Ukwazisa

Indaleko yenkqubo yokuvota imela enye yezona ndlela zibalulekileyo kodwa ezisoloko zingahoywa kwidemokhrasi. Kwiindibano zamandulo apho abemi basebenzisa khona imiqondiso yokoqobo kwiinqanaba ezisekelwe kwi-intanethi, isizukulwana ngasinye siye salwa noxinezeleko olusisiseko olufanayo: indlela yokwenza ukuvota kube lula nokukhuseleka. Eli nqaku libonisa ukuguquka kokusuka kwiphepha lokuvota nge-elektroniki, ukuhlola ubugcisa, ezopolitiki, kunye nemikhosi yentlalo ephucule indlela abantu abafaka ngayo nabavota ngayo. Ukuqonda olu hambo lunzima njengolawulo lwedemocrafiki emhlabeni wonke kujongene nezisongelo ezintsha.

Imbali Ehlolisisa Iinkqubo Zokongeza

Ibali lokuvota liqala kudala ngaphambi kokuba ii-collets zephepha ziqalise. Uvavanyo lwedemokhrasi yangaphambili lwaxhomekeke kwiindlela ezaziyimfuneko, ezilula nezibonakalayo. EGrisi yamandulo, abemi base-Athens bavotelwa ngokuphakamisa izandla (i-cheirotonia) kwi-ekklesia, okanye ngokufaka iicrwada (i-projects) kwimiqathango ye-projekthi ye-Romenekhi. IRiphabliki yeRoma yasebenzisa inkqubo ebhalwe kakuhle: iibholaot (i-tablene) ezibhaliweyo (i-BCE) zavelwa ukuphelisa impembelelo ephakamileyo, kodwa zazisavakaliswa ekuhleni kwezinye iindibano. Ezi nkqubo zakudala zityhila umlinganiselo ophindwayo ukuze kuncitshiswe ukunyaniswa nokubekwa kwetyala, kodwa amatsha enziwe ngolu hlobo lusoloko luvela.

Ebudeni bamaXesha Aphakathi, ukuvota kwanyamalala kakhulu kubomi bezobupolitika eYurophu, kuthatyathelw' indawo lulawulo olungokwemfuza kunye nokumiswa kwecawa. IMagna Carta (1215) yatyala imbewu yokulawula abameli, kodwa ukuvota okusasazekileyo akuzange kubuye de kube kuvela iinkqubo zepalamente eNgilani naseDutch Republic. Ngenkulungwane ye-17, unyulo lwaludla ngokuqhutywa ngevoti okanye ngokuboniswa kwezandla kwiintlanganiso ezivulekileyo, nto leyo eyenza ukuba ukonakala nokungabonwa kwabantu kwangabikho lula.

Imikhwa Yamandulo Yokuvakalisa Isigidimi

Iindlela zokuvota zamandulo zazezohlukene kakhulu. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i-atthene, iboule (ikhouncil) yakhethwa ngezixhobo, hayi ngonyulo olungqalileyo, igxininisa ujikelezo kukhetho oluqhelekileyo. I-coutia tributa yeqela elisebenzisa ukuvota, kunye neeyunithi (iiinkulungwane) ezidityaniswe i-odolokhwe enye emva kwengxoxo yangaphakathi. Le misebenzi ibonisa ukuba abantu bafunda phantsi kwaye bancinane. Kwakhona babala isifundo esibalulekile: ukwenziwa kwenkqubo yokuvota.

Kumazwe aseMerika, impucuko yangaphambi kweCulumbsia enjengeHaudenosaunee (Iroquois Confederacy) yasebenzisa isigqibo esisekelwe ekuvumelaneni nabameli besizwe. Nangona ezi zithethe zingafananga nabameli besizwe. Nangona ezi zithethe zingafananga nonyulo lwangoku, ezi ziphenjelelwe kwingcinga yedemokhrasi kamva. Isitshixo sokusuka kwizenzo zamandulo kukuba ukuvota bekusoloko kuyiteknoloji ."iseti yezixhobo kunye nemithetho esekelwe kwintelekelelo nje.

