Isiseko Samandla Eejaji Kwinkqubo Zasemthethweni Zanamhlanje

Abagwebi banendawo ekhethekileyo kuyo nayiphi na inkqubo engokwasemthethweni: abangobalawuli bomthetho okanye abanyanzeli, kodwa abatoliki. Umsebenzi wabo wemihla ngemihla ubandakanya ukufunda imimiselo, imimiselo, kunye nezigqibo zenkundla zangaphambili, kwandule ukusebenzisa ezo mibhalo kwizibakala ezingqalileyo zempikiswano. Lo msebenzi wokuchaza uyinto engaqhelekanga. Kufuna umgwebo, ukuqiqa, nokuqonda okunzulu kwemigaqo esemthethweni. Indlela umgwebi afunda ngayo umthetho ingagqiba enoba izivumelwano zinyanzelekile, ummangalelwa ukhululekile, okanye umi ngomthetho. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, aba bantu balawula kwiqumrhu lomthetho olawula indlela abantu abasebenza ngayo.

Ukuxabisa indlela abagwebi abawuchaza ngayo umthetho baze bawusebenzise, kuqala ubani kufuneka aqonde imiqathango nenkululeko abayisebenzisayo phantsi kwemiqathango yomthetho. Kwinkqubo yoluntu, abagwebi banyanzeliswe yimizekelo phantsi kwemfundiso yokukhangela, ukanti bakwanegunya lokwahlula okanye lokulawula izigqibo zangaphambili xa iimeko zifuna. Kwinkqubo yomthetho wasekuhlaleni, abagwebi baxhomekeke kakhulu kwimithetho ebanzi nakumthetho. Ngokunganjalo nakweyiphi na inkqubo, ucelomngeni olungundoqo luhlala lunjalo: ukuvala umsantsa phakathi kolwimi oluqhelekileyo lombhalo osemthethweni kunye nenyaniso ecacileyo yempikiswano yabantu.

Iingcamango Ezikhulu Zokucaciswa Kwezogwebo

Abaphengululi nabagwebi abasemthethweni baye bavelisa iingcamango eziliqela eziphikisanayo ngendlela emele itolikwe ngayo imithetho nomgaqo - siseko.

Ubhalo

I-Textism ithi abagwebi kufuneka bachaze umthetho osekelwe kwintsingiselo eqhelekileyo yombhalo ngexesha owamiswa ngalo. Abaxhasi baphikisa ngelithi le ndlela ihlonela inkqubo yedemokhrasi ngokumisela imigaqo yokugweba kwaye ithintele abagwebi ekubekeni eyabo inkqubo ekhethekayo. UJaji Antonin Scalia wayengoyena uphambili ekuthetheni ngokusemthethweni eUnited States. Ngale mbono, ukuba umthetho uthi “ivecle” kunye nezibakala zibandakanya ibhayisekile, ijaji ikhangele enoba intsingiselo eqhelekileyo ye-“vehicle” ibandakanya iibhayisekile, ngokufuthi ijonge izichazichazi magama ukusuka kwixesha lokumiswa.

Ubuxoki

Ubuqaqoba bunxulumene kakhulu nokubhalwa kwemibhalo kodwa bugxininisa kwintsingiselo yokuqala yomgaqo-siseko. Kunokuba babuze oko kwakujoliswe ngabaqulunqi bezobugcisa ngasese, abahlalutyi babuza ukuba ingcamango esengqiqweni ngeli xesha yayiza kuba njani na intsingiselo yombhalo. Le ngcamango ifumene impembelelo ebalulekileyo kwiNkundla ePhakamileyo yase-U.S. i-jurisprudence, kunye nemithetho efana noClarence Thomas noNeil Gormoth isoloko isebenzisa ingqiqo yoqobo. Abahlalutyo baphikisa ngelithi ukuyila kusenokuba kunzima ukusebenzisa kwimibandela yanamhlanje, efana ne-intanethi okanye ukuhlola i-electal.

