Ukuqonda Inkqubo Elindelekileyo: Umgaqo Osisiseko Wokusesikweni

Inkqubo yomthetho elindelekileyo inguwo wesiseko seenkqubo zale mihla zomthetho, iquka umgaqo wokuba oorhulumente bamele bawahlonele onke amalungelo asemthethweni abekelwe umntu ngaphambi kokuba abahluze ubomi, inkululeko, okanye impahla. Ngoxa le ngcamango iqwalaselwa emhlabeni wonke, ukutolikwa kwayo, umgamo, kunye nokunyanzeliswa kwayo kwahluka kakhulu kwiimfuno. Kubenzi abasemthethweni, abaphengululi, nabameli, ukuqonda ezi ntlobo-ntlobo ziyimfuneko ekuqhubeni umthetho wezizwe ngezizwe, ukuhlahlela amalungelo abantu, nokunqamleza umsebenzi osemthethweni. Eli nqaku lihlolisisa indlela amalungelo afanelekileyo achazwa ngayo nokusetyenziswa komthetho oluntu, umthetho oluntu, umgaqo owentlalo, neenkqubo ezingundoqo, umahluko engokwasemthethweni, kunye neentlobo-ntlobo-ntlobo-ntlobo ezikhoyo.

Inkqubo elindelekileyo idla ngokwahlulwa ngokweendidi ezimbini: inkqubo yokufumana iprocedual, enxulumene neenkqubo urhulumente amele azilandele (njengesaziso esifanelekileyo, ukuva, nenkundla engakhethi buso), kunye nenkqubo efunekayo, ekhusela amalungelo athile asisiseko ekungeneleleni korhulumente naxa kusetyenziswa iinkqubo ezifanelekileyo. Umlinganiselo phakathi kwezi zinto uyahluka ngokuphawuleka ehlabathini lonke.

Iinkqubo zoMthetho oqhelekileyo

Esekelwe kwisithethe somthetho samaNgesi, iinkqubo zomthetho oqhelekileyo zixhomekeke kakhulu kwimizekelo egwebayo nakwimiGaqo-siseko. Amalungelo omsebenzi onyanzelo asoloko edweliswe ngokucacileyo kwimimiselo ebhaliweyo okanye emidala emiselwe.

I-United States

UMgaqo-siseko waseUnited States unikela eyona nkqubo icacileyo yokukhusela efunekayo kumthetho oqhelekileyo. UMthetho wesihlanu, owagunyaziswa ngo-1791, uthintela urhulumente ukuba ahluthe nawuphi na umntu "ubomi, inkululeko, okanye impahla, ngaphandle kwenkqubo efanelekileyo yomthetho. UMthetho weSindululo we-1448, owamkelwa ngowe-1868, udlulisela lo mthetho kurhulumente. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yase-U.S. itolike la magama aquka omabini amaqela e-procedrood mental ne-subtivession.

Amalungelo afunekayo kwinkqubo eUnited States aquka:

  • Isaziso ngezityholo nethuba lokuviwa
  • Ilungelo lokuchophela ityala ngokukhawuleza nangoluntu liqulunqe ityala elingakhethi cala
  • Ilungelo kwicebo elingokwasemthethweni (elilungiselelwe [[FLT: 0] Gideon v. Wainwright, 372 U.S. 335]
  • Ilungelo lokujongana namangqina
  • Ukukhusela ekuzinyanzeleni ukuba ungabi nalucalulo (ilungelo lokuzingqina)
  • Ukukhusela kwingozi ephindiweyo
  • Ilungelo lokubhenela kwiinkolelo zolwaphulo-mthetho

Inkqubo esisiseko, ngeli xesha kuthanda ukuphikisana kakhulu, ikhusela amalungelo asisiseko afana nelungelo lokutshata, ukukhulisa abantwana, ukusebenzisa ukuthintela ukukhawula nokukhetha ukuqhomfa (ngokuya kutsho kwinqanaba lokukwazi ukuqhomfa phantsi kwenkqubo ekhoyo). La malungelo achazwa njengabaluleke kakhulu kangangokuba akanakususwa kungakhathaliseki ukuba ziziphi iinkqubo ezisetyenziswayo.

