Ukwazisa: Iinkalo Zoyilo Lweenqanawa Ezincinane

Xa ibutho liphuma kwimfazwe enkulu, ukwenziwa kwamaziko alo ezobupolitika kukwenye yezigqibo eziphambili eliza kujamelana nazo. Phakathi kwezi zigqibo, inkqubo yokunyulwa ivela njengendlela esisiseko yokunqanda indlela amandla asasazwa ngayo, indlela ezicatshulwa ngayo izikhalazo ezidityanisiweyo, nokuba ngaba uxolo lungahlala. Iinkqubo zochokozelo-ojoliseko-mali, . /abo bafumana uloyiso kumntu omnye okanye iqela elinazo ezininzi eziza kujongwa. (* Basoloko besamkelwa kwizicwangciso zexesha lokufumana igunya elipheleleyo. Kodwa irekhodi yabo ixube ngokunzulu: bayakwazi ukuzisa ukuzinza kodwa kwakhona, baphembele ugonyamelo oluhlazisiweyo, okanye bahlasele uxolo olutshayo. Le nqaku lihlola indlela ezichaphazele ngayo iimeko zezobupolitika zezobupolitika, ii-egcunyces ezihamba ngook, iingozi ezinokuyidianisa iingozi zombini ezinokuzinziwo zombini ezithi.

Ziyintoni Iinkqubo Zeejoni? Ingcaciso Ecacileyo

Iinkqubo zokhetho lwezibonelelo ze-Majorticator zenzelwe ukuguqulela ivoti kwizihlalo ngendlela evelisa umvuzo ocacileyo. Ngokungafaniyo nomelo lwendlela (PR) ezijolise ekubonakaliseni ukwahlukahlukana kokhetho kwindlu yowiso-mthetho, iinkqubo zolawulo oluphambili zijolise ekuveliseni urhulumente omnye wecandelo loninzi. Uninzi lwentlobo eziqhelekileyo luquka:

  • Eyokuqala-Past-the Post (FPP)[FTP:]: Isetyenziswa kumazwe anjenge United Kingdom, Indiya, ne Canada. Umvotelwa onesabelo esiphezulu kwivoti nganye yeqela elinye lomvuzo, nokokuba ufumana ngaphantsi kweninzi. Le nkqubo idla ngokuvelisa inxenye yeqela elikhulu kwaye izibaxa izinto ezithelekisa isabelo sesihlalo seqela elikhulu.
  • [[FLT: 0] Inkqubo yesibini yeRound (TRS): iqhelekile eFransi kunye noninzi lwamanye amazwe angaphambili angamaFrentshi. Ukuba akukho mbutho uzuza uninzi olupheleleyo kwisangqa sokuqala, umjikelo wesibini ubanjwa phakathi kwemitsibi emibini ephezulu. Oku kuqinisekisa ukuba impumelelo yesiphelo inenkxaso enkulu, noko kwisixhobo sokubaleka.
  • I-Alternifitive Vote (AV) okanye u- i-i-i-i-i-i-i-i-i-off Point: abathathi-nxaxheba, kwaye ukuba akukho mntu ufumana uninzi lwezinto azikhethayo zokuqala, oyena mvotezi uphantsi upheliswayo kwaye ivoti yabo iphinda-phindwa. Le nkqubo ide iphumeze uninzi. I-Australia isebenzisa le nkqubo kwindlu yayo esezantsi.
  • Sima Vote (BV): Isetyenziswa kwimimandla enamalungu amaninzi apho abavoti banevoti ezininzi njengezihlalo zokuzalisa, kodwa umvoti onenkoliso yezivoti uphumelela kwisihlalo ngasinye. Le nkqubo idla ngokukhokelela kwiqela elinye elithatha zonke izihlalo kwisithili, likhulisa isiphumo esikhulu.

Zonke ezi nkqubo zabelana ngoluvo oluqhelekileyo: zivuza umveli omkhulu ngokungenakulinganiswa kwaye zohlwaye amaqela amancinane kunye nabathathi-nxaxheba. Kwidemokhrasi ezinzileyo, oku kungakhuthaza ubungcathu kunye nokuphendula koxanduva. Kodwa kwizicwangciso zasemva kobukho bokholo, apho ukholo lusezantsi kwaye iimpawu zisoloko zisuntswana, ezi mpawu zinye zingaba neziphumo eziyingozi.