Utoliko oluvunyiweyo

Utoliko oluthe ngqo, olulawulayo kwimithetho emininzi esetyenziswayo ngaphandle kwe-United States (umz., waseKhanada, eUnited Kingdom), luyalela abagwebi ukuba baqwalasele injongo ebanzi okanye injongo yomthetho. Le ndlela ivumela abagwebi ukuba bagcwalise amakhefu kumthetho okanye bacombulule izinto ezingalunganga ngendlela ehambelana nosukelo lwendlu yowiso-mthetho jikelele. Umzekelo, xa kutolikwa umthetho wokukhusela abathengi, umgwebi othengenwayo angafunda umthetho ngokunzulu ukukhusela abathengi kwizenzo ezithile ezingekho bulungisa, kwanokuba umbhalo woqobo uthe cwaka kwicebo elithile.

Ukusondela komGaqo-siseko ophilayo

Ngamanye amaxesha ibizwa ngokuba “imfundiso ephilayo” le ngcamango ingqina ukuba amalungiselelo omgaqo-siseko anamandla kwaye kufuneka achazwe ngokulula amaxabiso emfundo. Inxulumene ngokusondeleyo neCanadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms jurisprudence kunye nezigqibo ezithile zeNkundla ePhakamileyo ye-U.S., ezifana Brown v. ibhodi yemfundo yemfundo [1954]) kunye no-Obergefell v. Hodges. (20).iimpikiswano ingqina ukuba ubukhomputha boqobo bunganikezela umGaqo-siseko osuliweyo; ukuchasa oko kubangela ukusetyenziswa komthetho we-demokhrasi.

Ukungalungelelani

Abagwebi abaninzi ababambelele ngqo kwingcamango enye. Endaweni yoko, basebenzisa indlela elula, bevavanya iziphumo zemithetho yabo nokukhuphisana kwezilangazelelo. Le ndlela ixhaphakile ngokukhethekileyo kumthetho wolawulo nakwimeko ezibandakanya amalungelo omgaqo-siseko afuna uhlalutyo lolwahlulo. Ijaji elungele ukucaciswa inokubuza: yiyiphi intsingiselo eyingozi okanye engcono enceda umdla kawonke-wonke?

Izixhobo Neendlela Ezisetyenziswa NgaBagwebi Ukutolika Imithetho

Ngaphandle kwenkcazo ezigqithisileyo, abagwebi basebenzisa iqela lezixhobo eziluncedo − ngokufuthi babizwa ngokuba ziincwadi zolwakhiwo---ukukhupha intsingiselo kwiindinyana ezisemthethweni. Ezi zixhobo aziyomithetho eqinileyo kodwa zizikhokelo ezinceda ukuqiqa.

Iingcebiso Ezibhaliweyo

Uluhlu lombhalo lujolise kwimiba yolwimi ngokwalo. Ejustem generis ifundisa ukuba xa ummiselo udwelisa izinto ezithile ezilandelwa ligama jikelele, igama eliqhelekileyo lilinganiselwe kwizinto zodidi olunye. Umzekelo, “iinqwelo-moya, iimoto, nezinye imoto ezingenakuquka iinqwelo-moya. udweliso lwento ekhoyo yento ekhoyo[ igama elingaziwayo yinkampani ihlala ikhona) lijonge amagama ajikeleze isigqibo esine . [FLT] [FLT]

Iingceba ezisezantsi

Uluhlu lwemithetho esezantsi lubonakalisa amaxabiso abanzi enkqubo. umthetho wento ekhoyo ufuna ukuba imimiselo yolwaphulo-mthetho edidanayo itolikwe ngokuxhasa ummangalelwa. i-application nxamnye nokubuyiselwa komsebenzi ibamba ukuba imithetho ayifanele isebenze kwihambo yangaphambili ngaphandle kokuba ichazwe ngokucacileyo. [[FLT:]] i-'umthetho obalulekileyo uthintelo lwezomthetho ulawulo loluhlu-mthetho lufundisa abagwebi ukuba bakhethe utoliko oluphepha ukunyusa iingxaki zomgaqo-siseko, nokokuba umbhalo uthe shwaba.