Amatyala okuphawula umhlaba anjenge Mira v. Arizona (384 U.S. 436, 1966) yamisa imfuneko yokuba ukunyanzeliswa komthetho kwazise ukukrokra kwamalungelo abo ukuba bahlale bethule nakugqwetha phambi kokuncinwa kwegunya, ukukhuselwa kwezikhuseli-mthetho kwimisebenzi yemihla ngemihla. Inkqubo ye-U.S. yaziwa ngemilinganiselo yayo ecacileyo, imilinganiselo ecacileyo, kunye nemithetho yesiseko eqinileyo.

I-United Kingdom

I-United Kingdom ayinawo umgaqo-siseko omnye omiselwe kunye; endaweni yoko, imigaqo efanelekileyo yenkqubo ithathwa kwiinkulungwane zomthetho oqhelekileyo, imimiselo efana neMagna Carta (1215), kunye noMthetho wamaLungelo woluntu, obandakanya iNdibano yaseYurophu yaMayela namalungelo abantu (ECHR) kumthetho wasekhaya. IGaqo 6 ye-ECHR iqinisekisa ukuchotshelwa ngokusesikweni, ngoxa IQumrhu 5 likhusela ekuvalelweni ngokungenalusini. [[FLT: 0] Isivumelwano samaLungelo soluntu ifuna ukuba onke amagunya kawonke-wonke asebenze ngokulingana nala malungelo.

Isalathisi somsebenzi wePhondo

  • Imbono yokuba umsulwa de kuqinisekiswe ukuba unetyala
  • Ilungelo lokuchongwa ngokusesikweni nangokwaselubala ngexesha elifanelekileyo
  • Ilungelo lokufumana imvume esemthethweni (uncedo olusemthethweni olukhoyo kwimicimbi enzulu)
  • Ilungelo lokuxelelwa ngokukhawuleza ngezityholo zolwaphulo-mthetho
  • Ukukhusela ukuphanda nokuxhuzula (nangona kungenawo umlinganiselo olingana noMphetho - melo wesine waseUnited States)
  • Ilungelo lokubhenela kwiinkolelo nezivakalisi

Ngokungafaniyo ne-U.S., i-UK ayinayo imfundiso efunekayo esisiseko yenkqubo. Amalungelo adla ngokukhuselwa ngokusesikweni komthetho kunye nokucaciswa komthetho. INkundla ePhakamileyo ye-UK igxininise ukuba inkqubo efanelekileyo yomthetho oqhelekileyo ifuna ukuba izigqibo ezichaphazela amalungelo abantu zenziwe ngaphandle komkhethe nangokuphanda okufanelekileyo.

CanadaName

Indlela yokusebenzisa iKhanada idibanisa isithethe somthetho oqhelekileyo kunye nemithetho-siseko. Isicangca se-Canadian yamaLungelo nenkululeko (inxalenye yoMthetho womGaqo-siseko, 1982) iquka icandelo 7: "Wonk'we-enelungelo lobomi, inkululeko nokhuseleko lomntu nelungelo lokungahluthwa ngaphandle kokuba kuhambelane nemigaqo yesiseko sobulungisa." Eli lungiselelo liye lachazwa ukuquka iprocded ne-suttantives, icandelo elifana nenkqubo elungileyo ye-US. kodwa lineempawu ezahlukileyo.

  • Uza kukwazi ukukhusela ekuphandeni okanye ekuxhuzuleni
  • Icebo lokugcina nokuyalela ngaphandle kokulibazisa
  • Ilungelo lokuxelelwa ngetyala elithile
  • Ukujamelana nokuvavanywa ngexesha elifanelekileyo
  • Ukukhuselwa ekuphathweni ngenkohlakalo nangaqhelekanga okanye kwisohlwayo

Iinkundla zaseKhanada zalamkela amalungelo angaphantsi kwecandelo 7, kuquka ilungelo lokunyamekela impilo (kwimeko ezithile) nelungelo lokhuseleko lomntu, elikhokelele ekulawuleni ekuncediseni ukufa ( Carter v. Canada (Athromoneral), 2015 SC 5). "Iziqalelo zemithetho esisiseko" iquka iingcamango ze-artritrieness, ngaphezulu kwegophethi, kunye nento embi kakhulu echaphazelekayo.

