Ingcamango yokuxilonga nokulinganisela isoloko ichazwa njengesiseko solawulo lomgaqo-siseko. Yinkqubo ethintela naliphi na isebe elinye likarhulumente ``icandelo lokubulala, i-widuration', okanye ikomiti' yokugweba'''. Ngokuqokelela igunya elingathintelwayo. Xa ingekho, ukwakhiwa kwayo yonke imigaqo yokunikezela ngedemokhrasi, ishiya abemi besengozini kulawulo lobundlobongela, ukusetyenziswa kakubi kwamalungelo abantu, nokungalungelelaniswanga kakuhle kwenkqubo. Eli nqaku lihlola iziphumo ezinzulu zokudityaniswa kwenkqubo enjalo, ukuzoba nenkqubo engokwembali kunye nohlalutyo lwexesha eliqhelekileyo ukuze libonise oko kwenzeka xa igunya lingalawulwangalawulwa.

Ukuqonda Kunokuxilonga Kuze Kulungelelane

Embindini wayo, inkqubo yokuhlola nokulinganisela isasaza amandla karhulumente phakathi kwamasebe ahlukeneyo, ngalinye linamandla okulinganisela izenzo zamanye. Le ndlela ayiyonjongo nje engqinelanayo; iluncedo ekuthinteleni ubundlobongela. Ukwahlulwa kwamagunya ngezantsi, ukunyanzeliswa komthetho olawulayo, kunye nokucaciswa kwekomiti . "ukuqinisekisa ukuba akukho nto inye enokuthi ngokungenasizathu ilawule umthetho, iwunyanzele, okanye iwuchaze ngaphandle kokuziphendulela.

Ukwahlukana kwamandla kuchasene. Ukukhangela nokulungelelana

Ngoxa kusoloko kusetyenziswa ngokunjalo, ukwahlula amagunya kunye nokuhlola kunye nolungelelwano zizinto ezahlukileyo. Ukwahlukana kwamandla kwahlula imisebenzi eyahlukeneyo kumasebe ahlukeneyo, ngeli xesha uhlolo kunye nolungelelwaniso lunika isebe ngalinye izixhobo zokuxhathisa ezinye. Umzekelo, umongameli wase-U.S. umongameli unakho ukukhupha umthetho, iBhunga lingayiphelisa loo mithetho njengengagunyaziswanga. Ngaphandle kwezi zithintelo, ukwahlukana kuphela kuba nentsingiselo yecandelo lokusebenza ngaphandle kokuphatha okuthintela ukuxhatshazwa.

Ukusetyenziswa Koomatshini Abanetyala

Ukuphendula kwinkqubo elungeleleneyo kuthatha iindlela ezininzi: uhlolo logwebo, ukuva kwemithetho, ukuva kwegunya eliphetheyo, iinkqubo zokungagqibeleli, kunye namaqumrhu azimeleyo afana nabaphulaphuli okanye abalawuli. Inkqubo nganye ibangela ukhupho-ntsonko, ihlisa isantya okanye iziphumo eziyingozi. Kwinkqubo engenako ukuxilonga, olu khuphono luyaphela. Umthetho ungakhawuleziswa ngaphandle kwengxoxo, imiyalelo yegunya eliphetheyo isenokudlula ukumiselwa kombutho, kwaye iinkundla zinokupakishwa okanye ziqwalaselwe. Le njongo isebenza kakuhle ekulawuleni kwenkululeko, ukulunga, nokuzinziswa kwexesha elide.

Imeko Engenazimvo Nengqinelwano

Ukucinga ngemeko ngaphandle kokuyihlola nokuyilinganisa asiyonto esetyenziswayo kwingcamango engekho ngqiqweni. Amazwe amaninzi aye afumana isantya esisuka kulawulo olulungeleleneyo ukuya kulawulo oluphakamileyo, ngokufuthi ngesantya esitshabalalisayo. Iziphumo ezityhilekayo kwimilinganiso emininzi: kwezobupolitika, kweyomthetho, kwezoqoqosho, nakwezentlalo.

