Ukwakhiwa Kwamandla Alungeleleneyo Ngomthetho

Ukutyhubela imbali, ukuxinezeleka kwamandla ezandleni ezimbalwa kakhulu kuye kwakhokelela ekungqwabalaleni, ekumosheleni, nasekurhoxisweni kwenkululeko yabantu. Inkqubo yomthetho, xa yenziwe ngokufanelekileyo kwaye inyanzeliswa, isebenza njengokhuselo oluchasene noku kugxininiswa okunjalo ngemigaqo yokusebenza, imibutho, kunye neenkqubo ezikhuthaza igunya nokubeka ityala. Ukuqonda okusemgangathweni kukuba akukho mntu, komiti, okanye isebe likarhulumente kufuneka lithenjwe ngamandla angathintelwa. Endaweni yoko, igunya kufuneka linqunyulwe umda, ngokomthetho, kwaye phantsi kolawulo oluzinzileyo. Eli nqaku lihlolisisa iinkqubo ezingundoqo eziqinisekisa ukuba akukho mntu uqokelela igunya eligqithisileyo, uquluko olugqithisileyo, ukujonga umgaqo-mthetho, ukujonga umgaqo-mthetho, kunye nomthetho njengoziko lweziko lwentlalo-ntlalo.

Ukwahlukana Kwamagunya

Imfundiso yokwahlulwa kwamagunya, ebalaseliswe kakhulu sisithandi sobulumko saseFransi uMontesquieu uMoya woMthetho , ikholelwa ukuba igunya likarhulumente lifanele lahlulwe ngamasebe amathathu ahlukeneyo: uwiso-mthetho, umphathi-mthetho, kunye nomlawuli wezomthetho. Isebe ngalinye liqhuba umsebenzi ongundoqo, ukwenza imithetho, nokuchaza imithetho, kunye nokuchaza isebe elinye elikwaziyo ukulawula elinye. UMgaqo-siseko weUnited States ubandakanya lomgaqo kwiMithetho I, II, kunye no III, ukwandisa amandla neembopheleleko ezithile kwiBhunga, uMonga, kunye neenkundla zorhulumente. Ummeli olawula imithetho, olawulayo, olawulayo, kunye negunya lolawulo-mthetho-mthetho, kunye nolawulo-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho-siseko omnye weqela lomzimba ongenakuthintelahliki, nangona ukhuthaza ukuchasana kwamandla olwa okanye ukonakalisa ukonakalisa ukonakalisa.

Imvelaphi Nendlela

Montesquieu waphawula ukuba “xa amagunya owiso-mthetho kunye namagunya alawulayo edibene kumntu omnye, okanye kwiqumrhu elinye lomajistala, akunakubakho nkululeko.” Le ngqiqo yaphembelela ngqo abalawuli be-freyimist be-U.S., ababesoyika ukulinganisa igunya elipheleleyo lolawulo lookumkani baseBritane. UJames Madison, kuFederalist No. 51, wabhala ukuba “injongo eqhubekayo kukuhlulahlula-hlula nokucwangcisa ii-ofisi eziliqela ngendlela yokuba ngamnye aqiniseke ngenye. Ngokuqinisekisa ukuba amandla okumisela imithetho, ukuyiphumeza, nokuxambulisana okunga, inkqubo esemthethweni ikhusela nawuphi na umntu ekungeneni imithetho.

Umsebenzi osebenzayo

Ngokwendlela esetyenziswayo, ukwahlulwa kwamagunya kuthetha ukuba indlu yowiso-mthetho ayinakuyiphumeza ngaxeshanye imithetho yayo; umphathi akanakuyila igunya layo elisemthethweni; kwaye ijaji ayikwazi ukwenza umthetho ngendlela efanayo nendlu yowiso-mthetho. Umzekelo, iBhunga lingamisela umthetho werhafu, kodwa isebe eliphetheyo loMongameli liqokelela ingeniso, kwaye iinkundla zicombulula iimpikiswano ngokusetyenziswa komthetho olawulayo. Oku kusetyenziswa kwamandla onikezelo kunye nokubonakala. Ukuba elinye isebe liyigqitha imiqathango yalo yomgaqo-siseko, abanye bangaxhathisa ngokusebenzisa iindlela zowiso-mthetho, njengokungavumi kwesavelwa kwesebe elilawulayo ukunyanzelisa umthetho ongagunyazinyukiyo okanye umthetho wephondo ojongelwa phantsi.