Ukwazisa Iibhola Zamaphepha

Ukusetyenziswa kokuqala okusasazekileyo kwephepha kwenzeka ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane ye-19, nangona kwakukho imizekelo ekhoyo ngaphambili. EUnited States, umGaqo-siseko washiya ulawulo lonyulo luye kumaphondo, nto leyo ekhokelela kwiinguqu. IiVoters zingazisa eyazo imibala eshicilelweyo kumatheko ezobupolitika (iithala elisisigxina elisisigxina elincinane) elaphelisa imfihlo laza lavumela ukuvota. Ulungiso lonyuso lobuzwe lwama-1850, olukhokelwa ngamathangampula e-Australia, lwatshintsha yonke into. "Australian bolot"/a uludwe olushicilelwe phantsi kwemidali, olubhalwe ngemfihlo ngaphakathi kwinqaba ye--1856) lwamkelwa kuVictoria ngo-18 kwaye lwanwebela eBritani, i-U.S.

Amaplanga ephepha ayeneenguqu. Balungiselela ubumfiliba, ukhetho olusezantsi, kwaye banciphisa impembelelo yabalawuli beqela. Noko ke, bavelisa iingxaki ezintsha: uyilo lwebhola encinane lungabangela iziphumo zeziphumo (ingxoxo yonyulo lweklasi ye- 2000 U.S. i-comput" yomongameli yintloko-ntloko yesi sithethe sangoku), kwaye ukubala komsebenzi wezandla kwakucotha kwaye kwakunempazamo.

Ukwanda Kweebhola Ezifihlakeleyo

Ivoti efihlakeleyo yayingeyonto yenqgithela kodwa yayiyincopho yokulwa noloyiko. Ngaphambi kokuba ixhaphake, abavoti kwiindawo ezininzi kwafuneka bavakalise ekuhleni ukhetho lwabo, bameme ukunyoba nokuziphindezela. Umbhexeshi ofihlakeleyo wenza okungaphezulu kunokukhusela abantu ngabanye, yatshintsha amandla onyulu, asuka kumadoda anamandla asekuhlaleni ukuya kutsho ekungabonwani kwesakhiwo sokucoca. Noko ke, utshintsho, lwalunengxabano. Kumazwe aseMzantsi Afrika, wasebenzisa iimgangatho ukuvavanya nokubhalisa nokubhalisa irhafu, ebonisa ukuba ubugcisa bokuvota bungenakuyivala injongo yonyulo.

Ukusetyenziswa kweBhalothi yase-Australia

Inkqubo yebhola ekhatywayo yase-Australia yayinemiba emine engundoqo: (1) iibhola ezishicilelwe kwindleko kawonke-wonke, (2) bonke abavote abadweliswe kwivoti enye, (3) uphawu olufihlakeleyo kwidolokhwe yabucala, kunye (4) neebhola zomngxube zafakwa kwibhokisi evaliweyo. Le ndlela yasetyenziswa ngokukhawuleza eYurophu naseMerika. Ngonyaka ka1910, uninzi lwamazwe ase-U.S. ayenendlela ethile yokuvota efihlakeleyo. Impembelelo ekuthatheleni inxaxheba kovoti yaxutywa xube , kodwa yaye yancipha kwezinye iindawo ngenxa yokuba inkqubo yoxinzelo lwabantu eyayifudusele abantu kwimibatho. Kodwa impumelelo yokuthembeka yayingenakuphikwa: unyulo lonyulo yayiphantsi kwemithetho emitsha.

Kwasala ucelomngeni. Abavoti abangaqeshwanga babefuna uncedo, befuna ukuvulelana iminyango ukuze basebenzise iingcango. Isenzo somzimba sokuphawula ibhola yokubhala iphepha sinokuba nzima kubantu abaneziphene. Le miba ibiya kuqhubeka iqhubeka nakutshintsho lobugcisa olulandelayo.