Ukunikela Ulwalathiso Ngegunya: Ukusuka Kulawulo - melo Ukuya Kulawulo - melo

Eyona miphumo ikhawulezileyo kukwanda kwamandla kwisebe elinye okanye kumntu ngamnye. Ngaphandle kokungahoywa kwemithetho, umlawuli ophetheyo angakhupha imithetho elawula umthetho ngaphandle kokuphikisana. Ngaphandle komthetho ozimeleyo, loo mithetho ayijongani nocelomngeni olungokomGaqo-siseko. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, amaqela abachasi ayacetywa, unyulo luba yimicimbi engekho ngqiqweni, kwaye amajelo eendaba aziswa phantsi kolawulo lorhulumente. Olu tshintsho lunokwenzeka ngokuthe ngcembe-kancinci, ngokulandela ubhukuqo okanye umthetho wexesha likaxakeka.

Imizekelo yembali igxininisa lo mzekelo. KumaNazi eJamani, iReichstag Fire Signode yowama-1933 ibeke idebesekile inkululeko yabemi, kunye noMthetho we-Enagaing walandelayo wavumela uHitler ukuba aphumeze imithetho ngaphandle kwemvume yepalamente. Kwiinyanga ezimbalwa, iqumrhu lemithetho yowiso-mthetho lanikwa amandla. Ngokufanayo, eVenezuela, uMongameli uHugo Chávez wasebenzisa indibano ekhethekileyo ukuphinda abhale umgaqo-siseko, agxininise kumphathi-mthetho, kwaye anciphise igunya leNkundla ephakamileyo kunye neBhunga. Xa kuthe kwasuswa uvavanyo, indlela yokulawula i-auto ifinye.

Ukuncipha Kwenkululeko Yamakhaya

Ngaphandle kokuxilonga nokulinganisela, ukukhusela amalungelo abantu kuba kuxhomekeke ekuthandweni kwabo banegunya. Imbali ibonisa ukuba amalungelo aphela ngokukhawuleza xa kungekho siko linokucel ’ umngeni urhulumente ngokuqhatha. Inkululeko yokuthetha ithintelwa ngemithetho yokuvavanya okanye ngogonyamelo ekuchaseni ukungavumelani. Inkululeko yendibano ithintelwa ngokufuna imvume engavunyelwayo. Inkqubo ilahlwa njengeenkundla zasemfihlekweni okanye njengenkundla zemikhosi ethathel ’ indawo abagwebi abangacaluliyo.

Icala lobuqu likwachaphazela. Iinkqubo ze- Surveilnce ezifuna imvume yokugweba phantsi kwenkqubo elungelelanisiweyo zingasebenza ngaphandle kolawulo. Amaqela amancinane asengozini engakumbi: ngaphandle kwenkundla yokubetha umthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho, imithetho ecinezelayo isasebenza. Ukungabikho kwamagqabi azimeleyo ahlala phantsi kwabemi abangenayo ikhampasi xa amalungelo abo ephulwa. Njengoko iJaji Louis Brandeis iphawulwe ngokubanzile, esona sisongelo sikhulu senkululeko kukufikelela kwigunya likarhulumente ongenako ukuthintelwa.

Imiphumo Engokoqoqosho

Iingqiniba kunye nolungelelwano azizinzisi zezopolitiko kuphela. Zikwanjalo. Umthetho, ukuthathana, kunye nokuzimele kwamaqumrhu achasene nokonakala kwenza imekobume apho amashishini anokuyigcina ngokuzithemba khona. Xa ezi khuseleko zinyamalala, ukunganyaniseki kusanda. Izivumelwano zikarhulumente zinikwa iipropati, amalungelo empahla angabi nakukhuseleka, kwaye ijudicary ayisayi kunyanzelisa ngokufanelekileyo. Isiphumo sikukubhabha kwekomkhulu, ukuhla komfa korhwebo lwangaphandle, nokuncipha kwezoqoqosho.

Kukungabikho kolawulo lowiso-mthetho, iibhanki ezisembindini zingabekwa phantsi, nto leyo ekhokelela kwinkqubo yokunyuka kwemali. Ingqeqesho ye-Fiscal iyaphela njengoko abalawuli bemali besebenzisa ngaphandle kwemvume evela kwipalamente. Ukuwohloka kwezoqoqosho okude kumazwe amaninzi olawulo olungqongqo, kususela eZimbabweni phantsi kwe-Syria phantsi kwentsapho yase-Asad. . .Iillusteyithi yendlela amandla atshabalalisa ngayo impumelelo. Kwaneengenelo ezifutshane kwiziphumo ezithenjiweyo zithwaliswa kukunganyaniseki kwemithetho kunye nokungalawuleki.