Inkqubo yoMthetho waBalelwane

Amalungelo omthetho wamakhaya, axhaphakileyo kwilizwekazi leYurophu, iLatin America, kunye neAsiya, axhomekeke kwimithetho ebanzi echaza amalungelo aphantsi nawasekuhlaleni. ABagwebi banendima yokuncina amatyala, yaye ukugxininiswa kukwimithetho ebhaliweyo kunokuba kuqwalaselwe kwimimiselo ebhaliweyo.

I-France

UMgaqo-siseko wamaFrentshi ka-1958, ubhengezo lwamalungelo omntu nowabemi (ngowewaka linamakhulu asixhenxe ananye), kunye neNdibano yaseYurophu yaMalungelo Oluntu kunye zinikezela ngesiseko senkqubo efanelekileyo eFransi. Umgaqo we i-contradicttoire[ (umgaqo-siseko obalulekileyo) ufuna ukuba omabini amaqela abe nethuba elilinganayo lokunikela ityala lawo. [ Code de procédé purée pélédapêcale[FT] iinkcukacha ezithe ngqo (IPlatectus Procediture Code).

Amalungelo enkqubo afunekayo eFransi:

  • Ukucingela ukuba umsulwa (okuchazwe ngokuxinzeleleyo kwiSindululo saMalungelo oMntu)
  • Ilungelo lokuxelelwa ngokukhawuleza nangenkcukacha
  • Ukuya kwinkundla kawonke-wonke phambi kwenkundla ezimeleyo nengakhethi buso
  • Ilungelo loncedo olusemthethweni (kuquka nokugcina amapolisa – igarde à vue))
  • Ekunene ukuhlala uthe cwaka (nangona ingeyondlela enyanzeliswe ngayo njenge-U.S.; ngoku ikhowudi ifuna ukuba kuxelwe ukuba kuqinisekiswe ngalo lungelo)
  • Ekunene ukubhenela (amanqanaba ali-110: i-Cour d'appel kunye ne-Cour de cassation)

Inkqubo efanelekileyo yaseFrentshi ikwaquka ilungelo lokuqukwa kwengxoxo engobunyani, okuthetha ukuba omabini amacala angabuza amangqina kunye neengcali. Ijaji ephengululayo ( juge d'information) idlala indima engundoqo kwiimeko ezinzulu, iqhuba uphando olungelulo oludala. Le nkqubo igxekwe ngenxa yokuba nekhethe, kodwa i-ECHR ityhefu ityha i-France kwinkuselo enkulu.

I-Jamani

Umthetho osisiseko waseJamani [Grundesetz] ka-1949 wabhaliswa ukusabela kukuphathwa kakubi kwamaNazi kwaye uneenkqubo ezifanelekileyo zokukhusela. Inqaku 103(1) lithi: "Kwiinkundla, wonk ’ ubani unelungelo lokuchotshelwa ngokuhambelana nomthetho. IGatya 104 ithintela ukuvalelwa okungekho semthethweni kwaye ifuna ukuba ijaji ilungelelanise nayiphi na intengiso yenkululeko ngaphaya kosuku lokuqala. Inkundla yeMigaqo-siseko yeFoderal ( Boundsesculangsricht[FLT][FLT]]) iphuhlise iqumrhu lomthetho oweyo.

  • Ukuya kwityala elisesikweni nelinoluntu (IECHR yesi-6 yafakwa kumthetho waseJamani)
  • Ekunene kwicebo elisemthethweni ( Pflichpreverdiger – isiluleko sokhuselo esinyanzelekileyo kwiimeko ezinzima)
  • Ukukhuselwa ekuvalelweni ngokungekho semthethweni (ukuphinda-phinda
  • Ilungelo lokuviwa phambi kwesigqibo senkundla
  • Ukhuseleko kwingozi ephindwe kabini ([[FLT: 0]'iibini kwisixhobo sokulawula'], ubugcisa. 103(3) Umthetho osisiseko)
  • Ukugqibelela ngesigqibo esicatshuliweyo

Inkqubo efunekayo yesiJamani iphenjelelwa ngamandla ngumgaqo we Rechstaat (umbuso osekelwe kumthetho). Oku kuquka ulungelelwaniso kunye nokhuseleko lomntu ohloniphekileyo (Art. 1 GG). Inkqubo ingummangali-tyala kumatyala olwaphulo-mthetho: ijaji iphengulula ngokukhutheleyo izibakala, kodwa ummangalelwa unamalungelo okuba nenxaxheba kwaye avavanye ubungqina obuyiyo. Article 103 yoMthetho osisiseko iqinisekisa kwakhona ilungelo lokuphendula ngokusemthethweni, elingundoqo elingumthetho obalulekileyo.