Umthetho

Umthetho umgaqo osisiseko wengcamango enyanzelisa bonke abantu, amaziko, kunye nezinto ezikhoyo − kuquka norhulumente ngokwakhe umele aphendule imithetho ebhengezwa ekuhleni, ngokulinganayo, kwaye ngokuzimeleyo. Umphengululi wezomthetho waseBritani A.V. Dicey wachonga imigaqo emithathu engundoqo: ukuphakama komthetho oqhelekileyo ngaphezu kwamandla azimeleyo, ukulingana phambi komthetho, nokukhuselwa kwamalungelo omntu ngamnye ngokwezigqibo zomthetho. Umthetho umele ulwe ngokuchasa ngqo ukulawulwa ngumthetho okanye izindululo zenkokeli ezinamandla. Iqinisekisa ukuba kwanamagosa aphezulu karhulumente kufuneka asebenze ngokwemidaba esemthethweni.

Intsingiselo Yomthetho

Akukho namnye ongaphezulu komthetho. Lo mgaqo uthetha ukuba naliphi na inyathelo likarhulumente kufuneka libe nesiseko esisemthethweni kwaye alinakulwaphula umthetho ongaphambili okanye imiqathango yomgaqo-siseko. Kumazwe anezithethe zomthetho omeleleyo, iinkundla zinokususa izenzo zegunya elilawulayo ezigqitha igunya lomthetho. Umzekelo, iNkundla ePhakamileyo ye-U.S. kwi- ulutsha olusemgceni wesigcawu i- ``Tube Co. v. sayer' [[[FLTLT] [1952] [52] zakholelwa ukuba umlawuli wesikhundla se-ofisi u-Crimean' ubamba izigamgamgamgamga zomgathe ngexesha lemfazwe yase Korea yayingenalulo logunyaziso lombutho. Oko kwaqinisekisa ukuba nomongameli odumileyo akanakuyivayo inkqubo ye-Roglation.

Ukulingana Ngaphambi KoMthetho

Ukulingana phambi kokuba umthetho uthintele amalungelo akhethekileyo kwabanamandla yaye uqinisekisa ukuba imithetho esemthethweni isebenza ngokufanayo. Kwinkqubo elawulwa ngumthetho, ibhiliyoni, umlungiseleli karhulumente, kunye nommi oqhelekileyo ujongene nemigangatho efanayo esemthethweni yehambo yolwaphulo-mthetho, ukunyanzeliswa komthetho, okanye iimfanelo zerhafu. Iinkundla ezizimeleyo nabatshutshisi kufuneka zisebenzise umthetho kwanangesandla. Ngaphandle kokulingana okunjalo, inkqubo esemthethweni iya kuba sisixhobo sabaphezulu, ijongele phantsi amandla ayo okuhlola amandla.

Inkqubo Efanelekileyo Nendlela Efanelekileyo

Umthetho kufuneka unikelwe ngenkqubo elungileyo. Isaziso esifanelekileyo sisiqinisekiso, ithuba lokuviwa, umenzi wesigqibo sobundilele, nelungelo lokubhena. Ezi migaqo-nkqubo zikhusela ukuncitshiswa kobomi, inkululeko, okanye impahla ngokungeyomfuneko. Umzekelo, iziHlanziso zesihlanu nezeshumi elinesine kwiU.S. umGaqo-siseko ufuna ukuba kungabikho mntu “okhutshwe ubomi, inkululeko, okanye impahla, ngaphandle kwenkqubo efanelekileyo yomthetho.” Oku kuthintela ukuba abadlali borhulumente bonke, kuqinisekisa ukuba amandla asetyenziswa ngokokulungeleleneyo, abonisa ukuba ayamkeleka, abekwe, abekwe kwimithetho ecacileyo kunokuba azimele.