Ukuhambela phambili kobugcisa ekuvelisweni kwemali

Njengokuba imibutho yoshishino yaya ikhula intsonkothile, izisombululo zomatshini othembisa isantya kunye nokuchana. Impumelelo yokuqala enkulu yayingumatshini wokuvota oxhaxhaleyo, owagunyaziswa nguJacob H. Myers ngo-1889. Izixhobo zobugcisa zangena kwidolophu, zatsala isixhathiso, zaza zathi zajika iinguqu nganye ukuze zikhethe abavoti. Umatshini otshixiweyo emva kokuvota wathintelwa, wanqanda ukubala izithuthi ezingaphezulu kwazakubala ngomatshini. Ngoo1960, oomatshini bezixhobo zokunyusa i-athoba babenomgangatho kwimimandla emininzi ye-U.S.

Iinkqubo zamakhadi epunch zalandelwa kwiminyaka yee1960, zisebenzisa ikhadi kunye nepeni kwimingxuma ekhutshwayo ezakufundwa kamva ngoomatshini abagqugqisileyo. Impikiswano embi yonyulo lomongameli wama 2000 yabhenca ubuntsho bamakhadi okuntywilisela, ikhuthaza ukutyhalela kwesizwe uxinzelelo lwenkqubo ze-elektroniki. Eli xesha libonisa incopho ebalulekileyo: uphuhliso ngalunye lucombulule iingxaki kodwa lwazisa iindlela ezintsha zokungaphumeleli.

Oomatshini abasebenzisa umatshini

Oomatshini bonke babenamandla . kodwa babenzima, bebiza imali eninzi, kwaye benganikwanga mzila wokuphicotha ozimeleyo. Abasebenzi abakwazi ukuqinisekisa ukuba umatshini wabhala ukhetho lwabo ngokuchanekileyo. Njengoko iikhompyutha zazisiba nexabiso eliphantsi, oorhulumente baqalisa ukutshintshela kwiinkqubo ze-elektroniki. "Big Lie" yokhuseleko ." ukuba oomatshini babengasokuze basonakaliswe kuma 2000, yaye baphindiwe ngokwezifundo zemfundo ezibonisa ukuba i-vrabibilies. Kodwa, amashumi eminyaka, oomatshini bomatshini bomatshini banceda izigidi zemali evoti, bebonisa ukuba ukuphuma phakathi kwendlela yokhuseleko nokusebenza okulula akuphepheki.

Ukuguqukela Kwimisebe Yombane

Oomatshini bokuvota baxhaphakile kwi-1990. Iivoters zachukumisa ikhusi okanye amaqhosha acinezelweyo ukwenza ukhetho, kwaye amavoti agcinwa ngokwamanani. Abaxhasi babalaselisa iziphumo ezikhawulezayo, iindleko eziphantsi kwixesha elide, kunye nokufumaneka kwemidibaniso yesandi kwivoti ezifihlakeleyo. Abahlalutyi bakhankanye ukunqongophala kwephepha: ngaphandle koshicilelo oluphathekayo, ukuqwalasela ukuba i-software ayizange isebenze kakuhle okanye yahlaselwa. Uncedo lwaseMelika Vote Act ka-2002 (HAVA) kwi U.S. bampompa amawaka ezigidi zezigidi ukuba zithathe indawo yekhadi lokurhoxisa nokutsala iziqhushumbisi kunye nematshini ezifihlakeleyo ne DRES, kodwa uninzi ulawulo oluguqukileyo emva koko kwangoko ukuchasana kokhuseleko lwaboniswa kwingqungquthelanano njenge-DEFF.

Iinkqubo zokuvavanya i-optical zinika umhlaba osembindini: ivoti iphawule ibhola yephepha nge pen ephepheni okanye ngesixhobo sokuphawula esikhethekileyo, kwaye i-scanner ifunda i impawu. I-trap bolot iba yirekhodi esemthethweni, kwaye iscanner inika isimbuku esikhawulezayo. Le ndlela ye-project ngoku yeyona isetyenziswa kakhulu eUnited States, ixhaswe ngamaqela afana i- Volt njengomlinganiselo wangoku ophezulu wokhuseleko nobuchule. Ngezizwe ngezizwe, njengase-Brazil neIndiya ibekwe kakhulu kwi DRES kodwa ijongene yazo impikiswano ezimalunga nobubanzi be-software.

