Ijudicary imela njengesiseko somthetho wokunyanzelisa nakweyiphi inkqubo esebenzayo. Ngaphezu kokuba ngumtoliki wemimiselo ongenzi nto, iinkundla zibumba ngokukhutheleyo indlela esetyenziswa ngayo, ekhuphiswano, kunye nejikelezo. Olu hlalutyo lwandisiweyo luhlola indima yejaji eneengqika-ninzi (ukusuka ekuchazeni kunye nokuqinisekisa ukuba imigaqo isebenza ngokusemthethweni) xa kuhlolisinge imingeni yenkqubo, uphando lwetyala lokwenene, kunye nenkqubo yexesha elizayo echaza indlela yokulawula yale mihla. Abafundi nabafundisi baza kufumana ukuqonda okubanzi ngendlela igunya lejajinga lokuqinisekisa ngayo ukuba imimiselo ifeza injongo yabo: ukugcina ucwangco, ukukhusela, nokuxhasa amalungelo omthetho.

Imisebenzi ye Jadicary ekuvuselelweni kolungiso

Kwisiseko salo, icandelo lejaji lenza imisebenzi emithathu enxulumeneyo ebangela inkqubo yokunyanzelisa imigaqo elandelelanayo. Le asiyomisebenzi yodwa kodwa yenze umjikelo oqhubekayo onika imiqathango eluncedo.

Ukucaciswa Kwemithetho Nemithetho

Imithetho ibhalwe ngolwimi olubanzi olufuna utoliko lwezomthetho ukusombulula izinto ezingaqhelekanga. Xa umthetho usebenzisa amagama afana "nolwazelelelo" okanye "olukwisiphekepheke," iwela kwiinkundla ukuchaza la magama ngokwemo-mongo ekhethekileyo. uprimpligle wotoliko lwemithetho yezomthetho [ iqinisekisa ukuba imimiselo isetyenziswa ngokuthe rhoqo ngaphaya kweemeko ezahlukeneyo. Umzekelo, imigaqo yemekobume isoloko iqulathe lamagama afana "nezobugcisa ezikhoyo" Iinkundla zisoloko zicombulule lomgangatho, zilungelelanisa ukuchasana nokufuneka kwemeko-bume. Ngaphandle kotoliko lomthetho, imimiselo izakuhlala izikhokelo ezingaqhelekanga kunemithetho engenakusetyenziswa.

Ukuphelisa Iimpikiswano

Umsebenzi obonakalayo wejaji sisigqibo sokuphikisana ngokunxulumene nomthetho. Oku kuquka amatyala asekuhlaleni apho umlawuli emangalela umphuli-mthetho, kunye nokumangalelwa kwamadoda ngetyala lolwaphulo-mthetho ukuze aphule umthetho. Umthetho usebenza njengenkqubo yokufumana inyaniso: inkundla ihlola ubungqina, ive iimpikiswano ezisuka kumacala omabini, kwaye igqibe ukuba umthetho uphulwe kusini na. Le nkqubo ikwanika ingxubusho kubantu ngabanye nasemashishinini ukuvavanya ukuphaza ulawulo lukarhulumente, iqinisekisa ukuba ummiselo uhlala ulungelelaniswa kwaye usemthethweni.

Unyanzelo Nezicombululo

Xa ulwaphuko lumisiwe, ijaji inegunya lokumisela amayeza. Ezi ziquka iinkokhelo, imiyalelo, imiyalelo yokuyeka ukusebenza, okanye kwanokuvalelwa entolongweni kwiimeko zomthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho. Amandla enkundla okunyanzelisa imiyalelo yayo/ngokusetyenziswa kwezothozo, umzekelo .[1] Inika imithetho ekhawulezileyo amazinyo. Ngaphandle kwala mandla okunyanzelisa, abalawuli bebengayi kuba namandla okunyanzelisa ukuthobela, kwaye yonke isakhiwo solawulo siya kuwa phantsi.

Ukubaluleka Okusisiseko Kwenkululeko Yokugweba

Ukuzimela geqe akuyonto nje yolonwabo; yimfuneko esisiseko yokunyanzelisa imithetho esebenzayo. Xa iinkundla zikhuselwe kwingcinezelo yezobupolitika nempembelelo yezoqoqosho, zinokusebenzisa imimiselo ngokufanayo, ngaphandle koloyiko okanye ukukholiswa.