IJapan

Inkqubo esemthethweni yaseJapan idibanisa amasiko omthetho wasekuhlaleni (impembelelo yaseJamani naseFransi) kunye notshintsho lomgaqo-siseko waseMerika emva kweMfazwe II. UmGaqo-siseko waseJapan (1947) uqinisekisa amalungelo afanelekileyo enkqubo kwiSahluko III, "Izintlu zooVimba baBantu" Inqaku 31: "Akukho mntu uza kuhluthwa ubomi okanye inkululeko, okanye nasiphi na esinye isigwebo solwaphulo-mthetho, ngaphandle kokuba kumiselwe inkqubo yomthetho." Imiqathango 32/39 inikela ukhuseleko oluneenkcukacha.

  • Ekunene kwityala elikhawulezayo nelinowonke-wonke (Umzobo 37)
  • Ukukulungela ukucebisa ngesiluleko esimiselwe ngurhulumente kubamangalelwa abangenatyala kwiimeko ezimandundu
  • Ukhuseleko oluchasene nolwandiso (Art. 38)
  • Ukhuseleko kwingozi ephindwe kabini (Umzobo. 39)
  • Ukuthetha namangqina nokuwahlolisisa (Umzobo 37)
  • Ukukhuselwa ekubanjisweni nasekuvalelweni ngokungekho mthethweni (imfuneko egqithisileyo, ubugcisa. 33)

Inkqubo efanelekileyo yaseJapan iphawulwe ngokungqongqo kweemfuno zayo zemvume kunye namalungiselelo achasene nokusetyenziswa kwemithetho yolwaphulo-mthetho. Noko ke, umlinganiselo wokubhenela uphezulu kakhulu (ngaphezulu kwama-99% kwiityala zolwaphulo-mthetho), okuphakamisa imibuzo ngokusebenza kwezi zikhuseli zomthetho. Ilungelo lommangalelwa lokuthula liqashelwe, kodwa uncinwa lwamapolisa lungathatha ixesha elide kwaye lungabakho ngaphandle kwegqwetha de kubekwe izityholo ezisemthethweni.

Iinkqubo Zonqulo Ezingokwasemthethweni

Kwamanye amazwe, umthetho wonqulo usisiseko somthetho okanye uhambisana nomthetho wehlabathi.

Umthetho weSharia (Umthetho Omlitha)

Umthetho we-Sharia, othathwe kwiQuan kunye neSunnah (iimvelaphi zoMprofeta Muhammad), ulawula iinkalo ezininzi zobomi kunye nobulungisa kumazwe anjenge Saudi Arabia, Iran, kunye neenxalenye zeNigeria. Ngelixesha i-sharia ingasebenzisi igama elithi "inkqubo yangaphambili" kwingqiqo yaseNtshona, iqulathe imigaqo yokusesikweni ([ adl]), okungagqibeleliyo ( u-infaf[FLT], kunye namalungelo e-prodial asebenza imisebenzi efanayo.

Isixokelelwano senkqubo esikhoyo phantsi kwe-sharia esezantsi siquka:

  • Ukucinga ukuba umsulwa – umgaqo wokuba umntu otyholwayo akanatyala de agwetywe ngokuba netyala ngobungqina obucacileyo
  • Ekunene ukuya ekuchongeni okulungileyo phambi komgwebi (qadi) ekufuneka angakhethi buso
  • Ityala limele linikelwe kumntu omangalelweyo ukuze athethele
  • Ukukhuselwa ekuvumeni izono ezinyanzelekileyo – ukuvuma izono kumele kwenziwe ngokuzithandela; ukuvuma izono ngenkani akusebenzi
  • Ekunene ukuya kubheno ([[FLT: 0] talzum) kwigunya eliphezulu kwezinye izikolo
  • Ngokomzekelo, ukuze kubonakale ukuba kukho imilinganiselo ephakamileyo ecacileyo – kufuneka amadoda amane azibonela ngawawo amehlo, nto leyo eyenza kube nzima gqitha ukukholelwa koko kuqinisekisiweyo