Iinkqubo zokusongeza zangoku

Namhlanje, akukho ndlela inye elawulayo. Iinkqubo ezikhenkethiswayo ezisekelwe kwimbali, izithethe zomthetho, uqingqo-mali, kunye nezisongelo eziqondwayo. EYurophu, iibhola ezibalwa ngesandla okanye ngee-scanners zamaphepha zihlala ziqhelekile . . Jamani isebenzisa iphepha elibhalwe ngesandla, ngelixa i-Netherlands isebenzisa umxube oquka ukuvota kwamanani kunye nokuqinisekisa iphepha. E-United States, uninzi lwamazwe asebenzisa ulwamkelo lwephepha lokubona, kodwa ezinye ii-scareamss zisebenzisa i-DEs kunye okanye ngaphandle kwevotavrever-pas trans (VPAT). Uvotelo olukude ngeposi luye lwakhawuleza, ingakumbi emva kwe-COVID-19 kangxolondiwe-.

  • Ipaper Balots (ibali-sandla): Isetyenziswa kunyulo lwasekuhlaleni oluninzi ehlabathini lonke. I-tich, ukubonakala okuphezulu, kodwa icothayo kwaye isebenzisa abantu abaninzi.
  • [[FLT: 0] Iphepha lephepha elibonakalayo : Ivoters ziphawula iibhola zomhlathi wephepha; oomatshini bawabhala. Iphepha linika ingxelo ephicothwayo. Eninzi kakhulu eU.S. ne Canada.
  • I-Directing Electronic (DRE) ngaphandle kwe VVPAT: Akukho rekhodi yephepha. Ngokukhawuleza kodwa wagxeka ngokungabikho kokuzimela. Usasetyenziswa kwamanye amazwe njengoLouisiana ne Nevada.
  • I-VVPAT: Ibonisa ushicilelo lwephepha, olugcinelwe ukufota. Isetyenziswa kwiqaqobana lamacandelo e-U.S. nakumazwe afana ne-Philippines.
  • Ukuvota kwe-Electronic (Internet): Isetyenziselwa abavoti phesheya kwelizwe e-Estonia (ukususela ngo-2005) nakwamanye amazwe e-U.S. ukwenzela umkhosi kunye nabavoti abangekhoyo. Inyusa inkxalabo enkulu ye-intelekelelo.

Indlela nganye inomkhuseli onamandla nabagxeki. Ucelomngeni lolawulo lwale mihla lonyulo asikokukhetha ubugcisa obungcono kodwa kukuqhelanisa neemeko zasekuhlaleni ngeli lixa uluntu luzithemba ngokuzithemba okunokupheliswa ngobuchule obubodwa okanye ukuqhekezwa okunempumelelo.

Iingxaki Neengxubakaxaka

Ukusuka kwiphepha ukuya ekuvoteni nge-electronic akukhange kube lugqatso. Endaweni yoko, ibhenca ungquzulwano oluzingisileyo phakathi koncedo, iindleko, ukhuseleko, nokungaguquguquki. Akukho nkqubo igqibeleleyo, kwaye iimpikiswano zamashumi amabini eminyaka adluleyo zinika izifundo ezinzima ngekamva.

Inkxalabo Zokhuseleko

Oomatshini bovotelo be-electronic bajongene nezisongelo ezisuka ekuphathweni, ekuhlaseleni, ekuhlaseleni kwenethwekhi, nangaphakathi. Ngo- 2007, iKhalifoniya yaseTop ukuya-Top Review yafumana ukuba i-Forneribial enzima kwiinkqubo ezininzi ze-DRE, kuquka amandla okutshintsha amavoti ngaphandle kokubhaqwa. Kutshanje, abaphandi base-DEF’s Voing Voing Villation (207-presenters) baye baxhobisa oomatshini abakhankanyiweyo kwindawo ethile, ngamanye amaxesha ngemizuzu. Ngoxa ukuhlasela okuninzi kufuna ukufikelela komdlanothi olukhoyo, uqhagamshelwano lweziko lonyulo kukwandisa uhlaselo. ISebe lokhuseleko lwe Homeland ngoku libonisa iinkqubo zonyulo njengezinto zonyulo ezicelweyo, isigqeqesho esizisa urhulumente kodwa esizinzileyo sorhulumente.