Ukukhuselwa Kwamalungelo Omntu Ngamnye

Inkundla ezimeleyo isebenza njengogcino lwamalungelo omgaqo-siseko. Ekunyanzelweni komthetho, oku kuthetha ukuba kwanaxa urhulumente enomdla osemthethweni wokuthobela, umntu ngamnye kunye namashishini ahlala enelungelo lokuqhuba inkqubo efanelekileyo. Iinkundla ziqinisekisa ukuba ukunyanzeliswa komthetho akubi kokuzithethelela, okungalawulekiyo. Olu khuselo lubaluleke ngokukhethekileyo kwiindawo ezinjengemimiselo yempilo neyokhuseleko, apho ukungangqubani kunokuthi kukhokelela kwisohlwayo esiqatha kodwa apho abamangalelwayo bamele bafumane ithuba lokuzikhusela ngokufanelekileyo.

Iipeksi Nolungelelwano Phakathi Kwamasebe

Ijaji isebenza njengovavanyo kumasebe aphetheyo nawamagunya. Ukuba indlu yowiso-mthetho idlulisa umthetho ongekho sigqeba, okanye ukuba umbutho olawulayo unyanzelisa umthetho ngendlela exhaphazayo, iinkundla zingasibetha eso senzo. Oku kwahlulwa kwamandla kubalulekile ukukhusela ukuqhathwa komthetho. Umzekelo, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yase-U.S. ithe yazenza zaphelelwa yimfuneko izahlulo ze-Deocratic Air Act xa zigqithisa igunya leBhunga lomgaqo-siseko, zinyanzelela abenzi bomthetho ukuba bacocelele ukuconga indlela yabo.

Ukukholosa Nomthetho

Ukukholosa ngoluntu kwinkqubo yomthetho kuxhomekeke kwimbono yokuba abagwebi abakhethi. Xa abemi bekholelwa ukuba iinkundla ziya kunyanzelisa imithetho ngokufanelekileyo, / ngaphandle kolwaphulo lobutyebi okanye unxulumano lwezopolitiko, basengozini yokuthobela ngokuzithandela. Ngokuchasene noko, urhulumente ophenjelelwayo ujongelwa phantsi, nto leyo ekhokelela ekubeni ungabi naluvo lwakungathobelwa kwamaqela. Uqeqesho kwizentlalo-ntle yezentlalo luye ngokuqhubekayo lunxulumanise inkululeko yekomiti kunye namanqanaba aphezulu emithetho yokuzithandela.

Ucelomngeni Olujamelene NesiVumi Sanamhlanje Esisebenzisana Nezigunyathi

Nangona ibalulekile indima yayo, inkundla yezomthetho ijongene neengxaki eziliqela ezinokudodobalisa ukusebenza kwayo. Ukuqonda le miqobo kubaluleke kakhulu kubenzi bemithetho nakubafundisi-mthetho abafuna ukomeleza inkqubo yokunyanzelisa.

Izixokelelwano zecebo kunye nogcino-lwazi lwemeko

Iinkundla ehlabathini lonke zijongene nokungakhathalelwa okuqhubekayo. Kwimimandla emininzi, abagwebi basingatha amawaka etyala minyaka le, nto leyo ekhokelela ekulibaziseni okuthabatha iminyaka. Ezi ngxelo zomthetho ziyingozi kakhulu kumthetho olawulayo, apho kudla ngokuyimfuneko ukuthabatha inyathelo elifike ngexesha elifanelekileyo ukukhusela umonakalo oqhubekayo. Umzekelo, umzi - mveliso oqhubeka ungcolisa ngoxa ityala licinezeleka enkundleni ubangela ukonakala kwemekobume bemeko-bume. Ukunqongophala kwezibonelelo kukwakukwakuphelisa uqeqesho nokubekwa komgangatho okhethekileyo okufunekayo ukusingatha imicimbi entsonkothile, njengaleyo ibandakanya ugcino-data yezobugcisa okanye iimarikethi zezo mbane.