Noko ke, uzalisekiso lwale migaqo luyahluka. Kumanye amazwe anamhlanje ukusebenzisa i-sharia, abamangalelwa bangangafumani mvume yasemthethweni, iityala zingaqhutywa ngasese, kwaye isohlwayo esithile (njengokukhandwa okanye ukunqunyulwa kwethambo lomzimba) singasetyenziswa ngaphandle kokusetyenziswa ngokupheleleyo. Ingcamango ye uhud [isohlwayo esizinzisiweyo] [iisohlwayo]) zingadeleka ukuqwalasela okubhaliweyo kwezinye iinkcazelo. Kubalulekile ukwahlula phakathi kwe-scria juria juriscoudentine nezenzo zolawulo zanamhlanje.

UMthetho Oyicawa (iCawa yamaKatolika)

Inkqubo yomthetho yeCawa yamaKatolika, eyaziwa njengomthetho wecawa, ilawula imicimbi enjengeyokudilizwa komtshato, uqeqesho lwabefundisi, kunye nolawulo lwangaphakathi. Codex Iuris Canonici[ [19983] iqulathe izikhuseli ezineenkcukacha zokhuseleko kubamangalelwa kwiimvavanyo ezisebusweni obuphezulu. Inkqubo equkwayo kumthetho wecawa iquka:

  • Ilungelo lokuxelelwa ngesityholo nobungqina
  • Unelungelo lokumela i-alpha (okanye i-anqute)
  • Ukunika ubungqina kunye namangqina
  • Ilungelo lokubhenela kwiinkundla ezahlukahlukeneyo (kuquka neRome Rota)
  • Umgaqo we [[UMTL: 0] iibibisi kumsebenzi (akukho mpazamo iphindwe kabini)

Inkqubo efanelekileyo engokobuthixo ifanelekile ngokukodwa kumatyala okutyholwa ngokuxhatshazwa ngokwesini kubefundisi. Kumashumi eminyaka akutshanje, iCawa iye yaguqula iinkqubo zayo ukuze inike amaxhoba ukhuseleko olunamandla yaye atyholwe ngokufanayo, nangona abahlalutyi bephikisa ngelithi ukufihla imfihlo noqeqesho lwangaphakathi kusawaphazamisa amathuba abonakalayo.

Iinkqubo zomthetho ezixutyiweyo nezixutyiweyo

Amazwe amaninzi asebenzisa iinkqubo ezixubeneyo ezidibanisa umthetho oqhelekileyo, umthetho wasekuhlaleni, nezonqulo okanye ezingokwesithethe.

UMzantsi Afrika

Emva kokuphela kocalucalulo, iMzantsi Afrika yamkela umGaqo-siseko oguqulayo (1996) odibanisa ilifa lomthetho oqhelekileyo neempembelelo ezinamandla zomthetho wabemi, ingakumbi kwisivumelwano somGaqo-siseko. Icandelo 35 lamaLungelo linika amalungelo amakhulu okubanjwa, okuvalelwa, nokumangalelwa kwabantu. INkundla yoMgaqo-siseko ivelise ukuphuhlisa i-jurisprudential esesikweni, kuquka ilungelo lokuvavanywa ngokufanelekileyo, ilungelo lokumela ngokufanelekileyo, (kuquka isiluleko esimiselwe ngurhulumente xa sifuneka ziinguqulo zobulungisa), kunye nelungelo lokuphelisa. Inkqubo efanelekileyo yoMgaqo-siseko ibandakanya amalungu asezantsi, njengamalungelo nokulingana.