Iphepha le fomu alikhuselekanga ekuqhatheni qhaqho- , ukurhoxisa iibhokisi ezivaliweyo, kunye nolwaphulo-tsheyina lwezomxokelelwano lunemizekelo embalini. Kodwa zinika ingxelo ehlalayo enokufakwa ngesandla okanye ngokuphindwa kwezibalo. Uphicotho-manani olusemngciphekweni, apho umlinganiselo ongaqhelekanga weebhola ezibhalwayo ubhaliswe ngesandla ukuqinisekisa umthamo wematshini, ngumgangatho wegolide ophakanyiswe yinkampani enjenge IKomishini yokwandisela i-Inkonzo .

Iinkupho zoFikelelo

Ukuqhatha kufuneka kufikeleleke ngokulinganayo kubo bonke abemi abafanelekileyo, kodwa iinkqubo ezininzi zidala imiqobo. Iindlela zombane ezingaboniyo kunye nezisezantsi zisoloko zifuna isandi okanye imidibaniso esetyenziswayo, eqheleke kakhulu kwi-DEs kunakwii-papapal balloot. Iinqanawa ezihambayo ezinokufumana iindawo zokukhangela ezingenakufikeleleka ngokoqobo. Iilwimi ezimbalwa zifuna iibhola kunye nenkxaso kwiilwimi zazo zomda. Iinkqubo ze-electroniclec zingathetha ngezi zimfuno zesiko, kodwa zikwazisa ubuntlola: i-software engaphumeleliyo ukubhengeza ngokuchanekileyo okanye ukuvelisa iinguqulelo zenqwelo moya ezinokudityaniswa namaqela asezantsi. AmaMelikaneka anemithetho efanayo acwangciswe kwamanye amazwe acwangciswe iimigangatho ezincinane, kodwa ayaqhubeka edityaniswe ngoo-omva-omatshini.

Ukuthenjwa Kukawonke - wonke Nenkcazelo Ephosakeleyo

Mhlawumbi olona celomngeni lunzulu kukuthemba uluntu. Izityholo ezisisiseko zokuqhatha okusasazekileyo, ukunyuswa kwe-media yezentlalo kunye namanani ezobupolitika, ziye zaphelisa ukuthembana konyulo kwanakwiinkqubo ezikhuselekileyo kakhulu. Xa abavoti bekholelwa ukuba oomatshini banokuxhotyiswa," akukho lulungiso lobugcisa olwaneleyo. Ukuvavanya okubonakalayo kwe-software yemvelaphi, uvavanyo lukawonke-wonke-wonke, ukubala okukhoyo, kodwa bakhuphisana nophuphuma lwenkcazelo ephosakeleyo. Indaleko yeenkqubo zokuvota ithetha ngonxibelelwano nolawulo njengobunjineli.

Ikamva Lenkqubo Yokusasaza

Xa ujonga phambili, ubugcisa obuninzi obuvelayo buthembisa ukuvota kwakhona kodwa bunye buza norhwebo olumele luvavanywe ngocoselelo. Injongo asikokufumana ubugcisa obutsha kodwa kukukwazi ukumelana nedemokhrasi: iinkqubo ezinokumelana nokuhlaselwa kwekhompyutha nokungathembani kwentlalo.

Ubuxhakaxhaka beblock

Ukuvota okusekelwe ekuhleni kuye kwachazwa njengendawo yokufakela unyulo, kodwa inyaniso inzima kakhulu. Iblokochain ingumphathi ophambili obhala ingxelo yentengiso (ii-vote) ngendlela ecingelwa ukuba ingumqali kwaye ingqinwa ngokubonakalayo. Iprojekthi ezifana ne Voatz (esetyenziswe kunyuko olumbalwa lwase-U.S.S. unyulo lomqhubi) kunye nocwangciso lwe-Resilet lwendlela yokuhlola i-Reisetting olufunyenweyo ngebchain-jacent systems. Kodwa ke, iingcali zokhuseleko zibone amatyala abalulekileyo. [[FLT:] ICybersuecurest & lampmp; iLab's 2020 uhlalulo olubonakalayo, ngaphandle kokuba kunokuthi kusetyenziswe ubuchule obuninzi bokuvotasa-otacity-ilk-ir-octive.

