Iinkundla ezikhethekileyo zimela utshintsho olunzulu kwindlela inkqubo yokulungisa elungisa esingatha ngayo iingxaki ezintsonkothileyo zentlalo kunye nezomthetho. Kunokuba zisebenzise indlela enye yokulungisa, ezi nkowama-mthetho zenzelwe ukusingatha iindidi ezithile zetyala `ezifana nempikiswano yentsapho, iziyobisi, okanye iingxaki zempilo yengqondo (ngokudibanisa ulawulo olusemthethweni nongenelelo lwezonyango. Ukuvela kwazo kumashumi eminyaka aliqela adluleyo kubonisa ukuqwalaselwa okukhulayo kokuthi iziphumo zesithethe zokungalawuleki zisoloko zikhohlakele kwiimeko apho isimilo, ifamilia, okanye imibango yezonyango iqhubela phambili imicimbi yenkundla yenkundla enxulumeneyo. Ngokubhekisa ingqalelo ekuhlalisweni konyango, ukuphendula, ukuqulungelana kwenkxaso, ukuxhasa, iinkundla ezikhethekileyo, iinkundla zeentsapho, kunye nokunciphisa ukonakalisa iingxaki kwiinkundla zenkundla zenkundla zemfazwe.

Ukuqonda Iinkundla Ezikhethekileyo

Iinkundla ezizimeleyo, maxa wambi ezibizwa ngokuba ziinkundla ezilungisa ingxaki, zisebenza kwintanda-bulumko eyahlukileyo kunezoqobo okanye iinkundla zamakhaya. Endaweni yokusuka nje zibonise ityala okanye ityala, zifuna ukuchaza nokucombulula iziphumo ezizingcambu zeengxaki zomthetho. Le ngxaki iqhubekekayo yamiselwa okokuqala ekupheleni konyaka wama-808, ngokusekwa kwenkundla yokuqala yeziyobisi kwiNyuwa-Dade County, iFlorida, kwaye ngokukhawuleza yanwenwabela kwezinye iindawo iziphumo zemfazwe kwiziyobisi. Namhlanje, amawaka eenkundla ezikhethekileyo ahlala engaphaya kweUnited States namanye amazwe amaninzi, egqumathelela phambili iingxelo zempilo yengqondo, ugonyamelo lwasekhaya, umkhosi olwenziwe ngezakhono, norhwebo, kunye norhwebo lwabantu.

Umgaqo ongundoqo weenkundla ezikhethekileyo ngowokuba okusesikweni akuthethi nje ngesohlwayo okanye isigqibo kodwa kwakhona kukukhuthaza utshintsho lwendlela yokuziphatha olufanelekileyo. Abagwebi kwezi ntendelezo basoloko bethatha iziphumo ezisebenzayo, izandla zabo, ukuqwalasela inkqubela ekhoyo nokusebenzisana namaqela abasebenzi bezentlalo, abaphathi-kliniki, abaphathi-majoni, kunye nabameli bebutho labantu. Le mizekelo idiponti iyaphikisana kakhulu nokungathathi cala, indima ephakathi elindelekileyo kubagwebi. Abaxhasi basoloko bephikisa ukuba le ndlela ivelisa iziphumo ezingcono: ukuthoba kwe-dictific, ukunyaza, ukuhlawula imali eninzi, ukuhlawula imali egcinwe kuyo iinqobo yabahlawulwa. Noko ke, inkcalucalucalucalucalucalulo ngokukhula kweneto yokwa-nekiso.

Iintlobo zeeNkundla eziPhakamileyo

Iinkundla ezikhethekileyo ziphumele ukusingatha iinguqu ezininzi zemibandela engokwasemthethweni neyoluntu.

INkundla Yentsapho

Iinkundla zentsapho zithetha ngolwalamano lwentsapho, kuquka uqhawulo-mtshato, ukugcinwa kwabantwana, ukuxhaswa, ukugcinwa kwabantwana, ugonyamelo lwasekhaya, kunye nokuxhomekeka kwiimeko. Ngokungafaniyo neenkundla eziqhelekileyo zamakhaya, iijaji zenkundla yentsapho ziqeqeshelwe ukuqhubana kwentsapho, ukuphuhliswa kwabantwana, kunye nezenzo zobugxwayiba. Umgangatho ophambili ongokwasemthethweni kwizigqibo ezininzi zenkundla yentsapho zilulo oluphambili kubantwana [[FLT:] izilangazelelo eziphambili zomntwana