I-India

Inkqubo yomthetho yase-Indiya isekelwe kumthetho oqhelekileyo wamaNgesi kodwa iye yatshintshwa ngokuphawulekayo nguMgaqo-siseko wase-Indiya (1950). Inqaku lama-21 lithi: "Akukho mntu uza kuhluthwa ubomi bakhe okanye inkululeko yakhe ngaphandle kwenkqubo emiselwe ngumthetho. Ngokungafaniyo neU.S. "umgaqo" wenkqubo, ibinzana lesi-Indiya "iprocedrectivedrectation" ekuqaleni lachazwa ngokucutha. Noko ke, ukususela kwimeko yesithethe Maneka Gandhiv. Umanyano lwe-Indiya[[FLT:] [1288], iNkundla Ephakamileyo ikholelwa ukuba inkqubo imele ibe "iphoir, kwaye icace, ngoku ingeniswa imo ephakathi kwendlela efunekayo. Ngoku i-Indiya iphawula ububanzi bekuqukelwelo olulukunene, kuquka nokukhomba ekunene, ukuncelwa kwenkululeko esemthethweni, [FTractive.[2],[3], u-Fonert.[3], u-Esbow.[7]

Imigangatho yezizwe ngezizwe ukwenzela inkqubo elindelekileyo

Izixhobo zamalungelo abantu zamazwe ngamazwe zinika imigaqo esisiseko elawula imithetho yesizwe kwaye zinceda ekuvumelaneni nokukhuselwa kwehlabathi lonke. Amaxwebhu abalulekileyo aquka:

  • [[UMTL:0] Isibhengezo esidibeneyo samaLungelo Oluntu (UDHR, 1948) – Amanqaku 10 kunye ne 11 iqinisekisa ilungelo lokuvavanywa ngokulungileyo nokubonakala ungenatyala. Funda iUDHR.
  • Umnqophiso wezizwe ngezizwe ongobuLungu kunye namalungelo ezobupolitika (ICCPR, 1966) – IGcinqna 14 lenkcukacha ezisesikweni zamalungelo okuvavanywa, kuquka ilungelo lokucebisa, ilungelo lokuhlola amangqina, kwaye alinyanzelekanga ukungqinela. Amazwe amaninzi aye agunyazisa aza aquka le milinganiselo.
  • Isivumelwano se-Europe samalungelo abantu (ECHR, 1950) - Amanqaku 5 (ekunene kwinkululeko nokhuseleko) kunye 6 (ekunene kwityala elilungileyo) anempembelelo ngokukhethekileyo. INkundla yaseYurophu yamalungelo abantu inika utoliko olugunyazisayo kumazwe angama- 46 angamalungu. Ukufunda okungakumbi nge-ECHR.
  • [ INdibano yaseMelika yamalungelo abantu (11969) – Inqaku lesi-8 liqinisekisa iziqinisekiso zogwebo kunye nokhuseleko oluqhelekileyo kumazwe aseMerika.
  • IsiTshathi se-Afrika kuMalungelo oLuntu noLuntu (19981) – Inqaku 7 liqinisekisa ilungelo lokuchotshelwa ngokusesikweni.

Ezi zixhobo zidla ngokufuna ukuba kubekho amazwe anikela uncedo olusemthethweni, aphephe ukuvalelwa ngenkohlakalo, aqinisekise ukuba kukhutshwe izibheno.

Uhlalutyo lokuthelekisa: Ucalulo

Phezu kwazo nje izithethe ezisemthethweni ezahlukahlukeneyo, kuvela imigaqo emininzi yendalo iphela:

  • Ityala lobuNtovu -inkqubo nganye esayihlolayo iyayiqonda imfuneko yenkundla engakhethi buso, isaziso sezityholo, kunye nethuba lokunikela ukhuseleko. Ifomu (ityala lokugqibela loncinwa) iyahluka, kodwa injongo iyafana.
  • Ukufunyaniswa kobumsulwa---Onokuba kuchazwe ngokucacileyo (iFransi, iJamani, i-U.S.) okanye kufunyaniswe (i-sharia, umthetho oqhelekileyo), lo mgaqo uphantse ufikelele jikelele. Uxanduva lobungqina bukwangummangaleli.
  • [[NTL:0] Umelo lwe-Legil – Access to cebiso liqwalaselwa ngokuqhubekayo njengeyimfuneko. Ngaphandle kokuba kwiinkqubo ezininzi ezibukhali, ummangalelwa ongenakukwazi ukuhlawula igqwetha elinye ufanele abe netyala. Unikezelo luyehluka: icebiso elimiselwe ngurhulumente liqinisekisiwe kuzo zonke iimeko zentengiso, ngexa eJamani inyanzelekile kuphela kwityala elinzulu.
  • Ukukhusela ekuvalelweni ngokungekho semthethweni--zonke iinkqubo zifuna uhlobo oluthile lobuveleli betyala phambi okanye emva kokuba ubanjiwe. Kumazwe angomthetho wasekuhlaleni, ijaji ephandayo isoloko igunyazisa ukuvalelwa. Kumazwe aqhelekileyo, imajista ihlola ukubanjwa okanye ukuvalwa kwebheyile.
  • [[UMTL:0] Isiqinisekiso sokuthuthumbisa nokunyanzelisa ukuvunywa kwezono - umthetho wezizwe ngezizwe kunye neenkqubo ezininzi zasekhaya azibufaki ubungqina obufunyenwe ngokunyanzelwa. "ilungelo lokuthula" yinxalenye yomgaqo-siseko kunye neendibano ezininzi.