Ulwalamano lwehlabathi nomanyano lwehlabathi

Amazwe angenazihlolo nazizinzo adla ngokubeka umngcipheko kuzinzo lwengingqi nolwehlabathi lonke. Inkqubo yawo yamanye amazwe inokuba yeyokwehla, iqhutywa zizinto ezifunwa ngumlawuli omnye kunokuba iqhutywe yiqhinga loburhulumente. Izenzo zomkhosi ezilwayo, ukuphulwa kwezivumelwano, kunye nokuxhaswa kwezivumelwano. Izivumelwano zamazwe ngamazwe azinakuthenjwa kuba akukho cebo lasekuhlaleni lokuqinisekisa ukuba abantu bayathobela. Amazwe asekuhlaleni amele alungiselele ukuziphatha okungaqondakaliyo, nto leyo enyusa ingozi yokungaqondani.

Ngaphezu koko, amazwe ashiya iingqikelelo kunye nolungelelwano asoloko efumana iindawo ezikhuselekileyo zokusetyenziswa kakubi kwemali engekho mthethweni okanye ukusetyenziswa kakubi kwamalungelo abantu, ukugwetywa yimibutho yezizwe ngezizwe. IZizwe Ezimanyeneyo, iBhanki yehlabathi, kunye namanye amaziko adibanisa ngokukhula ingcebiso kunye nokuqwalaselwa kobugcisa ekunamatheleni kwimigangatho yomthetho. Urhulumente ongenatyala ngaphakathi usenokujongana nemvume, ungabi nazintlawulo, uwedwa, kunye nempembelelo enciphileyo kwinqanaba lehlabathi lonke.

Uhlolisiso Lwetyala Lembali

Ukuhlolisisa amatyala athile kutyhila iinkalo eziqhelekileyo: ukubekwa kwegunya kuqala, ukucinezelwa kwenkcaso, ukupheliswa kwemigaqo esemthethweni nokutshatyalaliswa kwemigaqo esemthethweni.

IJamani yamaNazi (1933-1945)

Ukuvela kuka-Adolf Hitler ekulawuleni mhlawumbi ngumzekelo ombi kakhulu wokwenza uvavanyo nolungelelwano ngokukhawuleza lungaqhekeka. IReichstag Fire Signome kaFebruwari 1933 yanika ibheji yeReichstag Fire Sig, eyaye yajikeka i-habeas corpus, inkululeko yokuthetha, kunye nezinye iinkululeko zoluntu. Ngaphantsi kwenyanga kamva, uMthetho wokuqhuba i-Enantingsting Sces uvumela urhulumente ukuba adlulise imithetho ngaphandle kwemvume yepalamente iminyaka emine. I-judicary, kunokuba imelane, yavumela ngokukhawuleza ingcamango yamaNazi . /igwebo zezomthetho zalawula ulawulo, kunye nezinye iinkqubo zomthetho zaye zalawulwa ngumthetho, zathoba phantsi kweso mvume kaFührer. Ngokomphumo, iJamani yaguqulwa kurhulumente wolawulo lwe-demokhrasi kwimeko lwe-operal-ost.

ISoviet Union phantsi koStalin

Umthetho kaJoseph Stalin ubonisa indlela ukupheliswa kwemiqathango yeqela eliphantsi kunye nejaji elizimeleyo elizimeleyo elinokuvelisa ngayo ulawulo lobugrogrisi. Emva kokuba eqinise amandla ekupheleni koo1920, uStalin wasusa iQela lobuKomanisi, imikhosi, neenkonzo zobuntlola. Bonisa iimvavanyo ezivalelweyo ezisekelwe ekuvumeni izono ngokunyanzelekayo, kunye nothungelwano olukhulu lweenkampu zempango (iGulag) ezibambe izigidi zamabanjwa ezobupolitika. Ngaphandle kokuhlola nayiphi na imigaqo-mthetho okanye ikomiti egweba, ukubanjwa nokubulawa ngokunyanzeleka. Inkqubo yeSoviet ekugqibeleni yawa phantsi kobunzima bayo bokuvuma izono nokuphatha kwayo inkohlakalo, kodwa emva kwamashumi eminyaka yokubandezeleka.