Iipeksi Nolungelelwano

Ngeli xesha ulwahlulo lwamagunya lwahlula igunya, uhlolo nolungelelwaniso luvumela isebe ngalinye ukuba lisike umda amanye. Oku kuthintela naliphi na isebe elinye ekuqokeleleni amandla amakhulu kwaye kukhuthaza intsebenziswano. UmGaqo-siseko wase-U. unika imizekelo emininzi: uMongameli angawumisela umthetho; iBhunga liqinisekisa ukumiswa komongameli lize liquququzelele izivumelwano; iBhunga lingamtyumza uMongameli kunye nabagwebi besizwe; kwaye ijuba yejaji iyakwazi ukuvakalisa imithetho engavumelani nemithetho. Ezi nkqubo ziqinisekisa ukuba akukho sebe lingenza umsebenzi obalulekileyo.

I-Vito eLawulayo kunye noMgaqo-siseko ongaGqibaniyo

UMongameli angawakhupha amatyala adluliswe yiBhunga, kodwa iNkomfa ingayidlulisa i-veto kunye ne-3-3 yoninzi kuzo zozibini izindlu. Eli gunya linyanzela umphathi ophetheyo ukuba athethe nendlu yowiso-mthetho kwaye anike iKhomishini uvavanyo lokugqibela kwintsebenziswano yegunya eliphetheyo. I-veto amandla awaphelelanga; imfuneko elawulekayo iqinisekisa ukuba kuphela ububanzi, izikhulu ze-bipartis zingamisa imithetho phezu kokungavumelani komongameli, ngaloo ndlela ithintela umphathi ophetheyo ekuthinteleni umthetho oqhelekileyo ngokungenasiphelo.

Impinda yezeejaji

Uhlolo lwejaji lunika amandla iinkundla ukuba zityhale imithetho kunye nezenzo zolawulo ezichasene nomgaqo-siseko. Eli gunya, elimiselwe ku Marbury v. Madison [1803], lisekona lomthetho-siseko we-Melika. Ijudicary isebenza njengotoliko olupheleleyo lomgaqo-siseko kwaye linokubetha umthetho ogqitha igunya lengqungquthela okanye ukuchasa amalungelo angundoqo. Umzekelo, iNkundlalelo oluPhakamileyo kumthetho-mthetho-siseko waseMelika. Umthetho wenkundla olawulayo usebenza njengotoliko olupheleleyo lwe-Gaqo-siseko somthetho-siseko somthetho-siseko somthetho-siseko kwaye uyakwazi ukukhupha iitepiteyipiyo, uqinisekisa ukuba uMongameli akangentla kwinkqubo esemthethweni. Uqwalaselo olunamandla ngokuvavanywa ngokuchasana nolawulo.

Ukungakhathalelwa Nokushenxiswa

IBhunga leNgqungquthela lingasusa uMongameli, uMongameli onguMongameli oPhathiswayo, namanye amagosa asekuhlaleni ngenxa “yokuqiqa, ukunyoba, okanye ezinye izityholo eziphezulu kunye nama-Misdeagers.” Indlu iqalisa ukugatya, kwaye iBhunga liqhuba ityala. Le nkqubo isebenza njengendlela yokugqibela yokulwa namagosa asebenzisa kakubi igunya lawo. Nangona ukungabikho kwezobupolitika, ukungathotyeli kunika inkqubo yomthetho wokuziphendulela xa ezinye iingcebiso zingaphumelela. Isisongelo sokususwa siyakwazi ukuphelisa ukuziphatha okubi kwaye sinceda ekulondolozeni ingqibelelo yesikhundla sikawonke wonke.

