Uphando olucelw'ethelw'ityala olungagunyaziswanga yenye yezona zixhobo zinamandla zokukhusela inkululeko yomntu ngamnye phantsi koMgaqo-siseko wesine. Xa umthetho uqhuba uphando ngaphandle kwemvume, umthwalo oya kucela urhulumente ukuthethelela oko kungenelela. Kubamangalelwa, inkqubo yokuvavanya uphando olunjalo ibandakanya ubuchule obuneenjongo yokufumana ubungqina obungekho mthethweni kunye nokubamba amagosa aphendule ngokungekho mthethweni. Eli nqaku lihlolisisa umlinganiselo opheleleyo waloo nkqubo (ukusuka ekuqondeni iziqinisekiso ezisisiseko zokunyanzela ukucinezela nokubhena kwetyala nokubhena kwezaphula umthetho.) ukuze nabani na obandakanyekileyo ekukhuseleni ukhuseleko lolwaphulo-mthetho angaqonda aze enze oko kuthethwa yi-Grade Dempletence.

Ukuqonda Iimfuneko Ezingumqobo

ISinyuso sesine sivakalisa ukuba abantu banelungelo “lokukhusela abantu babo, izindlu, amaphepha, kunye neziphumo, ngokuchasene nophando olungekho ngqiqweni kunye nokuxhuzula.” Isiqinisekiso ``ikhutshwa' ngumantyi ongathathi-nxaxheba ngokuboniswa kwesizathu esinokwenzeka(inkqubo ephambili yokuqinisekisa ukuba ukukhangela kusengqiqweni. Ukufumana isiqinisekiso esisemthethweni, ukunyanzeliswa komthetho kufuneka kwanelise iimfuno ezintathu ezingundoqo:

  • [[UMTLL:0] Unobangela oqinisekileyo: Isifungo okanye isifungo somlomo kufuneka sinike izibakala ezaneleyo ukukhokelela umntu onolwazelelelo ukukholelwa ukuba ubungqina bolwaphulo-mthetho buza kufunyanwa kwindawo ukuze buphengululwe. Amakrokrela okanye iincam ezingacacanga anele.
  • [[FLT: 0] Isiqinisekiso kufuneka sichaze ngokungqalileyo indawo ezakuphendwa nezinto okanye abantu abazakubanjwa. Imiyalelo jikelele yoyiswa kuba imema jikelele ukuhlolwa.
  • [[NTL: 0] Ijaji engathathi cala kunye nengenamkhethe: Ijaji okanye imantyi kufuneka izimele kumthetho onyanzelisayo kwaye kufuneka ivavanye i-affidavit phambi kokusayina isiqinisekiso. Isiqinisekiso se-ruber-stamps ngaphandle kokuphinda alwele le mfuneko.

Ezi mfuneko zigunyaziswayo asikokungalandeli nje okuqhelekileyo. Zikho ukuze zithintele igunya likarhulumente elingathintelwanga nokunika ityala lokuhlola phambi kokuba kufike iphulo lokukhangela. Xa uphando lusenzeka ngaphandle kwesiqinisekiso, lungasebenzi phantsi koMphetho-mda wesine, ngaphandle kokuba urhulumente angangqina ukuba elinye lala matyala aqwalaselweyo liyasebenza. Ukuqonda eli nyathelo lokuqala ekunyuseni ucelomngeni.

Uphando Olungenancasa

Inkundla ePhakamileyo yase-U.S. iphinda-phinda itsho ukuba uphengululo olungenasiqinisekiso lungangqinelani nanto nganye engekho ngqiqweni kuphela “emiselwe ngokungqalileyo kwaye echanekileyo.” Katz v. United States [1967]) ifumanise ukuba uLawulo lweSindululo sesine lukhusela abantu, hayi iindawo, kwaye imvume isoloko ifuneka xa umntu elindele ukuba abe wedwa. Oku kubeka umthwalo onzima kwityala ukuthethelela nakuphi na ukuphendla okuqhutywa ngaphandle kwesiqinisekiso.

Izinto Eziqhelekileyo Nendlela Yokuzicel ’ Ucelomngeni

Ukuze oyise ucelomngeni, urhulumente uya kuphikisa ngelithi umele asebenzise omnye okanye angakumbi kwezi zinto zilandelayo.