Ukulinganisa umlinganiselo wendlela elingana ngayo

Abafundi beminwe, iscanner, kunye nophawu lobuso sele lusetyenziselwa ukuvota iindawo ezifana neIndiya (inkqubo ye-Aadhaar) kunye noqinisekiso lwe-person kumaphondo athile ase-U.S. Ii-mimetric zinganciphisa ukumilisela nokunyusa isantya sokuhlola i-ingingqi. Kodwa ziphakamisa inkxalabo zemfihlo ````i-biometric''', ekwabewe, ayinakutshintshwa njengegama lokugqitha. Iinkqubo kufuneka zenziwe ukugcina iisikhokelo zenkqubo zasekuhlaleni okanye ukuzifihla, zingadluliseli ii-bictometrics ezikhoyo kwii-meters. Ngaphezu koko, i-biomimetrics zingasilela abantu abanezimo ezithile zomzimba (umz., iminwe, ingena iminwe esuka kumsebenzi wezandla) kwaye inyusa iimbambano ezingaphelelanga. Ikamva elingeyo libandakanya ii-edio-emotenti ezininzi ezidibanisa ulwazi kunye nolwazi lokwemifuziselo.

I-Software eVulekileyo kunye ne-Software ephicothwayo

Abaxhasi abakhulayo bemithetho yokusebenza yokhetho kwizixhobo zokuvota .Imvume yokuhlola i-software ye-bigs kunye nezingenisi. I-Open Source Source Server Econt Technology (OSET) kunye nemisebenzi enjenge-EuntGuader (ukusuka kuMicrosoft) inika izixhobo ezikhululekileyo, ezivulekileyo zokhuseleko lonyulo. Ngoxa ugcino-zivulekileyo lungazenzeli ngesiqu, luvumela uhlolo lontanga luhlolwe kwaye lunciphise isitshixo somseko-mgangathweni woburhulumente ukuxhomekeka kwi-mbutho woluntu. Izizwe ezifana ne-Norway neSwitzerland zisebenzise amaqela avulekileyo kwizixhobo zokhetho lwenqwelo-moya. Imbonakalo iyathembisa, kodwa ifuna uqeqesho oluqhubekayo kunye noqeqesho kubaphathi-nyulo.

Isiphelo

Indaleko esuka kwiphepha lovote-mfono-mfono-mfono-mxeba yenkqubela-phambili ye-elektroniki.Ili luthotho lwentelekelelo yorhwebo phakathi kwamaxabiso akhuphisanayo: isantya, i-aspective vs. ufikelelo, ixabiso logcino-lwazi. ugcino-lwazi lwephepha, ukulula kwalo, luhlala luyindawo efunekayo yokungahambi. Kodwa alunakukhonza zonke iimfuno, ingakumbi abavoti abaneziphene okanye abo bahlala kude kwiindawo zokuxilonga. Iinkqubo ze-elektroniki zinika amandla kodwa zifuna ulawulo olungqongqo. Njengokuba izisongelo zisenza kube lula, ngoko ke kufuneka ukwakhiwa kwedemokhrasi.

Ikamva liza kubona iinkqubo ezixubeneyo ezidityaniswe nobuchule bephepha nesantya sosasazo lwamanani . njengezixhobo zokuphawula ipesenti, zidityaniswe nee-scanvan ezibonisa uvavanyo lwephepha kunye noxanduva lomngcipheko. Ukholo luzakuxhomekeka hayi kubugcisa kuphela kodwa kwiinkqubo: ukuvavanya okucacileyo, ulawulo lukawonke-wonke, kunye nokubophelela okudibeneyo kumthetho. Indaleko elandelayo ayiyiyo imatshini omnye kodwa inkqubo yokukhusela ecetyiweyo elungiselelwe ukulungiselela umgaqo omnye wemiba emininzi, ukuze yonke ivoti esemthethweni ibonakale ingumzekelo ocacileyo.