Ijedi

Ijaji ezimeleyo ibalulekile ekuqinisekiseni umthetho kunye namandla okuhlola. Abagwebi kufuneka bakhuselwe kwingcinezelo yezobupolitika, ukunyoba, kunye nesoyikiso ukuze baphumeze izigqibo zokungakhethi buso ezisekelwe kumthetho nezibakala. Ukhuseleko olungundoqo lwesakhiwo luquka ubomi bobomi bonke (kubagwebi be-United States), ukhuseleko lomvuzo, kunye nemiqathango yokunciphisa intlawulo yabagwebi ngexesha lenkonzo yabo. Ezi mpawu ziqinisekisa ukuba abagwebi ababoyiki ukuziphindezela kwemithetho engathandwayo. Isebe lejaji elilelo lilelonalelo linamandla okuxhathisa ukungene kwemithetho yesebe elilawula okanye imigaqo-mthetho, kodwa ukuzimela kwalo kufuneka kulondolozwe ngokwemigaqo yezomthetho nangentlawulo nokholo lukawonke.

Ubomi Bomntu Onexesha Elide Nokhuseleko Lokuthengiswa Kwemali

IGatya III lomGaqo-siseko linika abagwebi besizwe ukumiselwa “ngokubonakalisa ukuziphatha okuhle” kwaye liyakwalela ukucutha imivuzo yabo. Oku kuthintelwa ekususweni yiKhonkqele okanye nguMongameli kuvumela abagwebi ukuba balawule ngokuchasene norhulumente ngaphandle kokubeka engozini imisebenzi yabo. Kumazwe amaninzi, ukuzimela ngokwezigwebo kukhuselwa ngokufanayo ngokweemeko ezimisiweyo, ukumiselwa okusekelwe kwimigaqo esemthethweni, kunye namabhunga azimeleyo alawula ingqeqesho nonyuselo.

Indima Yemithetho Yokweyisa Iijaji

Imithetho yemithetho yezeejaji ifuna ukuba abagwebi bathethele xa benomdla wobuqu okanye wemali kwityala elithile. Le mithetho ithintela iingxabano zomdla onokuthi uthobe isidima. Imithetho yehambo, enjenge-American Bar Association’s Model Code of Judial Emorection Code, iqinisa umgaqo wokuba abagwebi kufuneka basebenzise umthetho ngokungathathi cala, bangathathi cala, bangabi ngabameli bawo nawuphi na umbutho. Inkqubo enyamezela abagwebi abagxwayi abanolwayo ayinakukwazi ukuvavanya ngokunelisa amandla ngenxa yokuba izigqibo ezisemthethweni ziba yizithuthi zocalucalulo.

Umanyano njengeSixhobo sokuDibanisa uNciphiso

Umanyano lwahlula amandla phakathi korhulumente wesizwe noorhulumente bengingqi (njengamazwe, amaphondo, okanye amacankan). Olu lwahlulo luthe nkqo lwamandla luthintela urhulumente osembindini ekulawuleni igunya elinye kwaye luvumela amaqela asezantsi esizwe ukuba abe ziiklasi zedemokhrasi. EUnited States, ugcino loMmiselo weSihlaziyiso lweshumi elinamashumi amathandathu kuwo onke amagunya anganikwanga urhulumente worhulumente wesizwe. Amazwe anayo imimiselo, iintlawulo, iziphathi-mthetho, kunye neejajidi, ezinika iingqi zongezongezongezelelekileyo kumandla esizwe.

Iindlela Zokukhangela Ezithe Tyaba Nathe Nkqo

Umanyano lwesizwe ludala ukhuseleko oluphindiweyo: hayi kuphela amasebe orhulumente osembindini ahlukeneyo, kodwa oorhulumente besizwe noorhulumente bangahlolana. Umzekelo, amaphondo angavavanya imithetho karhulumente enkundleni; ngokuchasene noko, urhulumente wesizwe anganyanzelisa imigaqo yesizwe, efana nokukhuselwa kwamalungelo abantu, xa urhulumente esilela ukuyixhasa. Olu xinzelelo luqinisekisa ukuba amandla awanyanzeliswanga kumgangatho omnye wolawulo. Inkundla ePhakamileyo isoloko iphendula ezi mpikiswano, iqinisekisa ilungelo lomgaqo-siseko.