Ukwanda Kobuntsonkothileyo Bemithetho

Imimiselo yale mihla intsonkothile. Le mikhosi inzima ingaquka imilinganiselo yenzululwazi, uhlalutyo lwezoqoqosho, kunye neemfuno zemali ezimalunga namaphepha amaninzi. Imimiselo yemali, njengaleyo ilawulayo yezorhwebo okanye ukurhwaphilizwa kwemali, ifuna ukuba abagwebi babe nolwazi oluntsonkothileyo lwemisika kunye nezixhobo zezixhobo. Le mikhosi entsonkothileyo ixhomekeke kakhulu kumangqina olwazi, kodwa ikwanyusa nomngcipheko wempazamo kunye nokuguquguquka. Ezinye iinkqubo zomthetho ziye zasabela ngokudala iinkundla ezikhethekileyo, ezifana nemeko zokusingqongileyo okanye izikhulu zerhafuthe, kodwa ezi zihlala zinqabile.

Ukwahlukana Kwabantu Nengcinezelo Yezobupolitika

Xa ijaji igqalwa njengeyokukhetha okanye ebanjiswe zizinto ezikhethekileyo, igunya layo liyaphela. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, amanye amazwe aye abona ukwanda kokuhlaselwa kwegunya kwinkululeko yokugweba, kunye nabezobupolitika begxeka ngokuphandle imithetho yenkundla ethintela ukunyanzeliswa komthetho. Oku kuhlasela kusenokusoyikisa abagwebi nokuphembelela uluvo lukawonke wonke, kukwenze kube nzima kwiinkundla ukwenza into eqinisekisiweyo. Kwanakwizigwebo ezisunguliweyo, ukuchotshelwa kwamajelo angafanelekanga eecuthe abantu, kusenokunciphisa ukuthenjwa kwabantu, nto leyo ebangela ukuba ukuthomalalisa imigaqo-mthetho nokunyusa imbono yabantu.

Ucelomngeni Lobugcisa Namanani

Ukunyuka kwemigangatho, ubukrelekrele obungeyonkqubo, kunye nogcino-lwazi olukhulu kunika ucelomngeni olutsha lokunyanzelisa imithetho. Iinkundla kufuneka zilwe nemibuzo ye-data eyimfihlo, ukuphendula kwemithetho ye-algorithm, kunye nokukhuselwa kwe-intanethi (indawo apho kusekhona izakhiwo ezisemthethweni.Ngokomzekelo, xa inkampani yezentlalo-ntle yezobugcisa iphula imimiselo yogcino-lwazi, inkundla kufuneka ihlole ubungqina bobugcisa ekusenokuba kunzima ukubuqinisekisa. Ngaphezu koko, isantya sophuhliso lwamanani sidla ngokugqitha inkqubo yomthetho, ivumela abachaphazelis' lokusebenzisa imimandla engokwasemthethweni engwevu phambi kokuba inkundla inikeze ukhokelo.

Uphando lwetyala: Isixhobo sokulungisa imbonakalo kwizenzo ngapha kwemida yomthetho

Ukuhlolisisa amatyala ehlabathi lokwenene kukhanyisa indlela abanyanzelisa ngayo abagwebi abasebenza ngayo imimiselo. Le mizekelo ibonisa amandla kunye nokusikelwa umda kokungenelela kwenkundla.

Ukulungelelaniswa kwakhona kokusingqongileyo

Kwimeko ephawulayo uMassachusetts v. EPA (2007), iNkundla ePhakamileyo yase-U.S. yagqiba kwelokuba iNkundla yokusingqongileyo inegunya `ii-Agency') kwaye ngenene inyanzelekile . Esi sigqibo sanyanzela isebe eliphetheyo ukuba lisebenze kutshintsho lwemozulu, limise umzekelo wejajidiza ukunyanzela ukunyanzelisa ukunyanzeliswa komthetho naxa amasebe ezobupolitika ayemadolwezinye iinkundla ze-European Union, ngokunjalo, iinkundla ze-eviron ziye zathi tyala ukungaphumeleli ukuthobela imigaqo yamanzi e-EUNICOS, ukubeka izihlalo ezintle zokungahambi. Ezimeko zibonisa indlela ibhulo-judiatary enokuthi ibhuloli i-eval-eance kwi-eageageageeance.

