu, ngokungaguqukiyo betyhila ucalucalulo. Ucalucalulo lungachaphazeleka, njengokunika inkcazelo eyahlukileyo malunga namaqela akhoyo okanye ukuqhuba izibheno kwimimandla ethile.

Ukongezelela, ukucalucalulwa kwembali ngokubhekiselele ekuhlaleni, kuquka ukuhlaziywa kwezindlu kunye nezivumelwano ezivaliweyo zobuhlanga, kuyaqhubeka kuchaphazela iindlela zokuhlala kunye nokwanda kobutyebi. Amaqela amaninzi ahlala ngokungekho mthethweni, kwaye ahlukene kakhulu kumgangatho womnini-khaya kunye nomgangatho wezindlu othe gqolo ngokweemfuno zobuhlanga nezobuhlanga. Ukulungisa le mingeni iqhubekayo kufuna ukugcinwa ngokuqhubekayo kwemithetho yezindlu esesikweni nemigudu ebanzi yokukhuthaza ukulingana kwezindlu.

Isihloko IX: Ukubonisa Ukulingana Kwimfundo

Isihloko esithi IX seZihlaziyo zemfundo zowe - 1972 sikwalela ukucalucalulwa ngokwesini kwiinkqubo zemfundo nakwimisebenzi efumana uncedo lwemali kurhulumente. Lo mthetho uye waba nempembelelo enkulu kumathuba emfundo, ingakumbi kumabhinqa nakumantombazana, yaye uyaqhubeka ulungisa iingxoxo zokulingana kwemfundo.

Umda kunye neNkqubo

Umxholo IX ubhekisela kuwo onke amaziko emfundo afumana inkxaso-mali karhulumente, kuquka izikolo eziphambili nezemfundo, iikholeji neeyunivesithi nezinye iinkqubo zemfundo. Umthetho ubandakanya zonke iinkalo zemfundo, kuquka ukuthatyathwa kwesikolo, ukuqeshwa, uncedo lwemali, imidlalo, ukukhathazwa ngokwesini nezinye iindlela zokucalucalulwa ngokwesini.

Umthetho uthi: "Akukho mntu eUnited States, ngenxa yesini, ongayi kukhutshwa ekuthabatheni inxaxheba, akhatyelwe iingenelo, okanye ahlulwe phantsi kwayo nayiphi na inkqubo yemfundo okanye umsebenzi ofumana uncedo lwemali loManyano-Manyano. Olu lwimi lubanzi lutolikwa ukugubungela uludwe oluninzi lwezenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho kwaye luye lwandiswa ngezigwebo zenkundla.

Imidlalo Nethuba Elilinganayo

Isihloko IX siyaziwa kakhulu ngempembelelo yaso kwimidlalo. Umthetho ufuna izikolo zilungiselele amathuba alinganayo emidlalo efanayo kubantu besini esifana nesinye, ziqwalasela izinto ezifana nenani kunye nomgangatho wamaqela, izixhobo kunye nezinto ezifunekayo, ucwangciso lwemidlalo kunye namaxesha okuqhelisela, uhambo kunye nemali-mvume, ukuqesha, ukuqesha, amagumbi okutshixa kunye nezixhobo, iinkonzo zezamayeza, kunye nokwazisa.

Izikolo zingabonisa ukuthobelana neemfuno zemidlalo ye-IX ngeendlela ezininzi, kuquka ukubonisa ukuba amathuba okuthabatha inxaxheba alungelelene kakhulu ekubhaliseni, abonisa imbali kunye noqheliselo oluqhubekayo lwenkqubo olukhulayo lwesini esingaphantsi kweso, okanye abonise ukuba izilangazelelo kunye nobuchule besini esingaphantsi kweso sichazwe ngokugqibeleleyo nangempumelelo.

Impembelelo yesihloko IX kwimidlalo yamabhinqa iye yaba yenkulu. Ngaphambi kwesihloko i-IX, amantombazana angaphantsi kwama-300,000 aba nenxaxheba kwimidlalo yesikolo samabanga aphakamileyo; namhlanje, elo nani lingaphezulu kwesithathu sezigidi. Kwinqanaba lasekholeji, inxaxheba yamabhinqa kwimidlalo inyuke ngokuphindwe kathandathu ukusuka kwiSihloko se-IX. Oku kwandisa amathuba amaninzi akunika amabhinqa namantombazana amathuba okuphuhlisa ubuchule bemidlalo, ukufumana ulwazi, kwaye kungenelwe kwingenelo lomzimba, lwentlalo, lwezentlalo, kunye neengenelo zemfundo zemidlalo.

Ukukhathazwa Ngokwesini Nokuhlaselwa

Isihloko IX sikwathetha ngokuhlaselwa ngokwesini nogonyamelo lwesini kwimimiselo yemfundo. Izikolo zinembopheleleko yokusabela ngokukhawuleza nangempumelelo kwiingxelo zokuhlaselwa ngokwesini okanye ukuhlaselwa kwanokuthabatha amanyathelo okuthintela ihambo enjalo. Oku kuquka ukuphanda izikhalazo, ukuthatha inyathelo elifanelekileyo lokuqeqesha abaphuli-mthetho, nokunika inkxaso nendawo yokuhlala amaxhoba.