Imbali yoMthetho

ABagwebi badla ngokujonga iingxelo zeekomiti, iingxoxo zomgangatho, nezinye izinto zomthetho zokufumana oko kwakucetywe ngabamisi-mthetho. Le ndlela iqhelekile ekutolikeni kwabenzi bomthetho nakwiinkqubo zomthetho wasekuhlaleni. Noko ke, ababhali-mibhalo bayayigxeka inkcazo kwimbali yowiso-mthetho kuba inokusetyenziswa kwaye isenokungamela iimbono zendlu yowiso-mthetho iphela. EUnited States, ukusetyenziswa kwembali yemithetho kuye kwancipha kumashumi eminyaka akutshanje kodwa kusekho kwimimandla emininzi.

Uqhelaniso neStar Decis

Phantsi komgaqo we idecis, abagwebi babotshelelwe jikelele yimithetho yangaphambili evela kwiinkundla eziphakamileyo kulawulo olunye. Oku kwenza uzinzo nokuxelwa kwangaphambili. Kodwa i-scare decisis ayiphelelanga; iinkundla zingayibhukuqa imiqathango engasasebenziyo, ayivisisani neziphumo zamva ezisemthethweni, okanye igwetywe ngokuphosakeleyo. Isigqibo sokugqitha umthetho sisenzo sokutolika, njengoko umgwebi kufuneka ahlolisise kwakhona indlela yokuqala yokuqiqaza nokuvava iindleko zotshintsho.

Iinkalo Eziphembelela Ukwenziwa Kwesigqibo Sejaji

Ukutolikwa kwasemthethweni asiyonkqubo esengqiqweni kuphela.

Umxholo osemthethweni kunye nolawulo olubanzi

Isakhiwo senkqubo yomthetho ngokwaso simisela imiqathango. Ijaji egwebayo ibotshelelwe yimizekelo yeenkundla zetyala ezichaphazelekayo; inkundla ephakathi ibotshelelwe yinkundla ephakamileyo; inkundla ephakamileyo inenkululeko ephezulu yokuchaza ngokuyila. Imimiselo yezomGaqo-siseko ilawula imimiselo, kwaye iwise imigaqo. Le mikhosi yeqela lecawa igweba ukuqiqa phakathi kwesakhiwo, kwanaxa isenokukhetha iziphumo ezahlukeneyo.

Izithethe Eziqhelekileyo Neembono Zoluntu

Abagwebi abagonywanga kwibutho labantu abahlala kulo. Amatyala aphezulu abandakanya amalungelo abantu, ukuqhomfa, okanye umtshato ongokwabantu abatshatileyo asoloko ebonakalisa izithethe eziguquguqukayo zoluntu. Ngoxa abagwebi benqabile ukukhankanya uphando lukawonke-wonke, iinkcazelo zabo zinokuphenjelelwa yimilinganiselo yexesha abayibona njengeyokuba nesidima okanye esesikweni. Umthetho-siseko uchazwa ukuba uxhomekeke “kumgangatho osekelwe kwimilinganiselo ebonakalisa isidima ephawula inkqubela yebutho labantu abakhulayo,” njengoko kuchazwe [[FLT:]. Umthetho owesibhozo weSinyuso soMthethwe wasemthethweni we-"[FLT] v[FLT1]. [FLT:] [58]] [1988]

Intanda - bulumko Yezantlukwano Nemvelaphi Yobuqu

Intanda-bulumko yejaji egwebayo ." nokuba ixhomekeke kwi-ivivs", imathili. Zinjalo ke ngoko amava obomi. Uhlolisiso lubonise ukuba abagwebi abasuka kwimvelaphi eyahlukeneyo yezobugcisa (umz., ababengabatshutshisi nge-v. abameli bakawonke-wonke) bangavota ngokwahlukileyo kwimiba ethile. Uhlanga, ubufana, ubufana, kunye nemvelaphi yentlalo yentlalo, zinokuba nempembelelo echuliweyo, nangona abagwebi bezabalazela ukukhetha imigaqo yokungakhethi. Imo yokukhetha (umqeqesho-qhinga.) imo yemithetho eqhubekayo.