Ukhuseleko nokulungelelaniswa kwemali

Kwiziphumo zengxaki yemali yowama-2008, iinkundla ehlabathini lonke zadlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuqinisekiseni imimiselo elungiselelwe ukukhusela abathengi nokuzinzisa iimarike. Umzekelo ophawulekayo kukuchasana neebhanki ngenxa yokungaqiniseki kwemali ebekelwe ityala lendlu engekho mthethweni. Kwi-United Kingdom, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yalawula FRASA v. RBS[FL][FL:1] [2013]) iimfunothi zebhanki ziye zaphula iimfuno zomthetho ngokusilela ukuchaza iingozi ezikhoyo kwishishini. Isigqibo semali sanyanzela ishishini ukuba litshintshe uqheliselo lwentengiso lwalo lwalo nokuhlawula. Kutshanje, iinkundla zeInkundleko ziye zaxhasa imimiselo yokukhusela abathengi ngokuchasene nophando, ukuboniswa kweziphumo zokukhangela, ukusetyenziswa kwe-judia iindima zentengiso.

Ukunyanzeliswa Kwemisebenzi Nokhuseleko

Imithetho yemisebenzi ikhusela abasebenzi ekuxhatshazweni nasekukhuselekeni, kodwa ukunyanzeliswa komthetho kusoloko kuxhomekeke kwinyathelo lomthetho. EBrazil, inkundla yezeehomoni iye yasebenza ekulweni nokusebenza nzima, imyalela abaqeshi ukuba bahlawule abasebenzi baze baphumeze amanyathelo okukhusela. Ngokufanayo, eUnited States, iOccupational Safety and Health Administration (OSA) isoloko ixhomekeke kwiinkundla zolawulo zikarhulumente ukunyanzelisa imilinganiselo yokukhuseleka emsebenzini. Ityala eliphezulu elibandakanya umenzi wemikhono ekwakhenkqenkqenkqeza esoloko ingenamdla wokukhusela abasebenzi, okuphumela ekubulaweni kwabasebenzi abaninzi. Inkundla yamisa ingxelo entle yazalela inkampani ukuba ithathe uphicotho lwezokhuseleko lwezonyango iminyaka emihlanu emihlanu.

Ikamva Lemibhobho Esetyenziswayo Ekuvuselelweni Kwamandla

Njengoko ulawulo lutshintsha, ijaji kufuneka itshintshele ekulondolozeni ukusebenza kwayo. Izinto eziliqela ezivelayo ziya kuyibumba le ndaleko kumashumi eminyaka azayo.

Ukuhlaziywa kobugcisa kunye neeNkundla zamanani

Ukuhlanganiswa kobugcisa kwiinkqubo zenkundla kunika amathuba kunye nomngcipheko. Ii-platfomu zesigqibo soluvo ngekhompyutha zinganciphisa umgaqo ngokuphatha umgaqo omncinane ngokukhawuleza nangexabiso eliphantsi. Izixhobo zobuchule ezisetyenziswayo zinokubanceda abagwebi ekuhlalutyweni kwenani elikhulu logcino-lwazi olulawulayo, ukuchonga iipakethi zokungahambelani, kwaye zide zicebise iso. Noko ke, ezi zixhobo zobugcisa zinyusa inkxalabo malunga nenkqubo efanelekileyo, imigaqo-mithetho egqwetha umthetho, kunye nokufikelela kokusesikweni. Iinkundla ziya kufuna ukuphuhlisa imigaqo ecacileyo yokusetyenziswa kwe-Al kumthetho, ziqinisekisa ukuba ulawulo lomntu luhlala lusembindindindindi.

Ukudityaniswa kwehlabathi kunye nolungelelwano olunqamlezileyo

Imimiselo emininzi yale mihla . njengeyolawulo lwezorhwebo lwezizwe ngezizwe, irhafu, okanye ungcoliso-kolunye lwesizwe. Ngoko ke ijaji kufuneka isebenzisane nezixhobo zamanye amazwe ezinxulumene neenkqubo ezifana nezivumelwano zoncedo olusemthethweni kunye nokuvunywa kwemigwebo yamanye amazwe. Iinkundla zezizwe ngezizwe, njengeNkundla yezobulungisa yaseYurophu okanye iTribunal yezizwe ngezizwe ejongene noMthetho wolwandle, sele idlala indima ebalulekileyo ekunyanzeleni imimiselo echaphazela amazwe amaninzi. Njengoko ukudityaniswa kwehlabathi kuya kukhula, izakuba kufuneka zilungelelanise ngokusondele ngakumbi ukukhusela ukuquququzelelana kwemithetho, apho iinkampani zisebenzisa ukungavumelani kwiinkqubo ezisemthethweni zithintela ukuthobela.