Amalungelo omGaqo-siseko kunye nokhuseleko ngalunye

Umgaqo-siseko obhaliweyo obala amalungelo omntu ngamnye usebenza njengegunya elingqalileyo kurhulumente. Amalungelo anjengenkululeko yokuthetha, inkululeko yokuhlanganisa, ilungelo lokuphatha izixhobo, ukukhusela ekuphandweni nokuxhuzula okungekho ngqiqweni, nelungelo lokuvavanywa ngokusesikweni elinika abemi amandla okuxhathisa urhulumente ochuliweyo. IBhili yamalungelo abantu neenguqu ezalandelayo ziye zafakwa nxamnye norhulumente ngoMphetho-Mdali, uqinisekisa ukuba onke amanqanaba okuhlonela inkululeko esisiseko karhulumente.

Ulwimi nokucofa ngokukhululekileyo

Amalungelo okuzichaza akhululekileyo enza abemi kunye namajelo eendaba ukuba bagxeke izenzo zikarhulumente kunye nokubhenca ukuxhatshazwa. Umatshini usebenza njengesixhobo sokulinda, ukwazisa uwonke-wonke kunye nokuphembelela ukuphendula kwezopolitiko. Iimeko zophawu olufana neNew York Times Co. V. Sullivan [1964]]) ugxeko lwamagosa kawonke-wonke ekulawulweni kwempahla, kunye [[FLT] New York Times Co. United States[12] [71] Ivinjwe kwangaphambili kwimpapasho yePentagons. Ezi zigqibo zingqina ukuba namagosa anamandla akanakukhutha ukuchasa okanye ukulawula ukuva.

Ukufanelekela Inkqubela Nokuvavanywa Okufanelekileyo

Ilungelo lokuchophela ityala elifanelekileyo liquka ukubonakala ungenatyala, ukufikelela kwisiluleko somthetho, inkundla yabachopheli-tyala engakhethiyo, nelungelo lokujamelana namangqina. IziHlanzi zeSithandathu neshumi elinesine ziqinisekisa la malungelo esizwe, nto leyo ethintela urhulumente ekusebenziseni inkqubo esemthethweni ukutshutshisa abachasi bezobupolitika okanye abangenamandla ngaphandle kwemigaqo efanelekileyo. Umthetho wokususa ityala, obu bungqina obufunyanwa ngokuphanda okungekho mthethweni, imida engakumbi yokunyanzeleka komthetho ekhohlakeleyo.

Iziko Elisemthethweni Nobuchule Bokulawula

Ngapha koko, umbutho wamaziko asemthethweni unyanzelisa ukuba kuthathwe ityala kwaye uhlole igunya. Ezi ziquka abameli abazimeleyo, abalawuli, abahloli jikelele, iikomishini yokulwela amalungelo abantu, kunye neenkundla zolawulo. Umzekelo, iSebe leSebe lezeMicimbi ye-U.ISebe leSebe leMicimbi ye-U.S. liqinisekisa ukuba igunya alisetyenziswangakhangeli ngaphandle kokuhlolisisa.

Umthetho Wolawulo Nolawulo

Amaqumrhu olawulo .⁠ anjenge-Arhente yokuKhuselwa Kwemekobume okanye iKhomishini ye-Exchange ne-Exchange(ukuqhelisela igunya elibalulekileyo kwimimandla ethile yezomgaqo-nkqubo. Ukuthintela ukuxhatshazwa, uMgaqo-nkqubo woLawulo oluPhezulu ufuna amaqumrhu alandele iinkqubo ezicace ngokucacileyo, avumele amagqabaza kawonke-wonke, athethelele izigqibo zawo. IiNkundla zihlola izenzo zokhuselo zobugqeba okanye igunya eligqithisileyo lomthetho, owaziwa njengomthetho wolawulo, ziqinisekisa ukuba amandla agunyaziswe ngokusetyenziswa ngokuziphendulela.