Ulawulo lweziko

Kwinkundla zamatyala ezininzi, ukuqwalasela nokuxoxa kudlala indima engundoqo. Ijaji ingalungisa indawo yayo yokutsala uninzi, ikhokelele kwimithetho ecutheneyo. Iimbono zokungavumelani zinokuphawula kwiinkundla zexesha elizayo okanye kwizindlu zowiso-mthetho ezinokuchazwa ngolunye uhlobo. Impembelelo ngaphakathi kwinkundla yenkundla `impembelelo yejaji eyintloko, ukwakhiwa komanyano phakathi kwamatyala .

Isigqibo somgwebo sokwenza inkqubela ngenyathelo

Ngoxa le nkqubo ingafani ngokwamandla nenqanaba lenkundla, inkoliso yabagwebi ilandela ulandelelwano olucwangcisiweyo xa icombulula imbambano engokwasemthethweni.

Inyathelo 1: Ukufumana Ityala Nohlolo Lokuqala

Le nkqubo iqala ngokuqukunjelwa kweminxeba kunye nokuqukunjelwa kwemifutshane. Abagwebi bahlola la maxwebhu ukuze baqonde imibandela yomthetho nezibakala eziphikisanayo. Kwinkundla ezichasayo, ingxelo evela kwinkundla esezantsi iyavavanywa. Kweli nqanaba, ijaji ichaza imibuzo engundoqo efuna ukuconjululwa.

Inyathelo lesi-2: Uphando olusemthethweni nohlalutyo

ABagwebi kunye noomabhalane babo benza uphando olunzulu. Bafuna imithetho enxulumene nayo, imimiselo, amalungiselelo omgaqo-siseko, kunye namatyala angaphambili. Basenokujonga imithombo yesibini efana nocatshulo lomthetho. Kwimeko entsonkothileyo, icandelo lophando linokuthatha iiveki okanye iinyanga. Ijaji kufuneka igqibe ukuba yiyiphi imizekelo ebotshelelweyo nenokuphembelela.

Inyathelo 3: Iimpikiswano Zomlomo (Ukuba Ziyasebenziseka)

Kwiinkundla ezininzi zetyala, iimpikiswano zomlomo zivumela amaqela ukuba achaze izikhundla zawo aze aphendule imibuzo yabagwebi. Eli lithuba elibalulekileyo kubagwebi ukuba bavavanye iintsingiselo zabo. Ijaji ingabuza: “Ukuba siyalwamkela ufundo lomthetho, kwenzeka ntoni kwityala elilandelayo elibandakanya iingongoma ezahlukileyo kancinci?” Ingxoxo edluliselwa ngomlomo ingatyhila ubuthathaka ekutolikeni okujongwa kwiphepha.

Inyathelo lesi-4: Ulwenziwo kunye nolungelelwaniso

Emva kwengxoxo edluliselwa ngomlomo, abagwebi bayathethana ngasese. Kwinkundla nabagwebi abaninzi, bavota iziphumo zeziphumo zabo baze banike uluvo umgwebi othile. Ijaji eyabelweyo ikhupha uluvo lokuchaza umthetho, icaphula imithetho nemizekelo enxulumene nawo. Le drafti ijikeleza phakathi kwabanye abagwebi, abasenokucebisa okanye babhale iinguqulelo okanye babhale iingxoxo ezahlukeneyo. Inkqubo yokuxoxisana ngolwimi ingaba nzulu, njengokuba amagama achaphazekileyo achaphazela indlela iinkundla zexesha elizayo eziwuchaza ngayo umthetho omnye.