Ukuwa KweRiphabliki YaseRoma

Imbali yamandulo inika izifundo. IRiphabliki yamaRoma yaqhubeka iinkulungwane ngenxa yendlela yayo entsonkothileyo yokuhlola: ii-arhente ezimbini ezisebenzisana ngegunya le-veto, iNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNtsimbi ezazilawula izimali, kunye neendibano ezidumileyo ezazinokudlulisela imithetho. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, iinjengele ezinamandla njengo Julius Caesar zaqokelela imikhosi yabantu kwaye zangahoya imida. Xa uKesare wawela i-Rubicon ngo-49 BCE, waqalisa imfazwe yamakhaya. Ulawulo lwakhe olulandelayo, ukubulawa, kunye nokuvela kuka-Agasyustom waphelisa ulawulo lwe-Rhuberianism. Ukungabi nako kwegunya lokulawula kwavumela indoda enye ukuba ilawule inkqubo, nto leyo ikhokelela ekubeni ilawule i-omperacracracy.

Imizekelo Yanamhlanje: IVenezuela NeHungary

Imizekelo yakutshanje iquka iVenezuela phantsi kweHugo Chávez kunye neNicolás Maduro, kunye neHungary phantsi kweViktor Orbán. EVenezuela, iChávez yasebenzisa umgaqo-siseko omtsha ukudibanisa amandla, ipakisha iNkundla ePhakamileyo kunye nabaxhasi abanyanisekileyo, yanika umkhosi inkxaso-mkhosi kwiindima zasekuhlaleni. INdibano yesiZwe ekugqibeleni yathatyathelwa indawo yiNgqungquthela yeConstituentententation elawulwa liqela elilawulayo. Ukuwa kwezoqoqosho, ukukhuthala kwemali, kwaye inkxwaleko yentlalo yalandela. EHungary, i-Orbán'sdesz yamisa umgaqo-siseko ukuze icekele iNkundla yezomGaqo, itshintshe imithetho yonyulo, itshintshe unyulo, kwaye ithathe ulawulo lolawulo lolawulo-ndaba-ndaba lwe-ofisi-mthetho-mthetho-siseko. I-Europe igxeka i-Hungary ngo-19669, kodwa ilandela ulawulo lwe-ondondondondolonke.

Ukulungelelana Okungalawulekiyo: Izisongelo Zale Mihla Zokukhangela Nokulungelelana

Kwanakulawulo-lawulo-lawulo-lawulo-bume olumiselwe ixesha elide, inkqubo yokuhlola nokulinganisela ijongene noxinzelelo oluzingisileyo. Ukuqonda ezi zisongelo kubalulekile ekuthinteleni ukuwa okuchazwe ngasentla.

Ukufikelela okungaphezulu kwegunya kwiMigaqo-nkqubo yeNkxaso

Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, abalawuli abalawulayo abaliqela baye bandisa igunya labo ngemiyalelo yabalawuli abalawulayo, izibhengezo zongxamiseko, kunye nokugqitha iinkqubo zomthetho eziqhelekileyo. Ngoxa izenzo ezinjalo zinokugwetyelwa ngexesha lamanqam okwenyaniso, bangaba sisixhobo sokuphepha ukuphendula. Ngokomzekelo, iBhunga lase-U.S., linike igunya elibalulekileyo kwisebe eliphetheyo kurhwebo, ukufuduka, kunye nokhuseleko lwesizwe. Xa izenzo zolawulo ngaphandle kogunyaziso lwemithetho-mthetho, ukuhla kwezimo.

Ukupakisha Iinkundla Nenkululeko Yogwebo

Ijaji ezimeleyo yeyomthetho yemiqathango kunye nolungelelwano. Ukuba urhulumente uyakwazi ukumisa iinkundla kunye nama-asts anyanisekileyo, iyakwazi ukukhusela izenzo zayo kucelomngeni olusemthethweni. Ukupakisha kweNkundla kuye kwenzeka ePoland naseHungary, apho abagwebi abahlaziyi batsha bamiselwa ngamahlakani zobupolitika. Inkundla yeLungu igweba igweba ngokuchasene noqheliselo olunjalo, kodwa umonakalo kwinkululeko yezomthetho uhlala ixesha elide. EUnited States, izicelo zokwandisa iNkundla ePhakamileyo ziye zakhutshelwa ngamaqela omabini, zinyusa inkxalabo ngokunyuswa kwemiqathango yejaji. Xa iinkundla zithe zajongwa njengezixhobo eziphelisiweyo, ezisemthethweni njengeendileyo ezingondileyo.