Umququzeleli

Ukuba umntu uyavuma ngokuzithandela ekuphandeni, akukho mvumo ufunekayo. Ukucela umngeni, ummangalelwa unokuphikisa ngokuthi imvume inyanzelekile (ngokuphandle okanye ngokupheleleyo), ukuba umntu akanalo igunya lokuvuma (umz., umnini-gumbi uyavuma kodwa hayi ummangalelwa), okanye ukuba imvume ilinganiselwe kwaye iphathwe ngamagosa. Inkundla iya kuvavanya ukugqibelela kweemeko ukugqiba ukuba i- voluntarius.

Iimeko Ezimandundu

Oku kukhetha kuyasebenza xa kukho isisongelo esikhawulezileyo kubomi, umngcipheko wokutshatyalaliswa kobungqina, okanye ukusukela ngokushushu. Umzekelo, amagosa angangena kwikhaya ngaphandle kwemvume ukuba anokuva umntu ekhala ngaphakathi okanye abone ubungqina bukhutshelwa kwindlu yangasese. Ucelomngeni lunokuphikisa ukuba abaphathi bazenzele ungxamiseko, okanye elo xesha likhona ukuze afumane isiqinisekiso. Urhulumente kufuneka abonise ukuba igosa elinobuchule linokukholelwa ukuba ukulinda isiqinisekiso kungakhokelela kwingozi okanye ukuphulukana nobungqina.

Khangelani Into Enokuninceda Nibanjwe

Emva kokuba bebanjiwe ngokusemthethweni, amagosa angaphengulula i-arhente kunye nendawo ephakathi kolawulo lwawo olukhawulezileyo ukukhusela ukhuseleko lwabaphathi-mikhosi nokukhusela ukutshatyalaliswa kobungqina. Iingxaki zisoloko zijoliswe ekutheni ukubanjwa ngokwako kwakusemthethweni nanokuba ukukhangela kugqithisiwe ngaphaya “komgama”. [Ku] Arizona v. Gant[[FLT] [2009], iNkundla ePhakamileyo ibekelmgamshela le ndawo ihambayo ukuze ihambele: abaphathi-majoni bangakhangela inqwelo-mafutha ukuze babambe kuphela ukuba abanjwe ukuba abanjwe abangenga banokufumana imoto ekhanyisiwe, okanye ukuba kufanelekile ukukholelwa kubungqina bokubanjwa kwetyala.

Umboniso ocacileyo

Ukuba umphathi ukho ngokusemthethweni kwaye ubona intengiso okanye ubungqina obungangeniyo kwimbonakalo ecacileyo, ukuxhuzula okungenasiqinisekiso kuyavunyelwa. Ucelomngeni ludla ngokuphikisa ukuba igosa alikho ngokusemthethweni, mhlawumbi ngenxa yokuba ungeno lokuqala lwalungekho mthethweni, okanye ukuba ubunjani bento obungacacanga ngoko nangoko.

Isinxaxhi senqwelo - mafutha ezizenzekelayo

Ngenxa yokuba izithuthi zihamba, abaphathi-majoni bangaphendla isithuthi ngaphandle kwesiqinisekiso ukuba banosizathu esilindelekileyo sokukholelwa ukuba siqulethe ubungqina okanye ukungeniswa kwenqanawa. Oku kuvumela ukuphengululwa kwayo nayiphi na inxalenye yemoto apho ubungqina bunokufunyanwa khona. Ucelomngeni lungahlasela ukuzimisela okunokwenzeka okanye luphikisa ukuba uphendlo lungaphaya komda ogwetyelweyo ngesizathu sokuqala sokumisa.

UTerry Stop noFrisk

Phantsi Terry v.Oo (1968), abaphathi bangabamba umntu kancinci ngokusekelwe ekukrokreleni okufanelekileyo kolwaphulo-mthetho kwaye basenokugqobhoza impahla engaphandle ukuba bakholelwa ukuba umntu uxhobile. Ucelomngeni lungangqina ukuba ukrokrelo olufanelekileyo lulahlekile okanye ukuba ifrisk ijikele kuphelo olupheleleyo ngaphandle kwesizathu.