Iinkundla zentsapho zisoloko zisebenzisa ezinye iindlela zokucombulula impikiswano, ingakumbi ukudityaniswa kunye nomthetho oncedisanayo, ukunciphisa iingxabano kunye nokunceda abazali bafikelele izivumelwano ngaphandle kokubekwa tyala ixesha elide. Iinkundla ezininzi zikwasebenza iinkundla zeziyobisi ezikhethekileyo zentsapho zabazali ababandakanyekileyo kwiimeko zentlalo-ntle yabantwana ngenxa yokusetyenziswa kweziyobisi, zinika unyango olukhawulezileyo kunye nokuhlola ukulungiselela ukubuyisana kwentsapho. Uphando olupapashwa Iziko lesizwe leeNkundla zeRhulumente zeRhulumente zeRmentmentments [] lubonisa ukuba i-Oficelelanisa ixesha elichithwayo lokuxhasa abantwana.

INkundla yeMizekeliso

Iinkundla zeziyobisi mhlawumbi zilolona hlobo lwenkundla yodwa oluchuliweyo noluchatshazelwe ngokubanzi. Zijolisa abaphuli-mthetho abangenabugrogrisi abazenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho zidibene nokusetyenziswa kweziyobisi. Endaweni yokuba bafakwe entolongweni, abathathi-nxaxheba bafumana inkqubo yonyango olucwangcisiweyo, ekhuselweyo equka uvavanyo lweziyobisi oluthe rhoqo, ukuvalwa kwezobucala phambi komgwebi, kunye neziqinisekiso okanye izibheno ezisekelwe ekuthobeleni. Imodeli yenkundla yeziyobisi ilandela indlela esekelwe kwi-, ngokuqhelekileyo ibandakanya umgwebi, umtshutshisi, ummeli, ummeli, umxhasi wetyala, umphathi wezonyango, umgwebi, kunye nomphathi-tyala.

Uphando olufunyenweyo lubonisa ukuba iinkundla zeziyobisi zinciphisa ukupheliswa kweziyobisi. Uhlolo lwe-meta-analysing Lobuzwe leNkundla yeziyobisi iProfessionals (ngoku inxalenye ye-All project) lufumanise ukuba abathathi-nxaxheba kwinkundla yeziyobisi abangenwanga kakhulu ngokulula kunabagxelwa ngokulinganayo nabephuli-mthetho abahlali abasebenza kwiinkundla zesithethe. Uhlalutyo olunye lubonise ukuba iinkundla zeziyobisi zivelisa imali eninzi, eqikelelwa kwii-R3 000 (R3 000) ngokwesithathi-mali, ngokunciphisa uhambo olungxamisekileyo, ngokuthabatha uxakeka koncedo lwabantwana, nangokubandakanywa kwentlalo yentlalo-ntle. Iinkundla zeziyobisi zifuna izisulu ezicacileyo, ulawulo oluthe rhoqo, kunye nonikezelo lweenkonzo zonyango olufanelekileyo oluno olunolunokuhlala kwimimiselo lwezibonelelo.

INkundla Yempilo Yengqondo

Iinkundla zempilo yengqondo zenzelwe ukuchaza ukugqithiselwa kwabantu abanezigulo zengqondo ezinzulu kwinkqubo yolwaphulo-mthetho. Ezi nkomfa ziphembelela abamangalelwa kwiindlela zonyango lwengqondo ezisekelwe kwimiqathango yoluntu kunokuba bavalelwe, ngokuqhubeka behlola kunye nokuphatha amatyala. Iqela lenkundla yezempilo yengqondo liquka ijaji, iingcali zengqondo, umtshutshisi, igqwetha elikhusela iingqondo, kunye nomququzeli-tyala. Kufuneka ukuba abachophe amayeza omntu ngamnye, nto leyo equka unyango lwamayeza, unyango, uncedo lwemichiza, kunye nonyango lwemichiza xa kuyimfuneko.