ISebe leDivi le-Ofisi yamaLungelo eFomati likhuphe ukhokelo kwiimbopheleleko zezikolo phantsi kwesihloko se-IX malunga nokukhathazwa ngokwesondo nogonyamelo. Le migaqo iye yavela ekuhambeni kwexesha kwaye iye yaba ngumbandela wengxoxo ebalulekileyo, ingakumbi malunga nolungelelwano phakathi kokukhusela amaxhoba nokuqinisekisa inkqubo efanelekileyo kubantu abatyholwayo.

Ukukhulelwa Nabafundi Abakhulisayo

Isihloko i-IX sikhusela ukukhulelwa nokukhulisa abafundi ekucalucalulweni. Izikolo azinakubathintela abafundi abakhulelweyo kwiinkqubo okanye kwimisebenzi yemfundo, zifuna ukuba babe nenxaxheba kwiinkqubo ezahlukeneyo, okanye basebenzise imithetho eyahlukeneyo. Izikolo kufuneka zinike abafundi abakhulelweyo iindawo zokuhlala ezifanayo nabafundi abanezigulo zokwexeshana, njengokubenza baphoswe umsebenzi okanye bafumane imiyalelo egoqweni.

Ukongezelela, izikolo kufuneka zivumele ukungabikho ngenxa yokukhulelwa okanye ukuzala ixesha elide logama ugqirha womfundi ebona kuyimfuneko ngokonyango kwaye zivumela abafundi ukuba babuyele kwimfundo enye nakweyongezelelweyo njengangaphambi kwekhefu.

Uphuhliso Lwakutshanje Nempikiswano Eqhubekayo

I-Word IX iyaqhubeka iguquka ngokutshintsha umgaqo, izigqibo zenkundla kunye nezenzo zomthetho. Iingxoxo zakutshanje zijolise ingqalelo kwimibandela enjengamalungelo abafundi abakhuphela ngaphandle, izikolo kufuneka zilandele xa ziphanda ngezikhalazo zokuhlaselwa ngokwesini, nokusetyenziswa kweSihloko se-IX kwi-intanethi yokufunda izinto ezikwi-intanethi.

ISebe lemfundo ngamaxesha likhupha imithetho emitsha kunye nokhokelo lokutolika iSihloko se-IX, kwaye ezi nguqu zinokuchaphazela ngokuphawulekayo indlela izikolo eziwusebenzisa ngayo umthetho. Ukuhlala usazi ngenkqubela-phambili kubalulekile kubafundi, abazali, abafundisi-lwazi, nabaphathi abafuna ukuqonda amalungelo abo neembopheleleko zabo phantsi kwe-Wotting IX.

Ucalucalulo Lobudala KuMthetho Womsebenzi: Ukukhusela Abasebenzi Abakhulileyo

IAge Discrection in Working Act (ADEA) yowe-1967 ikhusela abantu abaneminyaka engama-40 ubudala okanye abangaphezulu ekucalucalulweni ngemisebenzi ngenxa yobudala. Lo mthetho uyaqonda ukuba ukujongwa kwabantu ngokweemfuno zobudala kunye nocalucalulo ngokungekho sesikweni kusenokuwalinganisela amathuba emisebenzi abasebenzi abadala yaye uzabalazela ukuqinisekisa ukuba izigqibo zemisebenzi zisekelwe kubuchule kunokuba zisekelwe kubudala.

Isalathisi somsebenzi

I-ADEA isebenza kubaqeshi abangama-20 okanye ngaphezulu, kuquka urhulumente kunye noorhulumente basekuhlaleni. Iquka zonke iinkalo zomsebenzi, kuquka ukuqeshwa, ukudutyulwa, ukunyuselwa, ukurhoxiswa, imbuyiselo, iinzuzo, izabelo zemisebenzi, kunye nokuqeqeshwa. Lo mthetho ukwenza kube kokungekho mthethweni ukuba umntu akhethe umntu ngenxa yobudala bakhe ngenxa yemeko, okanye ilungelo lomsebenzi.

IADEA ikwalela ukukhathazwa ngokweminyaka, okuquka amazwi ahlazisayo ngeminyaka yomntu ebangela ubutshaba bomsebenzi. Nangona ukuqhulwa okanye iziganeko ezizodwa zingawuphuli umthetho, ukukhathazwa kuyangekho mthethweni xa kusoloko kusenziwa okanye kungqongqo kangangokuba kudala imeko erhabaxa okanye ephazamisayo yomsebenzi okanye iziphumo zesigqibo esiqatha somsebenzi.

Ezikhethekileyo Nezokhuselo

I-ADEA ivumela ukuba ikhethelwe ngeminyaka. Abaqeshi bangathatha izenzo ezisekelwe kubudala xa ubudala buyimfuneko ekusebenzeni okuqhelekileyo kweshishini. Oku kunxaxhi kucaciswa ngokulula kwaye kusebenza kuphela kwiimeko ezilinganiselweyo, njengaxa ubudala buyimfuneko ukuze kuqinisekiswe okanye kuqinisekiswe (ngokomzekelo, ukuqesha umculi oselula ukuba adlale umntwana).