Inyathelo 5: Ukukhupha Isigqibo

Xa inkoliso ivuma, uluvo luyapapashwa. Kwinkqubo yomthetho eqhelekileyo, ezipapashiweyo, izimvo ziba yimiqathango esetyenziswa ziinkundla ezisezantsi. Abagwebi badla ngokuquka ukuqiqa okuneenkcukacha kuba bayayazi ukuba ukutolikwa kwabo kuya kuwakhokela amatyala kwixesha elizayo. Uluvo olucetyisiweyo lungacacisa iindawo ezididayo zomthetho; umntu ocinga kakubi angadala ukudideka aze afune ukulungiswa kamva.

Impembelelo Yokwenene Yehlabathi Yokucaciswa Kwezigwebo

Iziphumo zokutyhilwa kwetyala zidlulela ngaphaya kwamaqela ekumangalelweni.

Ukucwangcisa Izilumkiso Ezikhokela Iinkundla Ezisezantsi

Isigqibo esinye esivela kwinkundla ephakamileyo singawuguqula wonke ummandla womthetho. Umzekelo, ukutolikwa kweNkundla ePhakamileyo ye-U.S. kokuLandliswa kweSibini kumazwe . ISigamente saseColumbia v. Heller [2008] [2008] iguqula imiqathango yemipu kwilizwe lonke. Ngokufanayo, iNkundla yaseYurophu yokutolika kwesivumelwano se-EU ivumelanise imithetho evumelanisiweyo kumazwe angamalungu. Iinkundla ezisezantsi kufuneka zilandele le miqathango de inkundla itshintshe ikhondo lenkundla okanye indlu yowiso-mthetho ingenelele.

Isenzo sokwalathisa uMthetho

Xa iinkundla zichaza umthetho ngendlela echasene neenjongo zomthetho, abamisi-mthetho bangawulungisa umthetho ukuze bacacise injongo yabo yantlandlolo. Ngokomzekelo, emva kweNkundla ePhakamileyo yase-United States yanciphisa umlinganiselo wokwahlulwa kweXesha KuMthetho wezomsebenzi, iBhunga lawulungisa ukubuyisela ukhuseleko oluphangaleleyo. Ngokuchasene noko, ukucaciswa kwenkundla kungabhenca amasuntswana kumthetho okhoyo, ukukhuthaza umthetho omtsha. Amagosa aphetheyo akwalungisa imigaqo yawo yokusebenza ngokwezigwebo zezahlulelo.

Ukuphazamisa Umgaqo-nkqubo Kawonke-wonke NeeNtlalo

Izigqibo zomthetho zingakhawuleza okanye zixhathise utshintsho lwentlalo. Iimeko zelizwe ezifana ne Brown v. Ibhodi yemfundo (i-difreation]), Roe v. [[FLT]] [[FLT]] [[[FLT]]] [iiiimposiso], [iiindlela-okanye i-'i-'mgano-s'] [i-'ayimigano-s's'] yayingeyimimiselo nje esemthethweni. Kwana abagwebi babezama ukuhlala phakathi kwe-“ekona ezinesine” zombhalo, ukutolika kwabo okungathintelekiyo kunye nengxoxo ebanzi. Oku kungenxa yemincindiswano. Oku kusoloko kukhuphiswana kwemimiselo egqithisileyo, okanye abagwebi.

Ukwenza Isiqinisekiso Esisemthethweni Okanye Ukungaqiniseki

Cacileyo, ukucaciswa okuzingisileyo kukhuthaza ukuxelwa kwangaphambili, okuyimfuneko kucwangciso lweshishini kunye nenkululeko yomntu ngamnye. Kodwa ukuchasana kwenkcazelo phakathi kweenkundla ezisezantsi, okanye iinguqulelo ezibukhali kwindlela yeenkundla eziphezulu, kungenza ukungaqiniseki. Umzekelo, xa iNkundla ePhakamileyo yase-U.S. ilawula umzekelo owexesha elide Dobs v. Jackson’s Health Organization [202], yasusa amashumi eminyaka okuthembela . Wade v.. iinguqu ezinjalo zibonisa omabini amandla kunye nengozi yokutolika kwezomthetho.