Uphando lubonisa ukuba iinkundla zempilo yengqondo zinganciphisa ukubanjwa nokuphuculwa kweziphumo zempilo-ntle. Umzekelo, uvavanyo olunee-asethi ezininzi lweJaji Uncedo lufumanise ukuba abathathi-nxaxheba bafumana iintsuku ezimbalwa zokuvalelwa nokuzibotshwa iintsuku ezimbalwa kunye nokuzibandakanya bhetele neenkonzo zempilo yengqondo xa kuthelekiswa neqela lolawulo. Noko ke, iinkundla zezempilo zengqondo zisoloko zijamelana nocelomngeni olunxulumene nokusetyenziswa kobukho [“ukusebenza ngokwasemaphandleni okanye kwiindawo ezikhuselekileyo ezingaphantsi kwe--"/8] noxinelo lwemingcipheko yonyango kunye nemicimbi yokhuseleko lukawonke wonke.

Inkundla yezeMidlalo

Iinkundla zezeencwadi zisemgangathweni zakutshanje kwimo yezulu ekhethekileyo, eyenzelwe ngokukhethekileyo amalungu enkonzo yamagqala kunye namahlakani asebenzayo abandakanyekileyo kwinkqubo yokusesikweni. Ezi ntena ziyaqonda ukuba inkonzo yasemkhosini, ingakumbi ukulwa namava, zingabhenca abantu kwingozi, ukonakala okubuhlungu kobuchopho, iPTSD, kunye nemveliso esetyenziswa yimichiza. Iinkundla zamatyala zidityaniswe ngabasebenzi abanamava (ngokufuthi amanye amagqala) kwaye zibanxulumanise kwiinkonzo zeSebe leMicimbi yeVendans (VA) kunye nemibutho yasekuhlaleni.

Ifomathi eqheleke ngokulandela imodeli yenkundla yeziyobisi: ukubonakala rhoqo kwenkundla, iimfuno zonyango, kunye nokujongwa kwenkqubela. Uphawu lweenkundla zamagqala bubukho bomcebisi [[FLT: 0]] oxhasa abathathi-nxaxheba kuyo yonke inkqubo. Uphando lubonisa ukuba iinkundla zamavavalente zinxulumene namaqondo aphantsi e-VA, kunye nokufikelela okungcono kwi-VA. IZiko lombuso we-VA's National on Homelitymongmomomong Amongmong ] ipapashe ugcino-lwazi olucebisa ukuba abathathi bezonyango abanamavavanebasebenzi badla ngokuphawuleka kakhulu ukuba bangene kwiingenelo ze-vaiffeiexs. [FLT]

Inkundla ye Juvenile

Iinkundla ze Juvenile zikho ngaphezu kwenkulungwane, zisandulela umbutho wezi nkundla ozinzileyo. Ezi nkundla zisingatha amatyala abandakanya abantwana abatyholwa ngezenzo zobuhlongandlebe (ezingqinelana nolwaphulo-mthetho) okanye ezixhomekeke kurhulumente ngenxa yokuxhatshazwa okanye ukungakhathalelwa. Inkqubo yokugweba yobuntwana isekelwe kumgaqo we- abazali betyala elibandakanya abantwana abatyholwayo (umzali).[1] urhulumente usebenza njengomzali ukukhusela intlalo-ntle yomntwana. //-a ke ugxininisa ulungiso-mo lwezo

Iinkundla zabantwana zale mihla ziquka ngokukhulayo ukubuyiselwa kobulungisa, ukunyanzeliswa kwentsapho, kunye nongenelelo olusekelwe kubungqina olufana nonyango lwentsapho olusebenzayo kunye nonyango oluninzi. Iindawo ezininzi zikwayila iinkomfa ezikhethekileyo zeziyobisi zolutsha kunye neenkundla zempilo yengqondo zolutsha. Uphando olusuka kwi iOfisi yoLugwebo noLuntu olusemgangathweni [[[FVELELT]] lubonisa ukuba ezi ndlela zikhethekileyo zokuzicombulula zinokunciphisa i-Recificism kunye nokukhuthaza inkqubela phambili. Noko ke, abagxeki bephikisa ukuba inkqubo yenkundla encinane ngamanye amaxesha iyasilela ukunikela ukhuseleko olusemthethweni kwaye isenokukhuthaza ubuhlanga kunye nokungaphicocimbi.

Imisebenzi neempawu ezingundoqo zeenkundla ezikhethekileyo

Ngoxa uhlobo ngalunye lwenkundla ekhethekileyo lujoliswe kolwalo, ziyabelana ngezinto eziqhelekileyo ezisebenzayo ezahlulayo kwiinkundla zenkundla zesithethe. Ukuqonda ezi mpawu kubalulekile ekuhloleni ukusebenza kwazo nasekuchazeni ezona zinto zibalulekileyo.