Izizathu Ezisemthethweni Zokuphembelela Inyathelo Lokucinezela

Isithuthi esiyintloko sokucel ’ umngeni ukuphengulula uphando olungenasiqinisekiso kukuhamba uthintelo. Kule ntshukumo, ummangalelwa ucela inkundla ukuba ingabufaki nabuphi na ubungqina obufunyenweyo ngenxa yokuphengulula okungekho mthethweni. Intshukumo mayichaze ngokucacileyo imigaqo esemthethweni.

  • Ukuqulunqwa koMphetho-mda wesine: Ukuphengulula bekungekho ngqiqweni kuba kwakungekho mvume kwaye kwakungekho mfuneko isetyenziswayo.
  • [[FLT: 0] Imali yesizathu esilindelekileyo: kwanokuba umahluko uthe thaba (umz., ukunxaxha kwemoto), igosa lalingenasizathu esaneleyo ngexesha lokukhangela.
  • [[FLT: 0] imvume elinganayo: Isivumelwano sanyanzelwa, sahlulwa, okanye sanikwa phantsi kohanahaniso lobuxoki.
  • IFruit yomthi onetyhefu: hayi kuphela ubungqina obufunyenwe ngokungekho mthethweni, kodwa kwakhona nabuphina ubungqina obuvelayo obufunyenweyo ngenxa yokuphendla okungekho mthethweni, kufuneka bucinywe.
  • ukuma okanye ukuvalelwa ngokufanelekileyo: Ukuba ukumisa kokuqala okukhokelela ekuphenyeni bekungahambelani nemithetho, ukukhangela konke kungangcoliswa.

Kubalulekile ukushicilela intshukumo phambi kokuvavanywa ngezantsi kwexesha elibekiweyo emva kolungelelwaniso, kuxhomekeke kulawulo. Ukungaphumeleli ukwenza oko kungawuphazamisa umngeni wokubhena. Intshukumo kufuneka ixhaswe yi-memorandum yomthetho enenkcukacha zomthetho echaza umthetho onxulumeneyo kunye nezibakala ezifunyenwe ngokufunyanwa.

Ukuva Okucacileyo

Xa inyathelo lokucinezela lithe labekwa, inkundla ingacwangcisa ukuchotshelwa kwetyala elicacileyo, . maxa wambi ibizwa ngokuthi “ukuva uthotho-ndlebe” okanye“ ukuva ngokuphandle” (ukuba uluphikisa ubunyani bomchasi-mkhosi). Kule ndlebe, omabini amacala anikela ubungqina kwaye abize amangqina, ngokuqhelekileyo amagosa nommangalelwa. Umthwalo wobungqina uqala ufikele kummangalelwa ukuze amisele ulwaphulo lweSine Solawulo Somgunyaziso, kodwa ukuba ukuphengululo lungagunyaziswangagunyaziswanga, ukutshintsha korhulumente ukubonisa ukuba umahluko uyasebenza.

Oko Ukulindelayo Ezindlebeni

Amagqwetha okhuselo asoloko enqumla kwi-eximine abonisa ukungavumelani, ukuphelelwa kwinkumbulo, okanye iisithuba esibonakalayo. Umzekelo, ukuba igosa lithe lavuma, ingqiniso ingakhupha ubungqina bokuba ummangalelwa ubotshwe ngesandla, ukuba amagosa amaninzi ayekho, okanye ukuba igosa alicelanga mvume. Ukuba iimeko ezichaziwe, ukhuseleko lungabonisa ukuba umphathi ulindele ugcino-lwazi kunokuba afune isiqinisekiso. Ijaji izakufumana ubungqina obucacileyo ize ilawule ekushunyayeni.

Isigqibo Senkundla

Ukuba ijaji inika imvume, ubungqina obungasetyenziswanga bungasetyenziswa ekuchotshelweni. Kwiimeko ezininzi, oku kwenza ityala lomtshutshisi libe buthathaka ngokwaneleyo ukuze liphumele ekugxothweni okanye ekucelweni. Ukuba inyathelo likhatyiwe, ubungqina busenokuvunywa xa kuvavanywa, kodwa isigqibo sinokubhenwa.