Ukuqiniswa Kwemithombo Yezixhobo Nesine

Umatshini wokushicilela okhululekileyo usebenza njengovavanyo olungacwangciswanga kwigunya likarhulumente . Ngokufuthi ubizwa ngokuba ngumhlaba wesine. Xa ubumnini bogcino-lwazi bujoliswe ezandleni zamaqabane karhulumente okanye bulawulwa ngqo ngurhulumente, ubundishophu buneengxaki zophando. Amaqumrhu alawulayo afanele anyanzelise imithetho echasene nokholoseko angajonga kwenye indlela, kwaye iintatheli zijongene noloyiko okanye ukuhlaselwa ngokusemthethweni. Kumazwe azimeleyo amajelo-mente azivalwa ngokupheleleyo. Noko ke, kwii-demokhrasi, kwaneediyodwa, iindlela ezichuliweyo zokufumana `ababhengezi be-owonke-wonke okanye ukusebenzisa imithetho ye-layiseloriyo ukuvala i-opentria athessss okanye ukuvala i-arhenterl.

Ukukhusela Inkqubo: Isizathu Sokuba Kube Nemibandela Yokulumka

Ukugcina iichewu nokulungelelana akuyonto nje ebhaliweyo yomgaqo - siseko; kufuna ukuba kubekho izivumelwano eziphambili zoluntu nokuzinziswa kwemibutho.

Imfundo Nenxaxheba

Unyulo olunolwazi luyintambo yokuqala yokhuseleko. Ukuqonda indlela urhulumente asebenza ngayo − kwaye indlela amandla anokusetyenziswa ngayo kakubi .(-emmonte) abavoti ukuba baphendule amagosa. Izikolo, iiyunivesithi, nemibutho yasekuhlaleni kufuneka bagxininise ukubhalisa koluntu, kuquka ukucalucalucalulwa kwamagunya. Ukuthabatha inxaxheba ekuchotshelweni kwabantu, iiholo zedolophu, kunye nonyulo kuqinisekisa ukuba iinkokeli ziyaluva uxinzeleleko lukawonke wonke. Xa abemi bengenamdla okanye bexokiswe imicimbi, ucango luvulela igosagosa-gosa.

Uyilo Lweziko Notshintsho

Izintlu-mali ngokwazo zingaqiniswa. Umzekelo, ukuseka iikhomishini ezizimeleyo zokulwa nokonakala, ukomeleza iikomiti zolawulo, nokukhusela ukujongwa komthetho kungaqinisa kunye nolwahlulo. Imida yemithetho yokutshona kwelanga, iirejista kumagunya ongxamiseko, kunye neemfuno ezinkulu zotshintsho lomgaqo-siseko zinika izikhuselo ezongezelelekileyo. Imibutho yezizwe ngezizwe efana Icandelo le-International Institute for Democracy kunye ne-Electoral Translation kunye nenkqubo ye-World Projects yeProgiments yomgaqo-mthetho elungele ukuvavanywa nokuphuculwa komthetho-mthetho. Ukufunda kumazwe abuyiselwe ngempumelelo emva kwamaxesha e-1965] njengendlela yomkhosi waseBrazil.[FLT]

Isiphelo

Ukungabikho kwee-checks kunye nolungelelwano asiyonto ethelekelelwayo .Inyaniso esoloko ikho ebangela ezinye zeentlekele ezinkulu zembali. Ukusukela eJamani yamaNazi ukuya kwi-Venezuela yanamhlanje, umzekelo ungowokungaguquguquki: ngaphandle kwemiqathango yolawulo, amandla abangagqibeleli, amalungelo aphela, kwaye abantu bafumaneke. Ngoko ke ukulondoloza umlinganiselo othe ngcembe phakathi kwamasebe karhulumente kungumsebenzi oqhubekayo, hayi impumelelo enye yexesha. Njengabemi, abafundisi, neenkokeli, kufuneka sihlale siphaphile, sikhusela amaziko azimeleyo, kwaye sinyanzele abo balawulayo. Kuphela ngoko sinokuqinisekisa ukuba ukhuseleko oluthelekelelwayo ngabalawuli bomgaqo-mthetho luhlala luhleli kwizizukulwana ezizayo.