Ulwahlulo Phakathi Kwabathathi - nxaxheba

Enye yeempawu ezichazayo zeenkundla ezithile kukusetyenziswa kwamaqela oqeqesho. Ijaji ikhokela iintlanganiso ezithe rhoqo zeqela apho bonke abagcini-mathiriyeli beminqamlezo, ukhuselo, abanikezeli, abanikezeli, intelekelelo, kunye namaqabane asekuhlaleni , inkqubela inkqubela-phambili, ukubhumbulula iinkqubano zobuchopho kwimiqobo, kwaye igqiba ukuba inkxaso efanelekileyo okanye iintshukumisa. Le modeli ikhokela ihla phantsi kwentlanganiso yeqela apho bonke abathwali-mthetho badla ngokulawula iinkundla zemveli, bevumela ukuyila nokulungisa ingxaki. Umzekelo, kwiqela lenkundla yezonyango, umgwebi uyakwazi ukufunda ukuba ukuthabatha inkxaso yonyango olufanelekileyo kwinkuphozo zothutho, endaweni yokukhupha uqeqesho, ijelo lwebhaso.

Ukusebenzisana kwenkundla kudlulela ngaphaya kwenkundla. Iinkundla ezikhethekileyo ngokufuthi zisebenzisana nemibutho esekelwe eluntwini ukulungiselela iinkonzo ezisongelwe jikelele njengoncedo lwezindlu, uqeqesho lomsebenzi, ukukhathalelwa kwabantwana, nokucetyiswa kwempilo yengqondo.

Iinkqubo zomthetho eziqulethweyo

Iinkundla ezikhethekileyo zisoloko zilungisa iinkqubo eziqhelekileyo zomthetho ukuze zincede abantu bazo. Umzekelo, iintlanganiso zenkundla zisenokuba zingekho semthethweni, abathathi-nxaxheba behleli etafileni negqwetha labo kunye nomnikezeli wonyango kunokuba bame kwi-podium. Ukuchotshelwa kwemeko kudla ngokwenzeka rhoqo ngeveki okanye ngeveki kwiinkundla zeziyobisi.

Olunye uphawu oluqhelekileyo lusetyenziso lwezingqiniso kunye nezindululo ezikhutshiweyo. Kunokuthembela kuphela kwiziphumo zebhaso, iinkundla ezizodwa zisebenzisa imenu yemivuzo (umz., indumiso, ithoba, ulawulo olucuthiweyo, amakhadi esipho) kunye nezigunyaziso ezandisiweyo, uvavanyo lweziyobisi, inkonzo yoluntu, intolongo efutshane ehlalayo) engqiniswe kwimo yesimilo. Uphando lubonisa ukuba inyani kunye nokukhawuleza kwempendulo kubaluleke kakhulu kunobukhali kwisimilo, kwaye le ndlela ihambelana nobungqina.

Iingenelo Zeenkundla Ezikhethekileyo

Ulwando lweenkundla ezikhethekileyo kwiminyaka engamashumi amathathu edluleyo luxhaswa bubungqina obukhulayo obubonisa iziphumo zazo ezintle.

Iziphumo Eziphucukileyo

Uphando oluninzi lubonise ukuba iinkundla ezikhethekileyo zikhokelela kwiziphumo ezingcono kubathathi-nxaxheba xa zithelekiswa nesithethe sokudalelwa. Ngokomzekelo, iinkundla zeziyobisi, ziye zanxulunyaniswa nonciphiso olubalulekileyo ekusetyenzisweni kweziyobisi kunye nokubuyiselwa kolwaphulo-mthetho. Uhlolisiso olubalulekileyo lwe- lubonisa ukuba iRiphabliki zeSebe leMidlalo ifumanise ukuba iinkundla zeziyobisi zinciphisa ulwaphulo-mthetho ngeepesenti ezisibhozo ukuya kuma-26 exesheni kuphela, kunye neziphumo eziqhubeka ixesha elide emva kokugqitywa kwenkqubo. Iinkundla zezempilo zengqondo zinciphisa ukubanjwa nokudityaniswa nonyango. Iinkundla zentsapho ezidibanisa izixhobo zonxibelelwano kunye neenkqubo ezisebenzisanayo zibonelela ekuphumeleni ulwanoko oluphezulu phakathi kwabazali kunye nezivumelwano zokugcina inzala eqinileyo.