Imeko yeMajoni eQhubekekayo kwizicwangciso zePost-Confulist

Abaxhasi benkqubo yezikhulu kumazwe abuthathaka bathi banikela iingenelo ezintathu ezifunekayo ngokungxamisekileyo kwibutho labantu lasemva kokuqalisa ukuzimisela: ukuqiniseka, ukuphendula ngetyala, nokulula.

Ulungiso olunobunkunkqele lukarhulumente

Oorhulumente abasemva kwemvume-mvume badla ngokuhamba ngokukhawuleza ukuze baphumeze izivumelwano zoxolo, bakhuphe iinqobo, baphinde balungise izibonelelo, kunye nokubuyisela iinkonzo ezisisiseko. Inkqubo engundoqo inyusa amathuba okuba iqela elinye liphumelele uninzi lwezihlalo, likwazi ukuyenza i-rhulumente ngaphandle kokudibana okuqhubekayo. Kumazwe apho iintetho ezimanyeneyo zinokuvala zize zibangele iingxwabangxwaba ezintsha, oku kusenokuba luncedo olukhulu. Umzekelo, emva kwemeko yokhetho lwasemva kwe-Kenya, ukuthathwa kwenkqubo yesikhulu somongameli kunye nelungiselelo lombutho lombutho zibonise indlela amandla anokunceda ngayo ukulungisa imekobume echaphazelekayo.

Ukuphendula Ngoxanduva Lwecandelo Elinye

Xa iqela elinye lilawula, abavoti banganika ityala okanye ityala ngeziphumo. Oku kucacileyo kubaluleke kakhulu kwimo yecala lasemva kwempikiswano apho abemi bangenamdla mninzi wokubekwa ityala okushicilelwe phantsi okungadityaniswa kwezobupolitika. Ngokwengcamango, iinkqubo zobundlobongela zibangela amaqela amaqela aphakathi athathe iphulo kwiqonga elikhulu kunokuba afake izicelo ezimxinwa zobuhlanga okanye zengingqi, kuba kufuneka bawise imimandla yephondo kwelinye ilizwe. Isiphumo singaba kukubekwa kwentetho yezobupolitika edityaniswe kulwando lwesizwe.

Ukulula Nokufikeleleka

Iingingqi ezininzi zasemva kombutho zinomlinganiselo ophantsi wokufunda kunye namava alinganiselweyo kwiinkqubo zedemokhrasi. Iinkqubo zoomatiloshe zisoloko zilula ukuba abavoti baqonde: ziphawula umvoti omnye okanye iqela, kwaye ophumeleleyo ngoyena oneevoti ezininzi. Oku kulula kunganciphisa ukudideka, kunciphe ubungozi babasebenzi abangasebenziyo, kwaye kwandiswe ukuthemba inkqubo yokukhetha. Iinyanga ezintathu emva kokuphela kwemfazwe yamakhaya, umvoti kwilizwe lasemaphandleni laseSierra Leone akufuni kuqondwa iinkqubo eziziqululo okanye iindlela zokulungelelanisa.

Iingozi: Ukuzinxwema, Ukuqhatha Nogonyamelo

Ngaphandle kwezi nzuzo zithethwayo, iinkqubo zolawulo ezibhalwe kakuhle zithwala umngcipheko okhulisweyo kwindawo ezingqongileyo zasemva kokusetyenziswa kwemvume. Ingozi engundoqo kukuba zisebenzisana namaqela amancinane, kwanaxa loo maqela enziwe inxalenye ebalulekileyo yabemi. Oku kungakuphelisa ukufaneleka kolungelelwano olutsha lwezopolitiko kunye nezikhalazo ezikhokelela kwingxabano kwindawo yokuqala.

Ithatha-onke amandla kunye nokukhupha

Kwibutho apho ubuhlanga, unqulo, okanye ummandla ungundoqo wengxaki ephambili yemfazwe, inkqubo yoomantlola ingenza lonke unyulo lube ngukhuphiswano lwe-zero-sum: elinye iqela liyaphumelela, kwaye elinye liyalahlekelwa yiyo yonke into. Xa amaqela aphulukana nalo ekholelwa ukuba akanandlela inyani yokuba afumane igunya ngebhokisi yebhola, intshukumisa yokubuyela kumzabalazo wezixhobo. Le nkqubo iqwalaselwe kumazwe anjenge Nigeria (ikakhulu kuma1960) kunye neBurundi emva kwemfazwe yamakhaya, apho imiqobo yesizwe ivota phantsi kwenkqubo yeFPTP iphucula ukwanda.