Ukubhenela Kwintshukumo Yengcinezelo Engafunwanga

Ummangalelwa ogwetywayo emva kokungaphumeleli ekucinezelweni unokubhenela kwityala, ephikisa ngelithi inkundla yetyala iye yaphazama ukukhanyela le ntshukumo. Inkundla yenkundla engaphantsi ihlolisisa oko kufunyaniswe yimpazamo ecacileyo yenkundla engaphantsi kunye nezigqibo ezingokwasemthethweni ze-novo. Impumelelo yesibheno isenokuphumela kwityala elitsha okanye ukutshintsha ngokupheleleyo ukuba ubungqina obucinezelweyo babuyimfuneko kwisiqinisekiso.

Izibheno zintsonkothile ngokomdla kwaye zifuna isaziso esifike ngexesha elifanelekileyo sokubhenela, ingxelo yokucinezelwa kwendlebe, kunye nokusetyenziswa kwesixhobo esifutshane. Umlinganiselo wokuziphinda ulinganiselwe kwimiba ephakanyisiweyo negciniweyo ekucinyweni. Ngoko ke, kubalulekile ukwenza ingxelo epheleleyo ngexesha lokucinezelwa, kuquka ukuphikisa nokunika ubungqina.

Izicwangciso Ezisebenzisekayo Zokwakha Ucelomngeni

Ukuphumelela ekucel ’ umngeni uphando olungagunyaziswanga kuxhomekeke kuphando lwangaphambili nakwingqalelo yeenkcukacha. Nanga amanyathelo asebenzayo kumagqwetha akhuselayo kunye naye nabani na ofuna ukukhusela amalungelo awo:

  1. Lungisa umboniso novimba wolwazi: Ukuba kuyenzeka, thatha amaphetshana, iifoto, okanye iividiyo ngokukhawuleza emva kokukhangela. rhebha amagama neenombolo zebheji zabaphathi. Fumana nayiphina ikhamera yomzimba okanye udwi ohamba ngobhaqo.
  2. Ichaza isiseko esithe ngqo esisemthethweni esibekwe: Ingxelo yamapolisa isoloko ichaza ulungiso lokuphengulula. Thelekisa oko kwizibakala. Ingaba ulungiso luyawufanisa umthetho? Umzekelo, ukuba amagosa athi “i-frisk” kodwa aphengulula ngaphakathi kwesithuthi, esigqithisele kumlinganiselo.
  3. uphando lomthetho wasekuhlaleni wetyala: Iinkundla zikaRhulumente zingamisela ukhuseleko olungqongqo kunomGaqo-siseko wezwe. Amanye amazwe afuna isiqinisekiso sokuphengulula okuya kuvunyelwa phantsi komahluko wemoto karhulumente. Ukwazi imiyilo ethile yolawulo iyacingela.
  4. [[FLT: 0] Ifayile intshukumo ngokukhawuleza: Iinkundla ezininzi zinexesha elifutshane lokucinezela iintshukumo. Ukungaphumeli kwexesha kungaphumela ekupheliseni ulawulo. Nokuba ixesha elimisiweyo liqinile, intshukumo yekhefu yokushiya ifayile ngexesha elithile ingenzeka ukuba kukho unobangela olungileyo.
  5. [[UMTL:0] Jonga zonke iingqina: Abanye abakhweli, ababukeli, okanye kwaneengxelo zabaphathi zisenokubonisa ukungavumelani okunokusetyenziswa ukuhlasela ukuthembeka.

Ngokufuthi Kwiimbambano Ezikhangelweyo

Maxa wambi kwanoogqirha abanamava abazihoyi iingxoxo eziphambili.