Umahluko ongundoqo uquka:

  • Isikhongozelo sejaji - Kumthetho oqhelekileyo, ijaji ingumgqeba ongenzi nto ngeli xesha abatshutshisi namagqwetha enikela ubungqina. Kumthetho welizwe, abagwebi baphengulula kwaye babuze amangqina, nto leyo enokuthi inciphise ubunjani bobungcatshi kodwa ingenza ucoselelo lwenyaniso.
  • Inkqubo efunekayo e- - Onamandla kakhulu e-U.S. kunye, kancinci, iKhanada ne-Indiya. Amazwe amaninzi omthetho wasekuhlaleni kunye ne-UK awawaqondi amalungelo angaphantsi asuka kwinkqubo efanelekileyo; endaweni yoko axhomekeke kumalungelo omgaqo-siseko owahlukeneyo (umz., ukhuseleko loMthetho osisiseko woluntu).
  • Amalungelo azimeleyo – ulawulo oluqhelekileyo lomthetho luvumela izibheno emva kokuqinisekiswa; iinkqubo zomthetho wasekuhlaleni zisoloko zinika uhlolo oluzenzekelayo oluninzi (umz., isibheno seFransi njengasekunene kwiimeko ezinzima).
  • Impembelelo yonqulo-[FLT]--1] – Kwiinkqubo ezisekelwe kwi-sharia, imigangatho ecacileyo ingaphakama kakhulu (umz., amangqina amane okukrexeza) okanye aphantsi kakhulu (umz., ukuvuma izono kukodwa kuphela kunakho ukonela ezinye ingqeqesho). Indima yorhulumente ekunyanzeleni umthetho wonqulo idala inkxwaleko kwimilinganiselo yamalungelo abantu yezizwe ngezizwe.

Isiphelo: Ukuguqulwa kwengqiqo yenkqubo elindelekileyo

Amalungelo enkqubo azimeleyo. Ayaguquguquka ngokutolikwa kwekomiti, izibophelelo zesivumelwano, kunye nemibutho yentlalo. Kwinkulungwane yama-21, kuvavanywa ubugrogrisi, ukujongwa kwabantu, ubungqina bobugcisa bemichiza, nemiqathango enxulumene nezifo ezikhoyo iye yavavanya imida yokungalingani. Iinkundla ehlabathini lonke ziyangqubana nendlela yokulinganisela ukhuseleko kunye nenkqubo efunekayo ekuvalweni okungagqibekanga, ukubulawa, kunye nokulawula okugqithiseliyo.

Kulwazi lweengcali ezingokwasemthethweni, umahluko kwinkqubo ofanelekileyo wokhuseleko asiyonto imithambo yemfundo. Ineemfuno ezisebenzayo ekudityanisweni, ekudityanisweni komda, ekubuniniweni kobungqina, nakukukhutshelwa kwamalungelo abantu. Igqwetha elimela umxhasi kwigunya lasemzini kufuneka lazi amalungelo akhoyo nendlela yokuwanyanzelisa. Ngokufanayo, abameli bamalungelo abantu bangasebenzisa imilinganiselo yezizwe ngezizwe ukuphucula iinkqubo zabo zasekhaya.

Nangona ucwangciso oluchanileyo lwenkqubo efunekayo lungafani, umgaqo osisiseko osisiseko uhlala ungaguquguquki: urhulumente umele aphathe abantu ngokusesikweni okusisiseko nentlonelo ngesidima sabo. Olu mnqweno wendalo yonke udibanisa izithethe ezingokwasemthethweni ezahlukeneyo kwaye unika isiseko somthetho ehlabathini lonke.