Umthetho ukwavumela abaqeshi ukuba baqwalasele imigaqo yesixokelelwano somgangatho ophezulu okanye abasebenzi abangenele izicwangciso, lo gama nje ezi nkqubo zingasetyenziswa njengesixhobo esincinane sokucalucalula iminyaka yobudala. Ngaphezu koko, abaqeshi bangathatha izenzo ezisekelwe kwizinto ezisengqiqweni kuneminyaka yobudala, kwanokuba ezo zenzo zichaphazela ngokungenakuthelekiswa nanto abasebenzi abadala, lo gama nje ubudala bengeyonjongo ekhuthazayo.

Imitshizo Nezikhutshiweyo

Abaphathi abadala bafumana inkxaso-mali yoMthetho we-ADEA, i-Revised Protection Act (OWBPA), ukubuyiselwa kwe-ADEA, abahlali bewahlulile amalungelo e-ADEA. Abaqeshi badla ngokucela abaqeshwa ukuba batyikitye ukuba bakhuphele abasebenzi ekukhupheni ilungelo labo lokunika ilungelo lokuchola amatyala ngenxa yobudala ngenxa yokhlawulo okanye ezinye iinzuzo. I-OWBPA imisela iimfuno ezizizo ezikhethekileyo zokuba abaphangi abanjalo bafanele bahlangabezane ukuze basebenze, kuquka ukuba abasebenzi kufuneka bayazi kwaye babhale ngolwimi olucacileyo, ngokungqalileyo i-ADEAA, kwaye banike ulwazelelo olufanelekileyo.

Kufuneka abaqeshwa banikwe ubuncinane iintsuku ezingama-21 ukuze baqwalasele isivumelwano (okanye iintsuku ezingama-45 ukuba umlindi uceliwe ngokunxulumene nentshukumisa yokuphuma okanye inkqubo yokuphelisa iqela) ubuncinane iintsuku ezisixhenxe emva kokusayina ukuphelisa isivumelwano. Ezi zikhuseli ziqinisekisa ukuba abasebenzi abadala abanyanzelwanga ukuba bancame amalungelo abo ngaphandle kwexesha elaneleyo lokuqwalasela.

UMthetho wokungaguquguquki kolwazi lwemfuza: Ukukhusela imfihlo yemfuza

IGINA ikhusela abantu ekukhetheni imfuza ngokusekelwe kwinkcazelo yemfuza kwi-inshorensi yempilo nasemsebenzini. Njengoko ukuxilongwa kwemizila yemfuza kuxhaphakile kwaye kufumaneka, iGINA ikhusela imfuza ukuze iqinisekise ukuba inkcazelo yemfuza ayisetyenziswa ukucalula abantu.

Yintoni Inkcazelo Yemfuza?

Phantsi kweGINA, inkcazelo yemfuza iquka inkcazelo emalunga novavanyo lwemfuza yomntu ngamnye, uvavanyo lwemfuza yamalungu entsapho, ukubonakaliswa kwesifo okanye isifo kumalungu entsapho (imbali yezonyango lwentsapho), ukucelwa okanye ukufunyanwa kweenkonzo zemfuza, nokuba nenxaxheba kuphando lwezigulo oluquka iinkonzo zemfuza. Le nkcazelo ibanzi iqinisekisa ukukhuselwa ngokupheleleyo kwimfuza.

Isihloko I: Iinshorensi Yempilo

Sisibizo esithi I seGINA siyabanqabela abafaki-mali abakhusela impilo ukuba basebenzise inkcazelo yemfuza ukwenza izigqibo malunga nokufaneleka okanye ukukhutshwa. I-insurensi azinakucela okanye zifune ukuba kuhlolwe okanye kufunyanwe iinkcukacha zemfuza, zisebenzise inkcazelo yemfuza ukwenza izigqibo ezimalunga nokunganeliseki okanye ukunyuka, okanye isicelo okanye kufuneka uhlolo lwemfuzamo yemfuza. Ezi zikhuselwa zisebenza kwiqela nakwizicwangciso ze-inshorensi nganye yempilo.

Noko ke, i-inshorensi ye-inshorensi yempilo kaGINA ayinyukeli kwi-inshorensi yobomi, i-inshorensi yokukhubazeka, okanye i-inshorensi yokunyamekela iziphene ezinde. Ezi ntlobo ze-inshorensi azigqunywanga yi-GINA, kwaye ii-inshorensi zisenokuqwalasela iinkcukacha zemfuza xa zisenza izigqibo zemfuza ezingaphantsi kwenkcubeko zezi mveliso.

Isihloko II: Ukhuseleko Lomsebenzi

ISihlomelo II seGINA silwalela ucalucalulo ngemfuza yemfuza. Abaqeshi abanakusebenzisa ulwazi lwemfuza xa besenza izigqibo zemfuza ezifana nokuqeshwa, ukudubula, ukunyuselwa, okanye intlawulo. Abaqeshi abanakucela, ukufuna okanye ukuthenga inkcazelo yemfuza ngabaqeshwa okanye abafaki-zicelo, ngaphandle kwemiqathango elinganiselweyo.