  • izibhengezo zomgaqo-siseko wesizwe: Umgaqo-siseko wombuso omninzi unika ukhuseleko olubanzi kunoMphetho-Mda wesine. Umzekelo, amanye amazwana afuna isiqinisekiso sokuphengulula lonke ikhaya, kwanangokokuvumelana komntu osebenza kunye, ngaphandle kokuba umgcini wento ukhona.
  • [[FLT: 0] “Umkhonkxa uze uchaze umthetho we-": kwanogunyazo, abaphathi-mikhosi kufuneka bankqonkqoze kwaye bavakalise ubukho babo phambi kokungena. Ukuba abakwazi ukwenza oko ngaphandle kweemeko ezizicaceleyo, nabuphina ubungqina obufunyenweyo bungacinywa.
  • Fruit yohlalutyo lomthi onetyhefu: ubungqina bentsingiselo ```````'''''' obufana nengxelo eyenziwe emva kokubanjwa okungekho mthethweni okanye ubungqina obufunyenweyo obusekelwe kulwazi olufunyenwe ngokungekho mthethweni -- kufuneka lucinezelwe kwakhona. Le mfundiso isoloko ifuna uhlalutyo olwahlukeneyo.
  • umahluko wokholo olulungileyo: nokuba ukukhangela akuvumelekanga, ubungqina busenokuvunywa ukuba abaphathi basebenza ngokusengqiqweni bethembele ngokusengqiqweni kwisiqinisekiso esithi kamva sibonakale singasebenzi, okanye kumthetho ovakaliswe ngokungekho mthethweni. Ukuvavanya ukusetyenziswa kwesi sichasi-mthetho kunganeziphumo kwiimeko apho izenzo zabaphathi zibonakala zingenankathalo.

Indima Yomthetho Ozimelayo

Umthetho ohlulayo sisicombululo sokwaphulwa koMphetho-Mgaqo wesine. Unika ubungqina obufunyanwa ngokuchasene noMgaqo-nkqubo wesine awunakusetyenziswa kwityala lomtshutshisi. Injongo yomthetho kukuthintela ukuziphatha okubi kwamapolisa ngokususa intshukumisa yokuphanda okungekho mthethweni. Ngoxa iNkundla ePhakamileyo iye yakhupha ngaphandle kwe-"ukuchasana kokholo olulungileyo kunye nemfundiso ezimeleyo esekelwe kumthetho."Umthetho uyakwazi ukusetyenziswa ngamandla kwabamangalelwa. Ukucinezelwa kwempumelelo kusenokukhokelela ekugxothweni kwetyala ukuba ubungqina obuseleyo abunelanga.

Ngokungakumbi kumthetho osusiweyo kunye nobungakanani bawo, bona Ingcaciso yolwazi lweSizwe [[[FLT: 1]].

Isiphumo Sehlabathi lokwenene: Ukukhusela Amalungelo Omntu Ngamnye

Uphando olucelw'ityala olungenasiqinisekiso asikokuhlola nje okusemthethweni; luvavanyo olubalulekileyo kumandla karhulumente. Ixesha ngalinye inkundla icinezela ubungqina, ithumela umyalezo wokuba amagosa kufuneka alandele umthetho. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, olu celomngeni luye lwayila imisebenzi yamapolisa. "Ikhuthaza uqeqesho olungcono, ukunamathela ngokungqongqo ekuqinisekiseni iimfuno, kunye noxwebhu olunenkathalo.

Ngaphezu koko, le nkqubo iphakamisa ingqibelelo yenkqubo yokugweba. Ukuvumela ngokungekho mthethweni ubungqina obufunyenweyo kuphelisa ukuthembana kwabantu kwaye kukhuthaza iindlela ezimfutshane. UMthetho wesine wokuHlaziya wenziwe ukuze uthintele isiqinisekiso esiqhelekileyo nokuphengulula okungalawulekiyo okufunyanwa ngabalawuli bekoloni phantsi kolawulo lweBritane. Ukucinezelwa kwale mihla kukhusela ukuxhatshazwa kwaloo ngxaki.

Isiphelo

Inkqubo yokuvavanya ukuphengululwa okungaqinisekiyo ifuna uphando olucokisekileyo lomthetho-siseko, uphando olucokisekileyo, kunye nokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo ezifanelekileyo. Ukusuka ekubhenceni ngokuchasene nokuphengulula okungenasiqinisekiso nokungaqinisekiyo kokuvikelwa kwezaphula-ndlebe, inyathelo ngalinye lifuna ingqalelo. Ukuba uligqwetha lokhuselo, umfundi womthetho, okanye umntu ojongene nokwaphula umthetho wesine, ukwazi imithetho kunye nendlela yokuyisebenzisa isiseko sokhuseleko olune. Ngokukwazi le nkqubo, siqinisekisa ukuba isithembiso soMbeko weSihlazi sesine sokuHlamlamli sihlala siyinto yokwenene kwinkundla yetyala ngaphaya kwelizwe.

Ukuze ufunde okungakumbi ngoMgaqo-nkqubo wesine nokugunyaziswa, jonga ezi zinto zikhoyo: