Uhlolo lwezeejaji luyenye yezona zixhobo zinamandla neziphikisanayo kulawulo lomgaqo-siseko. Lunika amandla iinkundla ukuhlolisisa izenzo zamasebe owiso-mthetho kunye nolawulo oluphezulu ze zigqibe ukuba ezo zenzo ziyavumelana na nomgaqo-siseko. Le nkqubo ayixhasi nje kuphela ubukhulu bomgaqo-siseko kodwa ikwasebenza njengenkuselo nxamnye nokuphamba kukarhulumente. Ukuqonda ngokupheleleyo ubunzulu bohlalutyo lwezomthetho, kubalulekile ukuhlolisisa imvelaphi yayo, imisebenzi yayo engundoqo, izicelo zehlabathi lonke, kunye neengxaki eziqhubekayo ezijongeneyo kwidemokhrasi.

Isiseko Sembali Sempinda Yogwebo

Ingcamango yokuba iinkundla zinokuphelisa umthetho ayizange ivele ngesiquphe. Iingcambu zayo zibuyela emva kumthetho oqhelekileyo wamaNgesi kunye nengcamango yokuba imithetho ethile esisiseko ayinakutshintshwa yimithetho eqhelekileyo. Kodwa ke, uqheliselo lwangoku lokuhlola ityala eUnited States ngetyala elingephiyo letyala [[FLT: 0]] Marbury v. Madison [1803]. Kulo sigqibo, iJaji eyintloko uJohn Marshall wavakalisa: "Iligxininisa ngokungqongqo iphondo nembopheleleko yesebe lenkundla ukuchaza oko kuthethwa ngumthetho." Le ngxelo ingqindili yasungula indima ye-judiary' ekutolikeni umgaqo-siseko nexanduvayo ingqungquthelane nawo.

" Kugxininiswe kwiphondo kunye nomsebenzi wesebe lokugweba ukuthi yintoni umthetho. – IJaji enkulu uJohn Marshall, Marbury v. Madison[FLT][2]

Phambi kweMarbury, ezinye iinkundla zamathanga zazisele zibonise amandla okuphelisa imimiselo echasene nemigaqo esisiseko. Kodwa yayiluvo lukaMarshall ukuba uhlolo olusisigxina lwezomthetho-siseko waseMerika. Ityala lavela kwimpikiswano yezobupolitika ngokubekwa koorhulumente, ukanti lavelisa imfundiso eya kubumba ulungelelwaniso lwamandla phakathi kwamasebe amathathu karhulumente. Ukususela ngoko, uhlalutyo lwezomthetho luye lwaba lisiseko seenkqubo ezininzi ezisemthethweni ehlabathini lonke, ezichanelwe kwizithethe ezahlukeneyo zomgaqo-siseko kunye neemeko zezobupolitika.

Isalathisi kunye nophuhliso olunxulunyaniswayo

EYurophu, ingqiqo yokuhlola umGaqo-siseko yaphuhliswa ngokwahlukileyo. Ukuchaswa kweMvukelo yamaFrentshi kukwamkeleka kwegunya lobulungisa kwakhokelela kwinkqubo apho iinkundla eziqhelekileyo zazingenakukwazi ukuphinda zihlole umthetho; endaweni yoko, ibhunga elahlukileyo lomgaqo-siseko (iBhunga lanamhlanje iKonseil Constitution )]) yasekwa ngo19581 ukuhlola imithetho ngaphambi kokuba isebenze. Ngokuchasene noko, umphengululi osemthethweni wase-Ostriya uHans Kelsen wacebisa imodeli engundoqo yokubukezwa komgaqo-siseko ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-20, eyaphembelelo , eyaphembelela ukusungulwa kweenkundla zomgaqo-siseko kumazwe amaninzi. Ezi ndlela zibonisa ukuba uhlolo olufanayo lunokuthatha iifomu ezininzi ngexesha lokusebenza kwenjongo efanayo: ukuqinisekisa ukuba urhulumente ulawulo olusemgalelo-mGwamGwalm

Intsingiselo Yokuphengululwa Kwezogwebo

Uhlolo lwezeejaji aluyonkqubo nje yesithethe; luquka umthetho nokhuseleko lwenkululeko yomntu ngamnye. Intsingiselo yayo inokuqondwa ngemisebenzi emininzi engundoqo.

Ukulondoloza Iindlela Nolungelelwano

Nakweyiphi na inkqubo yamagunya ahlukeneyo, isebe ngalinye kufuneka libe nezixhobo zokuhlola ezinye. Uhlolo lwezomthetho lunika ijaji ngeendlela zokuphelisa imiqathango yowiso-mthetho okanye izenzo zolawulo ezigqitha imiqathango yomgaqo-siseko. Oku kuthintela naliphi na isebe ekuqokeleleni igunya elingathintelwanga. Umzekelo, xa iBhunga lidlulisela umthetho ophazamisa ukuthetha ngokukhululekileyo, iNkundla ePhakamileyo inokuthi ivakalise ukuba ayimelanga semthethweni, ngaloo ndlela igcine umyalelo womGaqo-siseko.

Ukukhusela Amalungelo Omntu Ngamnye Namalungelo Amancinane

Idemokhrasi yabaphathi-mikhosi isenokucinezela amagxathu amancinane okanye ukuchasa amalungelo asisiseko. Uhlolo lwezeejaji lusebenza njengomkhosi ochaseneyo nomthetho-siseko, luvumela iinkundla ukuba zibethe imithetho echasene nomgaqo-siseko, nokuba loo mithetho ixhaphakile. Iimeko zelizwe ezifana Brown v. Ibhodi yemfundo (1954) kumthetho we-US, owenze yaphelisa i-paration kwizikolo zikawonke-wonke, ibonisa indlela uphengululo logwebo lwetyala olunokuyilungisa ngayo inkqubo engekho sikweni. Ngokufanayo, iNkundla ePhaka Phezulu yaseIndiya iye yasebenzisa amandla ayo okuhlola amalungelo abantu abahlala eluntwini, isebenzisa imfundiso ye "baicsformation" yemithetho yomthetho yomthetho-siseko somthetho-siseko somthetho-siseko.

Ukumisela Ubuchule Bomthetho Nokungaguquguquki

Iinkundla ngohlolo lwezomthetho zidala imizekelo elandela isalathisi esikhokelayo sokuchazwa kwemithetho kwixesha elizayo. Oku kukhuthaza uzinzo lomthetho nokuxelwa kwangaphambili. Xa inkundla ikhupha isigqibo kwimithetho engomGaqo-siseko, kwiinkundla ezisezantsi, kwimimiselo yemithetho, nakumagosa aphezulu kufuneka alungelelanise izenzo zawo nomthetho owiso-mthetho. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, iqumrhu lomthetho likhula, linika imigaqo ecacileyo yoko kuvumelekileyo. Le nkqubo isekelwe kwimodeli, exhaphakileyo kumthetho oqhelekileyo, iqinisekisa ukuba amatyala afanayo aphathwa ngokufanayo, ikhuthaza ukulunga nempumelelo.

I-Evolution evumela umGaqo-siseko

IMigaqo-siseko isoloko ibhalwa ngolwimi olubanzi. Uhlolo lwezeejaji luvumela iinkundla ukuba zitolike la malungiselelo ngokubhekisele kwiimeko ezitshintshayo zentlalo, ezobugcisa, kunye nemigangatho. Ngokomzekelo, ukuchazwa kwelungelo lokuzimela wedwa kuye kwanda ukugubungela unxibelelwano lwamanani kunye nokhetho lokuzala. Ngolu hlobo lokuphila komgaqo-siseko, ukuhlolisiswa komthetho-siseko kunceda ukuba umgaqo-siseko uhlale ufanelekile ngaphandle kokufuna ukuhlaziywa rhoqo.

Indlela Ingxubusho Yezeejaji Esebenza Ngayo

Inkqubo yokuhlola ityala ibandakanya iqela lemithetho nemigangatho emisela ixesha nendlela iinkundla ezinokubuhlola ngayo ubuphi na ubugosa bemithetho. Ukuqonda ezi zinto kubalulekile ekuqondeni ukusebenza kwayo.

Ukuma, Ukuqaqamba Nokuzingca

Asinguye wonke umntu okanye iqela elinokucel ’ umngeni umthetho enkundleni. Ukucela uhlolo lwetyala, iqela kufuneka libe no ` limile, okuthetha ukuba kufuneka babonise ikonkrithi kunye nomonakalo okhethekileyo obangelwa ngumthetho. Ngokubhekele phaya, iinkundla zifuna ukuba umba ube [ uphicotho-lwazi (alukho buxoki) kwaye lungabonisi [[[FLT:]] umoot [ukungasakuba impikiswano ephilayo]. (ezi mfundiso zithintela iinkundla zokukhupha iimbono zetyala ziphumele iimbono zenkundla kwaye ziqinisekisa ukuba uhlolo olusetyenziswayo kuphela ukusombulula iimpikiswano zokwenene.

Imigangatho yempinda

Xa zihlola umthetho, iinkundla zisebenzisa imilinganiselo eyahlukeneyo esekelwe kumalungelo abandakanyekileyo nakulwahlulo olusetyenziswa ngurhulumente. Kumthetho-siseko wase-US, kukho imigangatho emithathu engundoqo:

  • Ratical Basiss Review: Owona mgangatho ubekelwe umnqwazi. Umthetho uza kugcinwa ukuba unxulumene nengqondo nomdla osemthethweni karhulumente.
  • Isininzi soMqokelelo: ufuna umthetho udibane ngeyona ndlela nomdla obalulekileyo karhulumente. Ngokufuthi usetyenziswa kwiimeko ezibandakanya ucalucalulo lwesini okanye uthetha ngentengiso.
  • [[NTL: 0] Scrity Scrutiny: Owona mgangatho unzima. Umthetho kufuneka ukhonze inzala karhulumente enyanzelisayo kwaye ulungiselwe ngokunqamlezileyo ukufikelela loo mdla. Isetyenziswa kwimithetho echaphazela amalungelo asisiseko (umz., intetho yamahala, ivoti) okanye irhanela iinkalo (umz., ugqatso).

Le milinganiselo inceda iinkundla zilungelelanise imfuneko yenyathelo likarhulumente ekukhuselweni kwamalungelo omGaqo-siseko. Ukukhethwa komgaqo-siseko kunokugqiba iziphumo zetyala, kuyenze ibe sisixhobo esibalulekileyo ekuhloleni ityala.

Iintlobo zempinda:

Kwezinye iinkqubo zomthetho, uhlolo lomthetho lunokwenzeka ngaphambi kokuba umthetho uqalise ukusebenza (uhlolo oluqinileyo) okanye xa umthetho usetyenziswa kwityala elithile (uhlolo-hlolo). Umzekelo, iNkundla yeQumrhu loMgaqo-siseko laseJamani ingahlola umthetho ngesicelo samaqumrhu athile karhulumente nangaphambi kokuba kwenzeke umonakalo. Ngokwahlukileyo, iinkundla ze-US zibandakanyeka kuphela ekuhloleni iziphumo ezicacileyo, iimeko zokuva apho iqela sele lihlelwe kakubi. Imodeli nganye ineengenelo: ukuhlola okuzinzileyo kuthintela imithetho eyingozi ekuthabatheni isiphumo; uhlolo lwezibondalamvo lunengxelo epheleleyo engqinelayo.

Indima YeAmicus Curiae Efutshane

Kwimiba ephezulu ethatyathwayo yomgaqo-siseko, amaqela anomdla angengomalathisi athe ngqo angangenisa anicumiae (umhlobo wenkundla) imifutshane ukunikezela iimpikiswano ezongezelelweyo, ugcino-lwazi, okanye iimbono ezithe ngqo. Oku kunika uhlolo lwezomthetho olunentsingiselo ngokuzisa uludwe olubanzi lwezobugcisa phambi kwenkundla. Umzekelo, bergefell v. Hodges, uninzi lwemishwato ye-ams lwabekwa kumacala omabini engxelo yomtshato, luphembele iziphumo zeNkuhlela iNkundla ephakamileyo.

Ingxubusho Yezeejaji Ehlabathini Lonke

Ngoxa iUnited States yaziwe ngokubanzi, amanye amazwe amaninzi aye avelisa iindlela zokuhlola isigwebo, ngasinye sibunjwe yimbali yasekuhlaleni nayinkcubeko engokwezomthetho.

CanadaName

ICuarter ePhakamileyo yase Canada iqhelisa uhlolo logwebo lwetyala phantsi iCanadias Charter of Rights and Frees (1982). Okubalulekileyo, iSicatshulwa siquka [ igalelo elimileyo [[ [Ulwahlulo 33] (uluhlu 33) oluvumela iPalamente okanye imigaqo yowiso-mthetho yephondo ukuba ilawule izigqibo ezithile ngexesha elilinganiselweyo. Le nkqubo yokhuseleko inika ivalo, igcina umlinganiselo wobukhulu bomthetho ngexesha elinjalo ikhusela amalungelo. Kwimeko enjenge [[FLT.[FLT:]] v. Jordann[FLD:5], (206], inkundla emisele imidabambo engqongqo yemiqatha, imiqatha yovavanyo, ukuqinisekisa amalungelo elungele ukusebenza.

I-Jamani

[[NTLT:0] Inkundla ejolisekileyo yomGaqo-siseko (iBoundesfessungssericht]) ime njengonogada onamandla woMthetho oMkhulu (Grundgesetz). Inegunya lokuhlola umthetho, ukucombulula iimpikiswano phakathi kwamasebe karhulumente, kwanawo nokuvala amaqela ezobupolitika asongela umgaqo wedemokhrasi. Izigqibo zayo ziguqule ulawulo-demokhrasi lwasemva kwemfazwe, kuquka nokulawula amalungelo e-jini, ukuqhomfa, kunye nokuhlanganisa nokuquququzelela eYurophu. Inkundla yokuhlola ithetha ukuba iyakwazi ukuqwalasela imithetho kubuso bawo phambi kokuba isetyenziswe.

I-India

INkundla ePhakamileyo yaseIndiya inamandla amakhulu okuzihlola, kuquka amandla okubetha ulungiso lomgaqo-siseko ochasene nesakhiwo [[FLT: 0] esingumthetho-siseko. Le mfundiso yasekwa kwi kavanda Bharati v. Urhulumente weKerala[FLT] [19773] kwaye uye wasetyenziselwa ukuphelisa ukuncitshiswa kwamalungelo asisiseko, ubukhomzeli, kunye nemithetho-luvo ye-Indiya. Uhlolo logwebo lwetyala lubala eliphambili ngenxa yomdla ophambili (PIL) kwinkqubo yezomthetho, evumela nawuphi na ummi wenkundla ukuba asondelelanele amaqela abuthathaka.

I-France

IFransi isebenzisa [[NTL:0] iKonteli yomgaqo-siseko (IBhunga leSizwe) elihlola ngokuyintloko imithetho ngaphambi kokuba ichazwe. Ngokungafaniyo nemifanekiso yase-US okanye yamaJamani, iinkundla eziqhelekileyo zaseFransi azinakuhlola umthetho womgaqo-siseko. Noko ke, ukususela ngo-2010, inkqubo eyaziwayo njenge umba ophambili womgaqo-siseko denantité[ (QPC]) ivumela abantu ukuba bavavanye umgaqo-siseko emva kokuba usetyenziswe, i-Frantshinge imodeli yemodeli.

UMzantsi Afrika

INkundla yeNkundla yezobuGaqo-siseko yoMzantsi Afrika , emiselwe emva kokuphela kocalucalulo, inamandla awomeleleyo okuhlola ityala. Iqinisekisa ukuba yonke imithetho nezenzo zikarhulumente zivumelana nomGaqo-siseko, okuquka iBhili yamaLungelo ebanzi. Inkundla ikhuphe imithetho ebonakalisa imilinganiselo eqingqiweyo kumalungelo entlalo, njengamalungelo entlalo-ntle kunye nempilo, ebonisa ukuba uhlolo lwezahlulelo lungathetha nje kuphela ngamalungelo oluntu nawasekuhlaleni kodwa kwanawo asesikweni.

IJapan neAustralia

IJapan yamkela uhlolo lwendlela yokugweba yama-US emva kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II, kodwa iNkundla yayo Ephakamileyo ayikhange ibethe imithetho, ibonisa indlela yokulawula. Inkundla ephakamileyo yase-Australia [[FLT: 0] iqhelisela uhlolo lokugweba olusekelwe kwimfundiso echaziweyo yokwahlula amagunya kwaye yaziwa ngokukhusela kwayo okunamandla inkululeko yonxibelelwano lwezopolitiko, eboniswa kumbhalo womGaqo-siseko.

Ucelomngeni Nokugxekwa Kwempinda Yezogwebo

Phezu kwako nje ukukhuliswa kwabantwana abaninzi, uhlolisiso lwezomthetho lujamelene neengxaki ezinyamezelekayo nocelomngeni lokusebenza.

Ubunzima Bokuphikisa

Enye yezigxeko ezizingisileyo yi- ubunzima obungalawulekiyo — ingcamango yokuba abagwebi abangakhethwanga bangawulawula umthetho wedemokhrasi. Abagxeki abanjengoAlexander Bickel baphikisa ngelithi oku kululaza ulawulo-lumelo lobudemokhrasi. Abameli baphendula ngokuthi uhlolo lwezomthetho lukhusela amalungelo angundoqo angenakuthotyelwa ziingcinga ezininzi, kwaye umgaqo-siseko ngokwawo uluhlobo oluphezulu lwemvume yedemokhrasi.

Ukungaququzeli kwemithetho yezomthetho

Izityholo ze [[FLT: 0] zezomthetho ziqhelekile. Umzekelo, isigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo yase-US [apho abagwebi babonwa besenza ngokusuka kwibhedi) ngokuchasene no-'u's' [ uthintelo lwezomthetho (apho abagwebi bathobela indlu yowiso-mthetho). Umzekelo, isigqibo seNkukongasese ye-US [FLT: 4.] Roev. Wade[[FLT:] [[FLT] [12]] [1273])) banconywa ngabanye abakhusela inkululeko yokuqhama kwaye bagwetyelwe ngabanye abantu. Umgca phakathi kokutolika kwendalo uCity, kwaye ukuqonda kuxhomekeke kulungeleniso lwezo lwezopolitiki.

Ingcinezelo Yezobupolitika Nenkululeko

Abagwebi kufuneka bazikhethele ukwenza uhlolo lomgwebo ngempumelelo, kodwa ingcinezelo yezobupolitika ingayiphelisa inkululeko. Kwamanye amazwe, ukupheliswa kwenkundla, imida enikwa amagama, okanye izisongelo zokunganconywa zisetyenziselwa ukoyikisa abagwebi. Kwanakwimimandla emiselweyo, iimfazwe zolawulo-moya oluzimeleyo eziphengululwayo kukumiselwa kwekomiti egwebayo zinokuyiguqula inkundla, nto leyo ekhokelela kwizityholo zokuba izigqibo zisekelwe kwingqiqo kunokuba zisekelwe kumthetho.

Umthetho nomthetho

Xa iinkundla zikhupha imbambano yemimiselo ephikisanayo, ukuthembana kwabantu kungaphela. Amatyala aphezulu anxulumene nokuqhomfa, ukulingana komtshato, okanye igunya eliphezulu adla ngokubangela ukuphithana. Iinkundla zixhomekeke ekuxhaseni kukawonke-wonke igunya lazo; ukuba oko kwamkeleka kuyancipha, ukuthotyelwa kwemithetho kungachaphazeleka. Imfundo kawonke-wonke ngendima yokuhlola ikomiti ibalulekile ekulondolozeni igunya layo.

Ufikelelo nexabiso

Ukumisa ityala lomGaqo-siseko kubiza imali eninzi kwaye kunika ixesha elininzi. Oku kungalinganisela ukufikelela ekuhloleni izityebi zabantu, imibutho, okanye amaqela enzala elungeleleneyo, kushiye abemi abaqhelekileyo abanamathuba ambalwa okuvavanya imithetho engamiselwanga. Inzala kawonke-wonke njengoko iboniswa eIndiya nakwamanye amazwe azama ukwehlisa le miqobo, kodwa inkxalabo ehlukeneyo ihlala iyingxaki yomhlaba wonke.

Izicelo zale mihla kunye neengxaki ezidityanisiweyo

Ukuhlolisisa isigwebo kuyaqhubeka kusenziwa ngendlela yokuphendula imibuzo emitsha engokwasemthethweni neenguqu zobugcisa.

Amanani obuqu kunye nobuninzi

Iinkundla ehlabathini jikelele ziyangqubana nendlela ukhuseleko olukhoyo lomgaqo-siseko olusebenza ngayo kugcino-lwazi lwamanani. Inkundla ePhakamileyo yase-US eku [United States [208] yawisa umthetho wokuba urhulumente usoloko efuna isiqinisekiso sokufumana iingxelo zembali ze-cell, ukusebenzisa ukhuseleko lweSine Solawulo-Mthethweno kumanani. Iinkundla zaseYurophu ngokufanayo zisebenzise umthetho wamalungelo abantu ukulinganisela iinkqubo zobuntlola.

Urhulumente wolawulo kunye nomyalelo wolawulo

Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, iinkundla ze-US ziye zahlola ukuma komGaqo-siseko kwemiyalelo yegunya elilawulayo yokufuduka, umgaqo wokusingqongileyo, kunye nolawulo lwempilo. Ityala elinjengo Isebe loKhuseleko lwasekhaya lwe-Fourland v. Regents zeYunivesithi yaseKhalifoniya[[FLT:] [2020]) zivavanye imida yamandla olawulo lomongameli. Imingeniselo efanayo ivela kwamanye amazwe apho isenzo solawulo oluphezulu sandisa kwimimandla ebekelwe umthetho.

Ukutshintsha Kwemozulu

Uhlolo lwezomthetho lusetyenziswa ngokukhulayo ukunyanzela oorhulumente ukuba balungise imozulu eguqukileyo. Iimeko ezifana ne-Urgenda Foundation v. Urhulumente we-Netherlands (2029) kunye Julia v. United States [engahambiyo)] impikiswano yokuba intshukumo zemozulu ezanelanga zingqubana namalungelo omgaqo-siseko ebomini, inkululeko, kunye nempahla. Ngelixa iziphumo ziyahluka, ezi zityholo zimela umda omtsha wokuhlola ikomiti.

Ubuntlola obenziweyo kunye nokwenziwa kwesigqibo okuzenzekelayo

Njengokuba oorhulumente bethabatha izixhobo ze-Al zolawulo lwamapolisa, logwebo, kunye nolawulo lweengenelo, iinkundla ziya kufuneka zihlole enoba iinkqubo ezinjalo ziyavumelana na nenkqubo efanelekileyo kunye nesiqinisekiso esilinganayo. Uhlolo lwejaji lungasebenza njengovavanyo oluchasene nemigaqo-mithetho-siseko kunye nokwenziwa kwesigqibo esimfiliba.

Isiphelo

Uhlolo lwejaji lungaphezulu kakhulu kunobuchule obusemthethweni; lukhuselo olunamandla oluqinisekisa ukuba amandla karhulumente ahlala ebotshelelwe yimigaqo yomgaqo-siseko. Kumzi wawo osisiseko kwi- Marbury v. Madison kwizicelo zexesha lalo kumalungelo amanani kunye nokutshintsha kwemozulu, amandla eenkundla okuhlola nokuphelisa izenzo ezingagunyaziswanga zihlala zibalulekile kumthetho. Ngoxa zijamelene nobunzima obukhoyo, uxinzelelo lwezobupolitika, kunye nokufikelela komqathangowona msebenzi wokukhusela amalungelo nokugcina iimeko zemozulu, amandla okuhlola nokuzinzisa iimeko zomthetho ahlala efuneka aqhubeke ekulungiseni izinto ezintsha, ngokungathandabuzekiyo ukuhlolwa komthetho okuzinziswa kombutho lwezimo melo lweziko.

Ukuqhubeka ufundo, bona ICornell Information yolwazi lomthetho wesigqeba songeno lomthetho kwicandelo lokuhlola ; umbhalo we Marbury v. Madison; kunye ne yeJalamn Comgastiral Constitution weNkundla yeNkundla yeNkundla yezomthetho .[FLT:]