Umthetho uquka iimfuno ezingqongqo zokufihla imfuno yazo naziphi na iinkcukacha zemfuza abaqeshi abaziphethe ngokusemthethweni. Ulwazi ngemfuza kufuneka lugcinwe luyimfihlo kwaye lugcinwe kwiifayile ezahlukeneyo zezamayeza, kwaye ukutyhilwa kuvumelekile kuphela kwiimeko ezilinganiselweyo, njengaxa kufunwa ngumthetho okanye xa umqeshwa enika imvume ebhaliweyo.

Imigaqo yemisebenzi yeGINA isebenza kubaqeshi abaqeshwa abakwi-15 okanye abaqeshwa abangaphezulu kwaye inyanzeliswa yiKhomishini yeQumrhu Elilinganayo. Umthetho unika iinyanga ezifanayo nezikhoyo phantsi kweSihloko soMthetho wamalungelo abantu, kuquka i-complatory kunye nesohlwayo solwaphulo-mthetho lweqhinga.

Ukuthabatha Ulwaluko: Ukukhusela Abasebenzi Abakhulelweyo

ISihlomelo seSihloko se-VII saMalungelo esizwe sowe-1978 esilungisiweyo sokwalela ucalucalulo olusekelwe ekukhulelweni, ekuzaleni okanye kwiimeko ezinxulumene nezonyango. Lo mthetho ucacisa ukuba ukucalucalulwa kwezi zakhiwo kubumba ubuhlanga phantsi kweSihlomelo VII.

Ukhuseleko lwekhova

Le nkqubo ifuna abaqeshi ukuba banyange ukukhulelwa, ukuzala kunye neemeko zempilo ezifana nezinye iziphene zexeshana okanye iimeko zempilo. Oku kuthetha ukuba abasebenzi abakhulelweyo kufuneka banyangwe ngokufanayo nabanye abasebenzi abakhulelweyo abakwaziyo ukusebenza. Ukuba umqeshi unika abasebenzi abaneziphene zexeshana indawo yokuhlala okanye iingenelo, kufuneka bafumane indawo yokuhlala okanye iingenelo ezifanayo kwabasebenzi abakhulelweyo.

Abaqeshi abanakula ukuqesha ibhinqa ngenxa yokukhulelwa okanye iimeko ezinxulumene nokukhulelwa, lo gama nje bekwazi ukwenza imisebenzi emikhulu yomsebenzi. Abaqeshi abanakunyanzela abasebenzi abakhulelweyo ukuba bahambe ukuba bakulungele ukusebenza. Ngaphezu koko, abaqeshi mabavule umsebenzi wokungabikho kokukhulelwa okunxulumene nobude bexesha elifana nelo imisebenzi ivuleleke ngalo abasebenzi kwikhefu eligulayo okanye elikhubazekileyo.

Iindawo zokuhlala ezinengqiqo

Nangona isikhokelo sifuna unyango olulinganayo, akufuni abaqeshi ukuba bafumane indawo yokuhlala ngaphezu kwezo zilungiselelwe ezinye iimeko zonyango zokwexeshana. Noko ke, iPregnant Workers Fairness Act, edluliselwe ngowama-2022 kwaye isebenza ngo-2023, ngoku ifuna abaqeshi abagqume imfuno yokubonelela iindawo zokuhlala ezifanelekileyo ezinxulumene nokukhulelwa, ukuzala, okanye iimeko zempilo ezinxulumene nazo, ngaphandle kokuba indawo yokuhlala ibangele ubunzima obungeyo.

Izindlu ezifanelekileyo zisenokuquka ukuphumla rhoqo, ukulungiselela isitulo, ukufudusela kwindawo enzima okanye ukulungelelanisa imisebenzi okwexeshana.

I - inshorensi Yempilo Neengenelo

Isikhokelo sikwathetha nange-inshorensi yempilo yemeko ezinxulumene nokukhulelwa. Abaqeshi abalungiselela i-inshorensi yempilo kufuneka bahlawule ukukhulelwa, ukuzala, kunye neemeko zempilo ezinxulumene nazo ngendlela efanayo nangezinye iimeko zempilo. Oku kuquka ukukhutshwa kwe-after.

Ukongezelela, iAffordal Care Act ifuna ii-inshorensi zempilo ezininzi zokuhlawulela ukunyanyekelwa kwempilo yobembizo njengengenelo efunekayo kwaye iyalela ukuhlawulwa kwemali engaphezulu esekelwe kwiintlobano zesini okanye kukhulelwa.

Ukuqonda Amalungelo Akho: Ukhokelo Olusebenzisekayo

Ukwazi amalungelo akho ngawona manyathelo okuqala okuwakhusela, eli candelo linikela ulwalathiso olusebenzisekayo ngokuphathelele ucalucalulo, ukubhala uxwebhu nokwenza amanyathelo okunyanga xa amalungelo akho ephulwa.

Ukuqonda Ukuba Ucalucalulo

Ucalucalulo lungathabatha iindlela ezininzi, ukusuka kwizenzo ezifihlakeleyo zocalucalulo ukusa kwiindlela ezichuliweyo zokuphathwa ngendlela eyahlukileyo. Ucalulo olungqalileyo lubakho xa umntu ephathwa ngokwahlukileyo ngenxa yophawu olukhuselweyo, olufana nokungawufumani umsebenzi ngenxa yobuhlanga okanye isini. Ucalucalulo olungangqalanga luyenzeka xa inkqubo okanye uqheliselo olubonakala lungathathi-nxaxheba luchaphazela abantu abanophawu olukhuselweyo.