Ukujoliswa Kwelizwe Nezinto Ezilahlwayo

Abemi belizwe basemva kwempikiswano badla ngokuba nomahluko othe chatha. Ukuba iqela elimbalwa lijoliswe kwimimandla embalwa, lingaphumelela kwezo mimandla kodwa lingabi nampembelelo kwenye indawo. Okwangoku, iqela elininzi lingathatha ezinye izihlalo, nokokuba abaninzi abaxhasi balo bathe balula. Isiphumo yindlu yowiso-mthetho ejijelwayo eshiya iqela elininzi ngeendawo eziphantsi kweqela elincinane. Umzekelo, kwipost-licetyotyonet transfectt imont ngeqela elibini elinamaqela amabini, kwaye iQela i-B(60%) yabemi balapho) neQela-B/FTP linokunika ngokulula iQelaniso eli- 80% lezihlalo, elishiya iQela elingu-B kuphela elinomahluko, ngokukodwa ukuba liyaphela ngaphandle kolo mkhosi.

Uloyiso Olungenanto Nocelomngeni Lolawulo

Kwanaxa inkqubo yezikhulu ivelisa urhulumente ozinzileyo, loo rhulumente usenokungabi nako ukufaneleka okuphangaleleyo okufunekayo ukulawula ngokunempumelelo. Ukuba inxalenye ebalulekileyo yabemi abaziva bengamenywanga kwipalamente, bangala ukuthobela imithetho, ukuhlawula irhafu, okanye ukwamkela igunya likarhulumente. Kwiimeko ezinzima, basenokukhetha unyulo okanye benze amaziko afanayo. Inkqubo yozinzo oluphambili ibeka engozini ukwenza iqokobhe lozinzo olwakhiwe ngokukhuthulwa, olunokukrala xa uxinzelelo lunyuka.

Uhlolisiso Lwemeko 1: IRwanda – Ukuqina Kweendleko Ezifihlakeleyo

Amava eRwanda emva kotshaba-hlanga luka-1994 adla ngokuchazwa njengemeko apho inkqubo yezobundlobongela yafak' isandla ekupheliseni kwezobupolitika ngokukhawuleza. IRwanda Patriotic Front (RPF) yaphumelela kunyulo lonyaka wama-2003 kunye noninzi oluphantsi kwenkqubo edibanisa iFPTPPP nezihlalo ezigciniweyo. Uloyiso olukhawulezileyo lweRPF lwayivumela ukuba ikwazi ukuvelisa utshintsho kude, kuquka iinkqubo zophuhliso lwezoqoqosho, iinkqubo zobudoda, kunye neenyathelo zoxolelwaniso ezifana neenkundla zeGacaca.

Noko ke, abagxeki baphikisa ngelithi inkqubo yendlu yowiso-mthetho incedile ekulawuleni amaqela alwayo ahlukeneyo. Ulawulo oluncinci, ingakumbi ukhuphiswano lwembali echanekileyo iTwa kunye namanye amaqela angamaHutu, lunemiqathango emincinane epalamente. Ulawulo olunamandla lweRPF lukwathintele ukuchasana kwaye lunciphisa isithuba samaqela aphikisanayo. Oku kubonisa ukuba intengiselwano yesixokelelwano sobupolitika idinga, kwimeko yeRwanda, ifikelele kwixabiso lobuninzi nokuphendulelwa. Abahlalutyi bezizwe ngezizwe baye baphakamisa inkxalabo ngobulungisa bonyulo, njengokuba ilizwe ligcina imiphakaliso yokhuseleko lukawonke-wonke. Oku kubonisa ukuba urhwebo lungekho phakathi kozinzo kunye nonxulumano lobuzwe kufuneka lulungelelanise.

Isifundo setyala 2: Kenya – Ukusuka kwiMajoritarian Polarianting ukuya kuRhulumente weGunya

IKenya inikela umzekelo owahlukileyo. Emva konyulo lomongameli wama-2007 .(ukusetyenziswa kwendlela yokulawula umkhosi) kwaqhambuka xa inkokeli yenkcaso uRaila Odinga ithethyiwe ukuba kwi-cuntum - Muwai Kibiki yafaka ivoti. Ugonyamelo, olwathatha abantu abangaphezu kwewaka, lwaphenjelelwa ziimbono zokucalulwa kobuzwe: abaninzi kuxhatshazo, kuquka uluntu lwaseLuo noKale-Kalenjin, lukholelwa ukuba inkqubo ye-atritrian iwarity ibalele ngokusisigxibha ngaphandle kwegunya. Ingxaki ekugqibeleni yaconjululwa ngesivumelwano sobuzwilakhe obudala urhulumente ohlukeneyo, nto leyo eyathi ngokunempumelelo yalahla iziphumo zokuqala zentlalo. Ngo-2010, iKenyanze umgaqo omtsha odiomdio-mente odityani wonyulwe ecaleni kwe-o propati ejing ejinga enkulu yezobupolitika eyahlulwayo.

Isifundo Setyala 3: Nepal – IMajoritarianism kwimo yePost-Monarchy

Ukuguqulwa kwe-Nepal ukusuka kwi-body ukuya kwirepublic yorhulumente (1996-2006) emva kwemfazwe yamakhaya kunika omnye umzekelo ofundisayo. Umgaqo-siseko wesiXhosa wama-207 wamkela ekuqaleni inkqubo exubeneyo yeNgqungquthela ye-FPtuntient, idibanisa i-FPTP kunye nokubekwa kolwahlulo. Noko ke, i-FPTPP / kwaye i-FP. yaye yayinobukho obuphambili kwindalo. I-Mayantshuphene ne-Maoissmes, ifumene isabelo esikhulu se-FPTP kodwa yawanela kulawulo olukhulu. Kwiminyaka elandelayo, ukungazinzi kwezobupolitika kwalandelana, ngokutshintsha okuqhelekileyo, ngokusetyenziswa kwendlela yokulawula yesizwe, i-Puba inxalenye enkulu yenkqulukelo yoxolo phakathi kwezizwe ezikhoyo.

Isifundo Setyala 4: Bosnia neHerzegovina – Ukusilela Kweqela Leecawa Zezizwe

Mhlawumbi esona silumkiso siphambili sentsomi sisuka eBosnia naseHerzegovina. IDayton Reconvotions eyaphelisa imfazwe yowe-1992-19995 yaseka inkqubo entsonkothileyo yokulawula amandla phakathi kwabantu abathathu belizwe (iBosniaks, neCroatiats). Noko ke, inkqubo yonyulo lonyulo lobuzwe yendlu ye-Romarterite decutinety kunye neNd Houses ingundala yoo enkulu kakhulu: ngamalungu esizwe onke anokuvotela abameli bawo abameli besizwe, kwaye abathathi-nxaxheba kufuneka bavakalise ubuhlanga babo. Le nkqubo ibotshelelwe kwiicawadians, iguqule utshintsho lobuhlanga, kwaye ithinte naluphi naluphi naluphi naluphi uhlobo lobuhlanga olukhoyo, kodwa luye lwaziwa ngokuzinziswa kweminyelwa kwemibutho yezizwe ngezizwe.

Uhlalutyo oluthelekisayo: Ii-Majoritharian v. Inkqubo ezikhoyo ekwakhiweni koxolo

Uphando lwetyala olungasentla lubalaselisa umlinganiselo ophinda-phindwayo: iinkqubo zoovimba bemali zisebenza kakuhle kwibutho lasemva kokufumana uloyiso oluneenkcukacha lomkhosi kwaye linokuthi ngokufanelekileyo ligunyaziswe ngokubanzi (njengoko kuseRwanda), okanye apho ulwahlulo lwezizwe nolopolitiko lusezantsi. Kumazwe ahluleke ngokunzulu, noko, iinkqubo zokulinganisa ngokulungelelanisa ziqheleneyo ekukhuthazeni ukufakwa kwenye indawo nokuthintela imijikelo yokuzimela iinqobo nogonyamelo.

Iinkqubo zePropotioneal PR ezisetyenziswa nguluhlu oluvaliweyo eMzantsi Afrika emva kocalucalulo, ziqinisekisa ukuba kwanamaqela amancinane afumana izihlalo ngokuhambelana nesabelo sawo sovoti. Oku kukhuthaza ulawulo olubanzi olusekelwe kwimibutho emininzi emela abantu. Inkqubo ye-South Africa yonyaka ka1994 phantsi kwe-Anlson Mandela’s National Congress (eyaphumelela 62.6% yevoti ye-*liput) yaphumela kwiRhulumente yomanyano yeSizwe neSizwana neInkatha Freedomment Par, ukwakha nokuthembeka. Ngokwahlukileyo, inkqubo yezikhulu ze-ANCS inika i-80% yezihlalo, ekwazi ukurhwabela abamhlophe nabancindi abamhlophe nabaTzulu abambalwa kunye nokurhoxilonga.

Iinkqubo ezidityanisiweyo, ezidibanisa iziqalelo ezingundoqo kunye nezilungelelanisiweyo, zinganika indlela ephakathi. Umzekelo, inkqubo yeJamani ilungelelaniswe kwizicwangciso zasemva kwemvume ebhaliweyo njenge Lesotho ne New Zealand (nangona imfazwe yaseNew Zealand ayizange ibandakanye imfazwe yamakhaya). Ezi nkqubo zivumela abavoti ukuba babe nabameli basekuhlaleni (isikhulu esiphakathi) ngexa kuqinisekwa ulungelelwano lonke kuluhlu lwekhomputha. Bagcina ezinye iinzuzo zokuziphendulela ngokweziphumo zayo ezizinkulu zemfazwe zamakhaya. Amaphondo ePost-colicta acinga ukuba ayamkela iimodeli zemifanekiso ezinjalo, nangona ukwenziwa kwenkqubo kuhlala kunzima.

Xa Iqela Leecawa Lisenokhetho Olufanelekileyo

Naphezu kobungozi, kukho iimeko ezithile apho inkqubo yoomatiloshe ingaba yeyona ndlela ilungileyo ikhoyo kwibutho lasemva kokufumana unxibelelwano:

  • xa ungquzulwano lwaphela nowoyisileyo womkhosi : Ukuba elinye iqela loyisa abanye lize lilawule ukunyaniseka koninzi lwabemi, inkqubo enzima ingaqinisa olo loyiso kwaye inike uzinzo olufunekayo kulwakhiwo. IRwanda neKhambodiya ngo1990 yimizekelo.
  • Xa ilizwe lifana ngokuthelekisayo: Ukuba ucalucalulo lobuhlanga, lonqulo, okanye lolwimi alunzulu, iingozi zokususwa zingaphantsi. Zimbalwa, zifana ngokunxulumene namazwe esiqithi kwiPasifiki (njengeNauru) iye yasebenzisa iinkqubo zobunkokeli ezinempumelelo emva kwemfazwe.
  • Xa esona sisongelo sikhulu kukwahlulwa, hayi ukususwa : Kweminye imimiselo yasemva kwesicelo, ubuninzi bamaqela axhobileyo bungakhokelela kwipalamente eyahlukeneyo apho urhulumente ozinzileyo engenakukheka khona. Inkqubo yenkoliso ingakhuthaza amaqela amancinane ukuba adibanise kwimiqoba emikhulu, ukunciphisa inani labadlali bezopolitiko kunye nengxoxo elula.
  • Xa impucuko yezobupolitika ivumela ukhokelo olugqibeleleyo: Kwibutho apho igunya elinamandla elilawulayo libonwa liyimfuneko ekwakheni uhlanga (umz., ekuqaleni kwasemva konikezelo lweIndiya), iFPTP yasetyenziswa ukwakha oorhulumente abazinzileyo. Noko ke, umahluko omkhulu wamaIndiya wawufuna indawo yokuhlala elungileyo ngaphakathi phakathi kwamaqela.

Kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuba kwanakwezi meko, ukukhusela izihlalo ezifana nezihlalo ezigcinwe ngabantu abambalwa, umlinganiselo wesini, okanye ezifunekayo kwizigqibo ezithile kunokunciphisa iingozi zobuhandiba.