Le miphumo iguqulela kwinkqubela-phambili ephathekayo kubomi babantu abathathi-nxaxheba: izindlu ezizinzileyo, umsebenzi, ulwalamano oluqinileyo lwentsapho, kunye nempilo engcono yomzimba neyngokwengqondo. Kubantu abaninzi, iinkundla ezikhethekileyo zinika umkhondo wokuphuma kwinkqubo yokusesikweni kunokuba zingene nzulu kuyo.

Iinkundla ezincitshisiweyo zenkundla kunye nexabiso lokusindisa

Ngokuphamba amatyala afanelekileyo asuka kwinkqubo yesithethe yenkundla nokuwacombulula ngokunempumelelo, iinkundla ezizodwa zinganceda ekunciphiseni umthwalo kwii-dokisi ezirhafiweyo. Ngokomzekelo, iinkundla zeziyobisi, zisoloko zicombulula amatyala ngokukhawuleza kuneemeko zolwaphulo-mthetho ezithe rhoqo ngenxa yokuba ziphepha iimvavanyo ezinde kunye nokuhlala entolongweni. Iindleko zogcino-mali zininzi: ingxelo ephuma kwi IZiko lombuso leeNkundla zeRhwebo [iiindawo yephondo] ezithelekelelwa ukuba iinkundla zeziyobisi zisindisa phakathi kwe-$3,3,000 [R1 000] ngokokuthelekelela okuthengwa, ngokunciphindwa kweminxeko yegumbi loncedo, kunye neendleko ezisezantsi zentlalo-ntlalo-ntle yabantwana. Xa kuhla igalelo-mali ye-e-eterterterter kumthetho kunye noluntu.

Ukukhuliswa kwengxelo yonyaka nokhuseleko lukawonke-wonke

Iinkundla ezikhethekileyo azithathi lula nje ngokulula kwizaphuli-mthetho. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, zisoloko zifuna umgangatho wokuziphendulela ongaphaya kovavanyo olusezantsi. Ukubonakala rhoqo enkundleni, ukuvavanywa kweziyobisi, kunye nolawulo olusondeleyo kuqinisekisa ukuba abathathi-nxaxheba bavavanywe ngezenzo zabo. Ukuba ubani akaphumeleli, iqela linokumisela isigwebo esikhawulezileyo, kuquka ukugcinwa kwentolongo emifutshane kwimizekelo ethile. Oku kuphendula kunokwenziwa kunokwenzeka ngakumbi kunoko kusoloko kuqwalaselwa. Ngaphezu koko, ngenxa yokuba iinkundla ezikhethekileyo zijonge iintlamkelo ezingundoqo zolwaphulo-mthetho, zinciphisa amathuba olwaphulo-mthetho kwixesha elizayo, zinyusa ukukhuseleka kawonke wonke.

Ucelomngeni Nokugxekwa

Nangona zixhaswa ziziphumo eziqinisekisiweyo, iinkundla ezikhethekileyo zijamelene nocelomngeni olubalulekileyo olumele lujoliswe ukwandisa amandla azo. Ukuqonda ezi zithintelo kubalulekile kubenzi benkqubo nakuogqirha abafuna ukuzalisekisa okanye ukuphucula iinkqubo ezinjalo.

Ukusikelwa kwezibonelelo kunye nokulondolozwa

Iinkundla ezikhethekileyo zifuna inkxaso-mali enikezelweyo ukwenzela iinkonzo zonyango, ulawulo, uqeqesho, kunye nabasebenzi. Iingingqi ezininzi zizama ukukhusela inkxaso eqhubekayo yemali, ingakumbi xa zinika inkxaso-mali. I-COVID-19 yaphelisa le ngxaki, njengoko iinkundla kufuneka zitshintshe ngokukhawuleza kwiindlebe ezikude zize zincitshiswe kwiinkonzo zonyango. Ukongeza, iindawo zasemaphandleni zisoloko zingenabo abanikezeli abaneleyo kunye nezibonelelo zoluntu, ziyenza ibe nzima ukuzalisekisa iinkonzo ezibanzi ezenza iinkundla zibe luncedo. Ngaphandle kwezixhobo ezaneleyo, amaqela enkundla anyanzeleke kancinci ukwamkela iinketho olunzulu, ukuthomalalisa iziphumo zemodeli.