Ezinye iimpawu zokucalucalulwa ziquka ukuphathwa ngendlela eyahlukileyo kunabantu abakwindawo efanayo, ukugqalwa kakubi okanye ukuqhulwa ngeempawu zakho ezikhuselekileyo, ukungamkeleki kumathuba okanye kwimisebenzi yakho, ukuphindezela emva kokukhalazela ngocalucalulo, okanye ukulawulwa yimilinganiselo eyahlukileyo okanye izinto ozilindeleyo kunabanye.

Ukwaphula Uxwebhu

Ukuba ukholelwa ukuba uye wacalucalulwa, ukubhala ezi ziganeko kubalulekile. Gcina iingxelo ezinenkcukacha zezenzo zocalulo, eziquka imihla, amaxesha, iindawo, amangqina, kunye noko kwathethwayo okanye kwenziwa. Gcina ii-imeyili ezinxulumeneyo, imiyalezo, kunye nezinye iingxoxo.

Kwakhona gcina iirekhodi zomsebenzi wakho, kuquka uhlolo lomsebenzi, amabhaso, kunye nengxelo enika uncedo. Olu xwebhu lunganceda ekuqinisekiseni ukuba izenzo ezingalunganga zisekelwe kucalulo kunokuba zichazwe ngokwesizathu esifanelekileyo. Okukhona ufumana iinkcukacha ezininzi kwaye ufumana uxwebhu ngexesha elinye, okukhona uya kuba namandla ngakumbi ukuba ugqiba ukufaka ityala okanye ukumangalelana.

Izikhalazo Eziziintsizi

Imithetho eyahlukeneyo yamalungelo abantu ineenkqubo ezahlukeneyo kunye nemiqathango yokulungisa izikhalazo. Ukucalucalulo ngemisebenzi phantsi kwesihloko VII, i-ADA, i-ADEA, okanye umThetho olinganayo, kufuneka ufake ityala ngeKhomishini yezeMsebenzi elinganayo (EOC) okanye umbutho osesikweni womsebenzi. Ixesha lokufaka izicelo lidla ngokuba iintsuku ezili-180 ukusuka kwisenzo sokukhupha ityala, nangona oku kusenokunyuselwa kwiintsuku ezingama-300 kumazwe awo achasene nemithetho echasene nolwaphulo-mthetho.

Ucalucalulo lwezindlu phantsi koMthetho weFair House Homes Act, ungafaka isikhalazo kwiSebe laMandla eeHome neNkcubeko yaseUrban (ULWAZI) kunyaka omnye wesenzo solwaphulo-mthetho. kwimfundo phantsi kweSihloko se-IX, ningafaka isikhalazo kwi-ofisi yeSebe lezemfundo yaMalungelo aBantu boMhlalo kwientsuku ezili-180 zocalulo.

Imithetho emininzi yamalungelo abantu ikwakuvumela ukuba udlulisele ityala enkundleni, endaweni yokutyala okanye ukongeza ekumangaleleni kolawulo. Ukubuzana negqwetha elinolwazi ngamalungelo abantu kunokukunceda uqonde ukhetho lwakho uze ukhethe eyona ndlela ilungileyo yokulungisa imeko yakho.

Ukufuna Uncedo Olusemthethweni

Amatyala amalungelo abantu anokuba nzima, kwaye ukuba nomelo olusemthethweni kungawaphucula ngokuphawulekayo amathuba akho okuphumelela. Amagqwetha amaninzi asingatha amatyala amalungelo abantu asebenza ngesiseko semali ehlawulwayo, okuthetha ukuba ahlawulwa kuphela ukuba uphumelele kwityala lakho. Imibutho ethile yoncedo olusemthethweni namaqela alwela amalungelo abantu ikwanikela uncedo olusemthethweni olukhululekileyo okanye oluphantsi kubantu abajongene nocalulo.

Xa ufuna uncedo lwasemthethweni, khangela amagqwetha anamava ohlobo oluthile localulo owalufumanayo. Buza ngerekhodi yawo ebhaliweyo, indlela abaya ngayo kwiimeko, kunye nesakhiwo somrhumo wabo. Amagqwetha amaninzi acela uphando lokuqala mahhala apho ninokuxoxa ngetyala lakho uze ufumanise ukuba nifuna ukusebenza kunye kusini na.

Indima Yezothutho

Amaziko ahlukahlukeneyo karhulumente anembopheleleko yokumisa imithetho yamalungelo abantu. Ukuqonda ukuba liliphi isebe elilawula uhlobo localulo olunokukunceda wazi apho ufanele uphendule khona xa amalungelo akho ephulwa.

IKhomishini yamalungelo oMsebenzi alinganayo (EOC)

I-EEOC inyanzelisa imithetho karhulumente elwalela ucalucalulo lwemisebenzi, kuquka iSihloko VII soMthetho wamaLungelo kaWonke-wonke, uMthetho weSidlo seXesha Elilinganayo, ulwahlulo kwiMbali yeSebe, amaMelika noMthetho weNkcubeko weSithintelo seNkcubeko noLuntu noLuntu loGunyaziso. I-EEOC iphengulula izityholo zocalu-calulo, izama ukucombulula iimpikiswano ngoncedo okanye ngokuqululisa, kwaye isenokuthetha ngokumangalelwa abaqeshina nabo abaphula umthetho.

IEOC ikwanikela ulwalathiso nemfundo kubaqeshi nabasebenzi ngamalungelo abo neembopheleleko zabo phantsi komthetho olawula ukucalucalulwa kwemisebenzi.

ISebe leSigqibo (DOJ)

ISebe leSivumelwano samaLungelo aBantwana eSizwe linyanzelisa imithetho emininzi yamalungelo abantu, equka uMthetho II wamaLungelo asekuhlaleni (iindawo zokuhlala zikawonke-wonke), uMthetho weFair Howard, amaMelika oMthetho (iSihloko II ne-II), kunye noMthetho wamaLungelo oMsebenzi. IDOJ iphanda izikhalazo, intsebenziswano yokuthobela, kunye neefayile zokumangalelwa ukunyanzelisa le mithetho.

IDOJ ikwasebenza ukuqwalasela imilinganiselo okanye izenzo zocalulo kuphando olucwangcisiweyo kunye noluphengululo. Bangangenelela ekumangaleleni kwabucala xa iimeko ziphakamisa imiba yokubaluleka koluntu ngokubanzi.

ISebe leMidlalo noPhuhliso lwase-Urball (HID)

I-HUD inyanzelisa i-Fair House Act iphanda izikhalazo zocalulo lwezindlu. Xa umntu othile efaka isikhalazo ne-HID, umbutho uphanda ngezityholo kunye nemigudu yokucombulula loo ngxaki ngokuqulunqa. Ukuba ukuququzelelana kuphuthile, i-HUD ingafuna ukuchongwa kwesebe lolawulo okanye ibhekise ityala kwiSebe leJaji lokulungisa.

IHID iqhuba uhlolo lokuthobela, inikela imfundo nokusetyenziswa kwamalungelo afanelekileyo ezindlu, ixhasa imibutho yezindlu ezifanelekileyo ngoncedo lwezibonelelo nolobugcisa.

ISebe lezemfundo (ED)

ISebe le-Ofisi yeDisciation for Populan Rights liqinisekisa ukuba iSihlomelo IX kunye neminye imithetho yamalungelo abantu kwimfundo, kuquka iSihlomelo VI soMthetho wamaLungelo oMsebenzi (ucalulo lohlanga), iCandelo lama-504 loMthetho wokuRehayiselwa (ukungafezeki kocalucalulo), kunye noMgaqo-nkqubo we-Age Discation. I-ofisi iphanda izikhalazo, ingqwalasela intsebenziswano yezenzo, inika uncedo lobugcisa kumaqumrhu emfundo.

ISebe lezemfundo lingayirhoxi inkxaso-mali kumaqumrhu achasene nemithetho yamalungelo abantu, nangona le ndlela inqabile ukusetyenziswa. Ngokuqhelekileyo, isebe lisebenza namaziko okuthobela ngokuzithandela ngezivumelwano zesigqibo.

Umahluko Neentlobo Ezininzi Zocalucalulo

Abantu abaninzi bacalucalulwa ngenxa yeempawu ezininzi ezikhuselwe ngaxeshanye. Le ngcamango, eyaziwa ngokuba kukudibana kwemida, iphawula ukuba amava abantu abacalucalulo abangelwa kukudibana kweempawu zabo ezahlukeneyo, ezifana nohlanga, isini, ukukhubazeka, ubudala nezinye iimpawu.

Ukuqonda Ucalucalulo Olunokuthanani

Ucalucalulo olukumgangatho othe tyaba luyenzeka xa umntu ejongene nocalulo olusekelwe kumanyano lweempawu zabo ezikhuselekileyo, kunokuba akhethe naluphi na uphawu. Ngokomzekelo, ibhinqa eliNsundu lingajamelana nocalucalulo olwahlukileyo kucalulo olujamelene namadoda okanye amabhinqa amhlophe, olubonisa utyekelo oluthe ngqo namabhinqa antsundu.

Iindlela zobuzwe ezisetyenziswayo kumalungelo abantu maxa wambi ziye zazama ukuhlangabezana nocalucalulo oluphakathi kwabantu, njengoko zihlolisisa ucalulo olusekelwe kwiimpawu ezikhuselekileyo.

Ukufikelela Kumthetho Kwizityholo Ezidibeneyo

Abantu abacalucalulwe ngamacala ahlukeneyo banokufumana imithetho emininzi yamalungelo abantu okanye ucalucalulo olusekelwe kwiimpawu ezininzi ezikhuselwe phantsi komthetho omnye.

Iinkundla ziye zathabatha iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokuchaza ukuba kukho ungquzulwano, zisithi ezinye ziqonde izizathu ezicacileyo zokuthatha inyathelo lokucalucalulo ekudibaneni kwemida nezinye ezifuna abathathi-nxaxheba babonise ucalucalulo ngokweempawu ezahlukeneyo. Isiseko esisemthethweni sokulungisa ucalucalulo olunqamlezileyo siyaqhubeka siguquka njengoko iinkundla zizama ukukhusela abantu abajamelene nocalulo oluninzi.

Ikamva Lomthetho Wamalungelo Abantu

Umthetho wamalungelo abantu uyaqhubeka uguquka ngenxa yokuguquka kweemeko zentlalo, iindidi ezintsha zocalulo, neengcamango ezintsha zokulingana nokusesikweni. Imimandla emininzi isenokubona inkqubela ebalulekileyo kwiminyaka ezayo.

LGBTQ+ amalungelo

Isigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo 2020 kwiBostock v. Clayton County saqinisekisa ukuba ukwalelwa kweSihloko socalulo ngokwesini kuquka ucalulo olusekelwe kwimbonakalo yesini kunye nokuzichaza kwesini. Esi sigqibo sibalulekileyo sinentsingiselo ebalulekileyo yamalungelo eLGBTQ, kwaye indlela eqiqa ngayo isenokunwebela nakweminye imithetho yamalungelo abantu elwa ucalucalulo ngokwesini.

Noko ke, imibuzo emininzi isaphakama malunga nobungakanani beLGBTQ + ukhuseleko oluphantsi komthetho wamalungelo abantu. Impikiswano enjengokungakhululeki konqulo, ukufumaneka kwamalungu angaphandle endlu yokuhlambela kubantu abangekho mthethweni, nokuba nenxaxheba kwimisebenzi ewiswa ngokwesondo iyaqhubeka ivelisa iimpikiswano ezingokwasemthethweni. Ukuphuhliswa kwamalungelo abantu kuya kuhlala kungummandla obalulekileyo wengxoxo engokwasemthethweni neyoluntu.

Ubuxhakaxhaka kunye nocalucalulo

Njengoko ubugcisa busenza indima engundoqo ephambili kumsebenzi, kwizindlu, kwityala, nakwezinye iindawo ezigqunywe yimithetho yamalungelo abantu, kuphakama imibuzo emitsha malunga nendlela yokukhusela nokuphendula ucalucalulo lwemithetho-siseko. Iinkqubo zokwenza izigqibo ezizenzekelayo, kuquka ubukrelekrele obungeyomvelo kunye nobuchule bokufunda ngomatshini, zinokuqhubekisela phambili okanye zikhulise ikhethe elikhoyo, elikhokelela kwiziphumo zokukhupha ucalucalucalulo.

Amagosa agunyazisa amalungelo oluntu nabameli bale mithetho isebenza ngendlela ekhoyo kucalucalulo lwamalungelo abantu nokuba ngaba kufuneka na ukwenziwa kwemithetho emitsha. Iingxoxo ezifana nokubonakala kwisigqibo esizenzekelayo, ukusetyenziswa kwemithetho egqwethekileyo enxulumene neempawu ezikhuselweyo, nokuqinisekiswa kwemithetho-algorithm kummandla obalulekileyo wokuqwalaselwa.

Amalungelo

Amalungelo ahlala ephikiswana kwaye ephicothwa kummandla wamalungelo abantu. Ngokulandela isigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo kwiShelby County v. Umlawuli, oye waphelisa ngokunempumelelo imfuneko yokukhutshwa kwamalungelo eMgaqo-nkqubo wangaphambili, amazwe amaninzi aye asebenzisa imiqathango emitsha yokuvota. Abameli bayaqhubeka bevavanya le miqathango enkundleni kwaye benyanzela utshintsho lomthetho ukuze baqinise ukhuseleko lwamalungelo okuvota.

Umthetho omiselwe njengomthetho ofana noMgaqo-siseko wokuKhuthazwa Kwamalungelo abantu oMsebenzi weSizwe uzakubuyiselwa uze uphucule imigaqo ecwangcisiweyo yoMthetho wamaLungelo. Ikamva lamalungelo okuvota liza kuxhomekeka kwisenzo somthetho nakuzigqibo zenkundla ezichaza umgangatho womGaqo-siseko nowokuvota.

Ubulungisa Bezoqoqosho

Kukho ukuvunywa okukhulayo kokuthi amalungelo abantu kunye nokusesikweni kwezoqoqosho kuyahambelana. ucalucalulo kwimisebenzi, kwizindlu, kwizindlu, nakweminye imimandla lunegalelo ekungalinganini kwezoqoqosho, nakumathuba okwakha ubutyebi. Abanye abaxhasi baphikisana ngokwandisa ukukhuselwa kwamalungelo abantu ukuze bacombulule ucalucalulo ngokwezoqoqosho ngokuthe ngqo, njengasemithethweni ekwalela ucalucalucalulo olusekelwe kwisikhundla sentlalo okanye kwingeniso.

Ukongezelela, kukho ukugxininisa ekusingatheni iziphumo ezinde zezoqoqosho zocalucalulo lwembali ngemigaqo-nkqubo efana nokuhlahlela, ukubonelela ngemali kwiindawo ezisweleyo, kunye notshintsho kwiinkqubo ezikhuthaza ukungalingani. Ulwalamano phakathi komthetho wamalungelo abantu nokulunga kwezoqoqosho luza kuba yindawo ebalulekileyo yokuphuhlisa inkqubo kunye nengxoxo.