ISebe elilawulayo

Amazwe amaninzi aseka iiofisi eziphanda ngezikhalazo ezinxamnye namagunya karhulumente. I-ombudsman ligosa elizimeleyo elinokucebisa ukuthotyelwa, nangona linganyanzelisi ukuthotyelwa. Ngokufanayo, amaziko amalungelo abantu azweni lonke ajonga ukuthotyelwa korhulumente nemilinganiselo yamalungelo abantu ehlabathi lonke. Le nkqubo engeyoyasemthethweni izalisa izithuba apho iinkundla zisenokungabi nakufikeleleka okanye apho imicimbi yenkqubo ifuna utshintsho olubanzi.

Umthetho wezizwe ngezizwe namalungelo abantu

Imithetho yehlabathi ilawula igunya lasekhaya ngokuba nemithetho ebambe ityala kwimigangatho yangaphandle. Iingxelo ezinjengeSivumelwano sezizwe ngezizwe saMazwe kuMalungelo angoluntu nawamapolitiki, iNdibano yeZizwe Ezimanyeneyo enxamnye nokuthuthunjiswa, kunye neSimiselo seRoma seNkundla yeZizwe Ezimanyumnyezi sidala iimbopheleleko ezimisela igunya elilawulayo. Ngoxa ukunyanzelisa amagosa amaziko asekuhlaleni ekwazi ukunikezela umthetho wesizwe ngokwezibopho zezizwe ngezizwe ngezizwe.

Ukuphendula Kwidemokhrasi Ngokhetho

Ngokuthe rhoqo, ngesisa, nangokulunga, lunyulo olusisiseko olusetyenziswayo kwigunya labameli. Abavoter bayakwazi ukususa amagosa asebenzisa kakubi igunya lawo okanye asilela ekukhonzeni umdla woluntu. Imida yemithetho, imimiselo yezemali, kunye neenkqubo zokuvota ezicace gca zikhusela ukunyanzeleka nokulawulwa liqela elinye. Inkqubo engokwasemthethweni ilawula iinkqubo zonyulo ngemithetho yokuhlaziya, ukuvota, ukubhalisa, ukufezeka, kunye nesigqibo somvotelo. I-endependents kunye neenkundla ezithi zimisela imingeni yonyulo ukuba unyulo lusoloko lufanelekile kwaye ayibi yinqwelo - mafutha yokuhlanganisa igunya.

Isiphelo

Inkqubo esemthethweni yokukhusela nawuphi na umntu okanye iqela ekuqokeleleni amandla amaninzi ixhomekeke kwimigaqo edityanisiweyo nakumaziko: ukwahlukana kwamagunya, ulawulo lomthetho, ukuhlola nokulinganisela, ukulawula okuzimeleyo, ulawulo, amalungelo omgaqo-siseko, ulawulo, ulawulo, ulawulo lolawulo lobukhokhotho-siseko, kunye nokuphendula ngedemokhrasi. Isiseko ngasinye siqinisa abanye, sidala uthungelwano lwezithintelo olukhusela inkululeko nokukhusela ubuzwilakhe. Akukho nkqubo egqibeleleyo; akukho zikhuseli ezisemthethweni zifuna inkxaso ephandleni nemithetho yokuzimela ngokwayo. Xa ezi nkqubo zisebenza ngokunempumelelo, ziqinisekisa ukuba amandla ahlala ehleli, esemthethweni, kwaye amkelekile ekulawuleni. Isifundo esihlala sisithi imigaqo enganelanga ngaphandle kwenkxazulu yokuhlonelana ngemithetho, kodwa inika inkululeko eyimfuneko.