I-Net- Unyuso kunye ne-bias yokukhetha

Abagxeki baphikisa ngelithi iinkundla ezikhethekileyo zingakhokelela ekuphakanyisweni kwenethi.. Ukufakwa kwabantu abanokuphambukiswa kwinkqubo yokusesikweni ngokupheleleyo okanye bafumane isigwebo esingekho mgangathweni. Umzekelo, ummangalelwa onokuthi wafumana ityala elincinane leziyobisi, enokuthi abekwe kwinkundla yeziyobisi, phantsi kolawulo olunzulu nemfuno ezininzi kunaleyo ebeya kudibana nayo. Le ngxaki iqatha ngakumbi xa imilinganiselo ecacileyo ibanzi okanye xa abatshutshisi nabagwebi benezisusa zokufaka amatyala kwiinkundla ezikwingxaki. Abaphandi bacebisa ukuba iinkundla ezikhethekileyo zijoliswe kubantu abanomngcipheko ophezulu wokubuyiselwa kwenye indawo kwaye abanokufumana iimfuno eziphambili, ngoxa benokuxinzeleka, ngelinye ixesha abaphantsi kufuneka baphethulwe kude kwinkqubo yonke.

Inkxalabo Elungele Inkqubela

Ukusebenzisana kweenkundla ezithile ngamanye amaxesha kungangqubana nenkqubo engokwesithethe yokhuseleko. Kwintlanganiso yeqela lenkundla yeziyobisi, umzekelo, iingxelo zonyango lwezimvo, iziphumo zovavanyo lweziyobisi, kunye nokutyhilwa kobuqu kungaxoxwa ngaphandle kwezokhuseleko olupheleleyo lwenkundla. Ijaji, elindeleke ukuba ingathathi cala-calucalulo, inokuba lilungu elisebenzayo ekunyanzeleni ukunyanzeliswa nokulawulwa kwetyala kunye netyala elilawulwa yinkundla. Ngaphezu koko, abathathi-nxaxheba bawachase amalungelo athile, njengamalungelo ejajini lenkundla yokuchophela ityala okanye ilungelo lokuhlala lithe cwaka, njengemeko yokungena. Ngoxa abaxhasi bema ngelithi abathathi-nxaxheba ekuvumeni ngokuzithandela kwaye besithi iinzuzo zingaphezu kwemingcingo, abagxeki abachasi bemeko yenkundla bagcina ukuba ukungalingani ngqinikazi.

Imigaqo Yexesha Elizayo Yeenkundla Ezikhethekileyo

Njengokuba inkqubo yokulungisa iqhubeka iguquka, iinkundla ezizodwa zisenokuqhelanisa kwaye zandise. Imeko ezininzi ziguqula ikamva lazo.

Ulwahlulo lobugcisa

Ubugcisa bunika amathuba amatsha okuphucula ukusebenza kweenkundla ezikhethekileyo. Ukujongana kwevidiyo ezikude, umzekelo, kwanwenwa kakhulu ngexesha lesifo kwaye kwahlala kusisixhobo esixabisekileyo sokunciphisa imithwalo yokuhamba kwabathathi-nxaxheba nokuphucula ukufumaneka kwezo ndawo zasemaphandleni. Ukujonga nge-electronic ngeGPS okanye izivo zotywala kunganikezela nge-data enenjongo. Ugcino-lwazi olunento yokwenza ikhompyutha lunganceda amaqela enkundla aqonde ukuba ngaziphi ezi ngxaki ezinokwenzeka ukuba ziphumelele kwaye ziziphi na izinto ezisebenza kakuhle kubemi abahlukeneyo. Noko ke, ubugcisa bukwanyusa izinto eziyimfihlo kunye nezimvo ezikhoyo xa abathathi-nxaxheba bengenalwazi oluthembekileyo okanye bengena kulwazi olufanelekileyo lokuhlola.