Ubandakanyeko Lwasekuhlaleni

Ngokuqhubekayo, abemi balindele ukuba kubekho ukubonakala okungakumbi kwiinkqubo zomthetho ezinxulumene nokugcinwa komthetho. Oku kuquka ukufumaneka kwabantu ngeengxelo zenkundla, ukuqukunjelwa kwamatyala, namathuba okugqalwa kwasekuhlaleni kwiimeko ezichaphazela imfuno yoluntu. Ezinye iinkundla ziqalisile ukusebenzisa imithombo-ndaba yezentlalo ukuchaza izigqibo zazo ngolwimi olucacileyo, ukukhulisa ukuqonda okuselubalaleni ngomthetho onyanzelekileyo. Kwangaxesha linye, ukunyuka komthetho osisigxina-mthetho ngamaqela anomdla woluntu kuye kwenza ukuba ingqwalaselo yejajidicala esabela ngakumbi kwimfuno-ntle yoluntu. Ezi zizinto zibonisa ukuba icandelo le komiti liza kuphendula ngakumbi kwaye liza kuba netyala, njengoko lisenza isithethe salo.

Uqeqesho Olukhethekileyo Nemfundo Yezeejaji

Ukuhlangabezana nokuntsonkotha okukhulayo kwemithetho, amazwe amaninzi anikela uqeqesho olukhethekileyo kubagwebi. Iziko ezifana ne- UNAIDS Inkqubo yoqeqesho lwezaphuli-mthetho ne iKhomishoni yezizwe ngezizwe yeJurts inika oovimba abaphethe impilo, imekobume, kunye nemithetho yamalungelo abantu. Imfundo eqhubekekayo iya kuba yimfuneko ukuqinisekisa ukuba abagwebi bahlala behambelana nenzululwazi, ubugcisa, kunye nenkqubela yezoqoqosho exhasa iinkqubo zokulungisa indalo.

Ingqikelelo yothelekiso: Indlela eyahlukene ngayo inkqubo yokwahlula umgaqo-nkqubo womthetho

Iindima zejaji zahluka kuzo zonke izithethe ezisemthethweni, ziphembelela indlela imithetho enyanzeliswe ngayo. Kwinkqubo yomthetho eqhelekileyo (umz., United States, uBukumkani), iinkundla zinegunya elibanzi elitolika kwaye zisoloko zidala imizekelo engqinelanayo ebumba inkqubo yolawulo. Iinkqubo zomthetho wamakhaya (umz., iFransi, iJamani) zityekele ukuthembela kakhulu kwimimiselo egunyazisiweyo nakwizigwebo zolawulo ezikhethekileyo, kunye nabagwebi abadlala indima enyanzelekileyo. Okwangoku, iinkqubo ze-i-i-i-ijini (umz, i-Indiya, iMzantsi Afrika) zidibanisa izintlukwano zomGaqo-siseko, ngokufuthi zinika amandla amakhulu okuhlola izenzo zokuqulungela amalungelo angundoqo. Ukuqonda oku mahluko kuvumela ukuba kubekho ukulawulwa kwemithetho ngaphandle kokwenza imigaqo-mthetho efuna ulawulo.

Isiphelo

Ijaji ibalulekile ekunyanzelweni komthetho nakweliphi na ibutho labantu elilawulwa ngumthetho. Ngotoliko, ukudityaniswa, kunye nokugcinwa kwemithetho, iinkundla zinika ubomi kulwimi olungekho ngqiqweni lwemimiselo, ziqinisekisa ukuba imimiselo isetyenziswa ngokufanelekileyo kwaye isoloko isebenza. Inkululeko yejaji ihlala iyindawo esisiseko yale misebenzi, ikhusela nokugcina uthelekelelo lukawonke-wonke. Kodwa ijaji ijongene nocelomngeni olunzima olunzima, ukuphazamisana noluphindo lwezopolitili, kunye nokuphazamiseka kwezobuxhakaxhakaxhakaxhakaxhakaxhakaxhaka bezo. Ngokufunda kwizifundo zetyala nangokufumana imigaqo engundoqo, i-judiary isenokuqhubeka nokufeza indima yayo ebalulekileyo ekunyanzelweni komthetho wolawulo lwezizukulwana ezizulwini. Ukufundwa okuqhubekayo komcineyo. [NT.]