Ingqikelelo yothelekiso: Indlela eziya ngayo iinkqubo ezahlukeneyo zokutolika

Ukucaciswa kwenkundla akuthethi ukuba ityala limele lithatyathwe ngendlela enye. Indlela yokusebenza iyahluka kakhulu phakathi komthetho oqhelekileyo nezithethe zomthetho wasekuhlaleni, kwakunye namazwe ngamanye.

Iinkqubo Zomthetho Eziqhelekileyo (United States, United Kingdom, Canada, Ostreliya)

Kumthetho oqhelekileyo, abagwebi banegunya elithe kratya lokuphuhlisa umthetho ngokulandela umzekelo. Indima yokutolika kwetyala ibanzi, kwaye abagwebi badla ngokubhala iimbono ezinde ezichaza indlela abaqiqa ngayo. IStarle decisis yenza isiphumo esithe nkqo nesithe tyaba. Noko ke, kukho umahluko: iNkundla ePhakamileyo yoBukumkani yeUnited Kingdom ibikulungele ukusebenzisa utoliko oluphangaleleyo nokujongana nembali yemithetho kunemxhasi wayo waseMelika. Inkundla ePhakamileyo yaseCanada isebenzisa ngokucacileyo “umthi ophilayo” njengemfundiso yayo yomgaqo-siseko wayo.

Iinkqubo Zomthetho Wamakhaya (eFransi, eJamani, eJapan, eLatin America)

Kumazwe omthetho wasekuhlaleni, umthombo oyintloko womthetho ngumthetho, hayi umthetho wetyala. Abagwebi balindeleke ukuba basebenzise umbhalo ngengqiqo encinci. Izimvo zimfutshane kwaye aziphikisani kakhulu. Noko ke, umahluko uyamfiliba. EJamani, iNkundla yezomGaqo-siseko yeFederal ivelise iqumrhu elityebileyo lomthetho elisebenza ngokufanayo kwimizekelo yomthetho omnye. Inkundla yaseYurophu yamalungelo abantu, nangona iyinxalenye yenkqubo yesivumelwano sezizwe ngezizwe zonke, ikwakhe inkundla yesizwe elandelayo.

Iinkqubo Zonqulo Nezomthetho

Kwimimandla apho umthetho wonqulo (umz., iSharia) okanye umthetho wesithethe udlala indima, ukutolikwa kwezomthetho kubandakanya izixhobo ezahlukeneyo. Iinkundla zaseSharia zisoloko zixhomekeke kwiinkulungwane zeengcaciso zomthetho, ukuthelekisa (ii-qiyas), kunye nokuvumelana (ijma). Ezi nkqubo zivelisa iingxaki ezikhethekileyo xa zitolika imimiselo eqingqiweyo edityanisiweyo kunye nezithethe zonqulo.

Isiphelo

Umbuzo wendlela abagwebi abawuchaza ngayo baze bawusebenzise ngayo umthetho asiyonto nje ephambili ekwakheni igunya nempumelelo kuyo nayiphi na inkqubo yomthetho. Ijaji nganye, nokuba iyayiqonda okanye akunjalo, isebenzisa ingcamango ethile yokuchaza, enoba i-textary, i-arhente, okanye i-pregmitant. Izixhobo abazisebenzisayo kunye nezinto abazihlolayo ezichaphazelayo iziphumo zokuma kobume obuchaphazela abantu bokwenene. Ukuqonda ezi nkqubo kuvumela abemi, amagqwetha, kunye nabenzi bemithetho ukuba babandakanye nendima yejajingathaneyo. Njengokuba amaqumrhu aqhubeka eguqula, ziya kusetyenziswa nangezi ndlela zokuthetha ngomthetho. Ingxoxo eqhubekayo phakathi kweenkundla, iikomiti zomthetho, kunye neziqinisekiso zikawonke ukuba ukutolika kuhlale kuhleli kuhleli kumbandela obalulekileyo wokufundisisa.