Iingcebiso zabenzi bomgaqo-nkqubo

Abo babandakanyekileyo ekuyileni iinkqubo zokhetho zoququzelo lwasemva kwenqikelelo, iingcebiso ezininzi ezisekelwe kubungqina zivela kuncwadi oluthelekisayo kunye nohlolisiso lomzekelo:

  1. ukuhlahlela ingxabano phambi kokukhetha inkqubo : Ukuqonda ubunici bobuni, izikhalo, kunye namandla abangela ungquzulwano. Ukuba ungquzulwano lwalunobuhlanga, inkqubo egqibeleleyo yemfazwe idla ngokuvelisa okanye iyenze ngcono loo maqela.
  2. Iqwalasela inkqubo exutyiweyo okanye yePR njengengagqibekanga: Iintlanga ezichaphazelekayo kwingxabano yangaphakathi, umelo lolwahlulo lunciphisa ubungozi beziphumo ze-zero-sum. Nokuba inkqubo yolawulo ivunywe ngomphathi (umz., unyulo lomongameli), isebe lowiso-mthetho kufuneka lisebenzise inkqubo yolungelelaniso okanye edityanisiweyo ukuqinisekisa umelo olubanzi.
  3. Ukwakha kubuchule bamandla obubambeka: Iingingqi ze-fter-conclict zingadibanisa amalungu angundoqo noorhulumente abanyanzelekileyo (njengokuMntla Ireland) okanye ngemfuneko yokuba iindawo zekhabhathi zisasazwe ngokulinganayo phakathi kwamaqela anqumla umqobo.
  4. Isiqalo seziqalelo zeziqalelo: Ilizwe lingasebenzisa iPR kunyulo lokuqala lwesibini emva kongquzulwano ukwakha ukuthembana, landule ukuzisa ngokuthe ngcembe isithili esinye okanye ezinye iimpawu ezinkulu njengoko amaziko ezobupolitika ezinzisa kunye namaqela anqamleza amaqela eentlanga ephuma.
  5. [[NTL:0] Iziphumo kunye nohlolo rhoqo: Akukho nkqubo yokhetho ibekwe ematyeni. Iingingqi zasemva kwe-complication kufuneka zimisele iikhomishini ezizimeleyo zokhetho ngogunyaziso lokuhlola impembelelo yenkqubo ekufakelweni nasekuzinziseni, kwaye zincomela ulungiso ukuba luyafuneka.

Ikhonkco Langaphandle Nokufunda Okungakumbi

Ukuyiqonda ngokunzulu imicimbi yorhwebo ebandakanyekileyo, ezi zixhobo zilandelayo zinika uhlalutyo oluneenkcukacha:

Umlinganiselo: Ukulungelelanisa Ubuchule Nokungakhathaleli

Iinkqubo zokhetho ezingundoqo azilungile okanye azizizo ezibi kwibutho labantu lasemva kokuzibophelela. Impembelelo yazo ixhomekeke kumongo wembali okhethekileyo, uhlobo lwemfazwe, ubunzulu bolwahluko loluntu, kunye nobukho bamaziko asebenzisanayo. Kwezinye iimeko `njenge Rwanda' ziye zanceda ekudluliseni ishumi leminyaka loxolo nenkqubela phambili, nangona ixhomekeke kwixabiso lobuninzi bezobupolitika. Kunye ``njengeKenya ne Bosnia] zinoxanduva olunyusiweyo, okanye zitshixelwe ugonyamelo, okanye zitshixelwe kumandla angekho semthethweni.

Isifundo sabayili benkqubo yokhetho kukuba akukho sisombululo sinye somlinganiselo. Iingingqi zePost-conclict kufuneka zivavanye iinzuzo zokulawula ngokugqibekileyo nxamnye nomngcipheko wokuzimela. Naphina apho kunokwenzeka, iinguqu okanye imigaqo elungelelanisiweyo kufuneka iqwalaselwe nzulu, kuba zinikezela ngesiphumo sokhuseleko nxamnye nempumelelo-yonke isiphumo esinokulawula. Ekugqibeleni, olona vavanyo lubalulekileyo lwayo nayiphi inkqubo yokhetho kwisicwangciso seposi sobukhomputhi asiko ukuba ivelisa urhulumente onamandla, kodwa nokuba ivelisa urhulumente omkhulu oqondwa njengofanelekileyo. Ngaphandle kokusemthethweni, akukho nkqubo elawulayo.