Inkxaso

Imibutho emininzi nemithombo yobuncwane ikho ukuze incede abantu baqonde amalungelo abo, baqonde ukuba bakhetha abanye baze bafune iindlela zokunyanga xa amalungelo abo ephulwa.

Oovimba bakarhulumente

Amagosa agunyazisa ukunyanzeliswa komsebenzi anikela inkcazelo ebanzi ngemithetho yamalungelo abantu nendlela yokufakela izikhalazo. Iwebsite ye-EEOC ( www.eoc.gov) inikela izibonelelo malunga nocalulo lwemisebenzi, kuquka amaphepha enyaniso, amaxwebhu okhokelo, kunye nolwazi malunga nokubekwa kwetyala. ISebe leJaji leSihlalo samaLungelo asemthethweni linika ingxelo yokwaphula umthetho. www.gracture.gov/crt)

I-Ofisi ye-Hud ye-Fair House and Application ( www.hud.gov/feirhouing) inikela ubuncwane obumalunga namalungelo afanelekileyo ezindlu nendlela yokufaka ingxelo yocalucalulo. ISebe lemfundo yamalungelo abantu ( www.ede.govr) linika ulwazi ngamalungelo oluntu kwimfundo nangendlela yokufaka izikhalazo zefayili.

Imibutho yobusela

Imibutho emininzi engafumani ngeniso isebenza ukukhusela nokuphuhlisa amalungelo abantu. I-American Civil Liberéries Union (ACLU) ifaka ityala lamalungelo abantu kunye nabameli botshintsho lwenkqubo. INaACP Legal Defence kunye neNgxowa-mali yemfundo yezemfundo igxininisa kwimibandela yobuhlanga. IZiko loMthetho laMasipala lithetha ngocalucalucalulo ngokwesini nangamalungelo amabhinqa. IDasability Rights Education and Defense Fund ngenxa yamalungelo esiphene.

Le mibutho neminye emininzi inikela uncedo olusemthethweni, imfundo, kunye nokusetyenziswa kwemigaqo-nkqubo efuna amalungelo abantu.

Iinkonzo zoNcedo loMgaqo-siseko

Imibutho yoncedo olusemthethweni inikezela ngenkonzo yasemthethweni yamahhala kubantu abafumana imali ephantsi, kuquka uncedo kumatyala amalungelo abantu. ISebe Lezomthetho ( i-www.lsc.gov) ingakunceda ufumane imibutho yoncedo olusemthethweni kummandla wakho. Iintlanganiso ezininzi zebhari zikwasebenza iinkqubo ze-probono ezidibanisa abantu namagqwetha okuzithandela anikela iinkonzo ezisemthethweni.

Iikliniki zesikolo semithetho zidla ngokunikela uncedo olusemthethweni kwiimeko zamalungelo abantu ngoxa zinika abafundi amava asebenzisekayo.

Isiphelo: Umlo Oqhubekayo Wokusesikweni

Imithetho yamalungelo amakhaya imela uloyiso olunzima kumlo wokulingana nokusesikweni. Ukusukela kumlo olinganayo woMthendeleko wokulwa nocalulo kumaMelika kunye noMthetho wokuqinisekisa ukulingana kokufumaneka, ukusuka kumthetho wokwaliwa kwamalungelo oluntu ekusebenzeni nasekulahlweni kwabantu ukuya ekukhuseleni iPair House Act ekukhetheni izindlu, le mithetho iguqule ibutho labantu baseMelika yaza yandisa amathuba ezigidi zabantu.

Noko ke, umsebenzi wokufikelela ulingana kokwenyaniso awuphelelanga. ucalucalulo luyaqhubeka ngeendlela ezahlukahlukeneyo, yaye kusekho iingxaki ezintsha. Ukuqonda amalungelo akho angokwentlalo kubalulekile ukuze uzikhusele wena nabanye ekucalucalulweni, uncede nomgudu oqhubekayo wokwakha ibutho labantu elinobulungisa nelingenatyala.

Nokuba nawe ujongene nocalucalulo, uxhasa umntu ongummi, okanye ufuna nje ukuba ngummi onolwazi, ulwazi lwemithetho yamalungelo abantu lukunika amandla okuqonda okungekho sikweni nokuthatha amanyathelo. Ngokuyiqonda le mithetho, ngokubhala, ngokufuna unyango olufanelekileyo, nokuxhasa amalungelo asekuhlaleni, sonke singafak' isandla kumzabalazo oqhubekayo wokusesikweni nokulingana.

Amalungelo oluntu asiyongcamango engokwasemthethweni, kodwa ayizinto ezisisiseko ezichaphazela ubomi bethu bemihla ngemihla, ukusuka apho sisebenza khona size siphile ngendlela esifumana ngayo imfundo nesabelo kwidemokhrasi yethu. Ngokuhlala sazi ngamalungelo neembopheleleko zethu, sinokuba luncedo ekuqinisekiseni ukuba idinga lokusesikweni okulinganayo phantsi komthetho liyinto yokwenene kuye wonke umntu.