Ulwando Luya Kuba Yimimandla Entsha

Imodeli elungisa ingxaki yenkundla ilungelelaniselwa ukucombulula imibandela evelayo enjengeyokurhwebelana kwabantu, ukungabi namakhaya, kunye ne-opioid yokusebenzisa ukungalungelelani. Umzekelo, amanye amaziko abangele iinkundla zokurhwebelana kwabantu eziphatha abasindileyo njengamaxhoba kunokuba zibe zilwaphulo-mthetho, zibonelele ngeenkonzo zobugxwayiba obusemthethweni kunye nokungalawuleki ngokomthetho. Ezinye zizama ukudibanisa ukukhutshwa kwetyala kunye nolawulo lwetyala. [[FLT: 0] Counil ye-ocess of State Gestial Justice Center[[ ibone ukuba ukuchasana kwenkxaso yoontanga kunye nolawulo olunzulu lokuphatha abantu abachaphazele ukuphelelwa ziingxaki abathwa yimeko. [[FLT]

Uphuhliso logcino-lwazi

Isizukulwana esilandelayo senkundla ezikhethekileyo siza kuxhomekeka kakhulu ekuqokelelweni kogcino-lwazi olungqongqo kunye novavanyo lokhokelo lokuqhelisa. Kunokuba zamkele imodeli yomlinganiselo omnye, iinkundla zingasebenzisa imilinganiso kunye nesiphumo sogcino-lwazi ukucutha imilinganiselo yolwazi, zilungise iimfuno zonyango, kwaye zibonise izinto ezingafaniyo. Amanyathelo amaninzi omgangatho worhulumente, afana [[FLT: 0] Iziko lohlanga lweenkundla zoburhulumente [ lobuhlanga lwezikomkhulu belizwe lobuGcisa obuNempumelelo obuPhakamileyo," igxininisa ukubaluleka kokulinganisa iziphumo kunye nokusebenzisa ubungqina bokunika oovimba. Oku kusetyenziswa kolwazi-okrwelelo lwe-nethi lokulungisa nokulungisa ngokuqinisekisa oko kuyingenelo kwiinkundla eziluncedo kakhulu.

Ukubandakanyeka Okungakumbi Kuluntu Nontanga

Abacebisi boontanga − abaphumeleleyo ekuququzeleleni iingxaki ezifanayo . Baqashelwa ngokungakumbi njengebalulekileyo kwimpumelelo yeenkundla ezikhethekileyo. Iinkundla ze-Verterans zayiqubisa le ndlela, kwaye iinkundla ezininzi zeziyobisi ngoku zisebenzisa iingcali zokulungisa ezincomekayo zoontanga. Ukwandisa inkxaso yoontanga kungaphucula ukubotshwa kwesivumelwano kunye nokunika umthombo wekomkhulu lezentlalo elingangeni kwinkonzo zoluntu ezingenakukwazi ukufikelela. Imibutho esekelwe kuluntu emele abantu abakhonza (umz. umz., amaqela esizwe, abameli besizwe, iziphembeleli-zikhuseli) kwakhona bayamelwa kwitafile ukuze bancede ukuyila nokulawula iinkqubo zenkundla, beqinisekisa ukuba bayamkela ngokwenkcubelo kwaye bayavumelana neemfuno zoluntu.

Isiphelo

Iinkundla ezikhethekileyo zimela enye yezona zintsha zibalulekileyo kwinkqubo yokulawula yeMelika kwiminyaka engama-30 edluleyo. Ngokudibanisa igunya lezobulungisa neenkonzo zonyango kunye nentsebenziswano yoluntu, zinika intsebenziswano engakumbi nesebenzayo kwiimeko ezibandakanya ukusetyenziswa kwento ethile, ukugula ngengqondo, ukuphazamiseka kwentsapho, kunye nobunzima obuqhelekileyo. Ubungqina bucacile ukuba iinkundla ezizizo zobuchule zinciphisa i-dificictism, ziphucula intsebenziswano entle, kwaye zigcina imali kawonke-wonke. Kodwa iingxaki zishiyekile: izithintelo zemali, iingozi ze-nethi ezikhulayo, kunye nenkqubo efanelekileyo ebandakanya ukusetyenziswa kwento eyenzekayo, ukuvavanywa, ukucinywa okungqongqo, kunye nokuzinziswa kwemithetho ephambili. Njengoko inkqubo yokusesikweni ijongenelisa inkundla entsha, imodelitha yobuqu, kunye nokusetyenziswa kwe-e-e-expresstivencel, iyaqhubeka ngokuthanda ukusetyenziswa kwendlela yokusetyenziswa kwemithetho esemthethweni, esetyenziswa ngumntu wonke, esetyenziswa ngokungqinwa ngobulungisa.