Ukwazisa

Iinkqubo zokuvota eziqheleke kakhulu njengezokuqala ezisetyenziswa ngaphambili (FPTP), ziphakathi kwezona zenzo zokhetho ezisetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwidemokrasi ehlabathini lonke. Kwezi nkqubo, abavoti baphosa ibhola enye yeso sivoti kwisithili esinye, kwaye i-offix efumana ivoti eninzi iphumelela isihlalo. Le ndlela ithe ngqo inconywa ngenxa yokulula kwayo, ukulula, nokutyekela ekuvezeni ngokucacileyo uphumelele nokuzinzisa icandelo elinye loorhulumente abanogatya nokuzinzileyo. Noko ke, iziphumo zovota abakhulu zokuvota zidlulela ngaphaya kokubala kude kwendlela yokuyila. Unxulumano phakathi kwenkqubo yokhetho kunye nogonyamelo lwezobupolitika luye lwaba yindawo enzima ekuhlolweni kwezo zifundelwa kuyo ukuthintela ukuthintela ukuthintela nokulawula. Le ngxelo i-demodemokhrasi yezolawulo-demokhtiki iyakwazi ukupheka iziphumo eziphambili zezixhobo zokuzinziswa kwemithetho ze-ographicracratic zisetyenziswa ukuba zilungele ukusetyenziswa ukuba zilungele ukusetyenziswa ngokuxoxaxandelela

Ukuqonda Imisebenzi Yamajoni

Iinkqubo zovotelo ezingundoqo zisebenza kumgaqo wokuba umvoti ufuna i-injinjizi kuphela − iivoti ezininzi phakathi kwabo bonke abaphikisi `ukuphumelela isihlalo, hayi uninzi lwabavoti ababhalisweyo. Kumazwe amaninzi, oku kuguqulela kuninzi lwababelwa kwicawa enye kwindlu yowiso-mthetho, naxa iqela eliphumeleleyo lifumana intsebenziswano entle ngaphantsi kwama-50 ekhulwini evoti ethandwayo yesizwe. I-United Kingdom, i-Canada, iIndiya, i-United States (ukhetho lonyulo), iNigeria, neKenya imizekelo ephambili yezizwe ezisebenzisa i-FPT okanye iinkqubo ezingundoqo ezifanayo zokhetho lwazo lwemithetho-mthetho.

Abameli beenkqubo zolawulo olukhulu bathi bakhuthaza urhulumente onamandla, oza kuphendula ngokuvelisa iziphumo ezicacileyo zomvuzo nonyulo olupheleleyo. Uqhagamshelwano phakathi kwezithembiso zephulo lengingqi nengxelo yemithetho yayo luthe ngqo, nto leyo enokwandisa ukuphendula kwabavoti. Ngaphezu koko, i-FPTPP idla ngokunqanda amaqela angenamava okanye angenanxaxheba ngokwenza kube nzima kuwo ukufumana izihlalo ngaphandle kokuba inkxaso yawo isekelwe kwilizwe lonke. Oku kungakhuthaza imekobume yezobupolitika apho amaqela amakhulu akhuphisana khona kumhlaba ophakathi.

Abahlalutyi, nokokuba, bakhomba kwizakhiwo ezininzi ezidibeneyo. Iinkqubo zobuMajoni ezicwangcisiweyo ngaphantsi kwamaqela amancinane kunye namaqela amancinane, ingakumbi lawo asasazekileyo ngokwemimandla. Iqela elinothotho lweshumi ekhulwini levoti yesizwe kodwa lisasaze inkxaso yalo ngaphaya kwezithili ezikhoyo lisenokungafumani zihlalo konke konke. Oku kuphambuka kungabangela unxunguphalo kunye nengqiqo yokucalula kwezobupolitika, ingakumbi phakathi kohlanga, unqulo, okanye imimandla encinane. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, ukuqhatha izikhalazo ezinjalo zingabangela izikhala ezithi ziphele kwizenzo zogonyamelo ezinyuso. Ukuqonda eziphantsi kwemibanzo kuyimfuneko ekujongeni iziphumo zenkqubo ekuthinteleni ukuthintela ungquzulwano.

Unxulumano Phakathi Kwenkqubo Yemidlalo Nogonyamelo

Iinkqubo ze-Electoral azingobundilele. Zibumba izisusa zabadlali bezobupolitika, amaphulo amaphulo, kunye neembono zokugunyaziswa kwabavoti. Uphando lweziko lolwaphulo-mthetho olungoonyulo luye lwafumana iindlela eziliqela ekunokuthi ngazo iinkqubo zolawulo zinciphise okanye zikhulise ubungozi bogonyamelo kunyulo.

Indlela Iinkqubo Ezikhulu Ezilunciphisa Ngayo Ugonyamelo

Enye yeengxoxo ezona zinamandla ekuxhaseni iinkqubo zolawulo ezingundoqo yeyokuba zisoloko zivelisa iziphumo ezicacileyo. Kumelo olulungelelanisiweyo lweenkqubo zonyulo (PR), unyulo oluchatshazelwa ngokusondeleyo lungaphumela kwingxoxo edibeneyo ethi iiveki okanye iinyanga ezidlulileyo, ukwenza ixesha lokungaqiniseki okunokusetyenziswa ngabaphangi okanye okusetyenziswa njengesizathu sogonyamelo. KwiFPTPP, iqela elinye lidla ngokuphumelela uninzi olucacileyo, kwaye iziphumo ziyaziwa ngokukhawuleza. Oku kucacile kunganciphisa iingxoxo zepost nohlobo lokhuphiswano oluxhokonxanxanxanxanxanxa ingxhini. Umzekelo, kuBukumkani kunye neKhanada, ugonyamelo oluqhelekileyo luncinane, ngenxa yokuba umvumi uninzi lwamkelo lungasamkelwa ngaphandle komngeniselo oluqhelekileyo kwinkqubo yokulawula.

Ukongezelela, iinkqubo eziphambili zingakudimaza ukwanda kwamaqela ezobupolitika axhobileyo. Ngenxa yokuba kuphela abaza kuphumelela, abavoti namaqela aphambili athanda ukuhlasela abantu ababini okanye abathathu abaphambili abalwayo, ukunciphisa ukwahlukana okunokuthi kukhokelele kukhuphiswano lwezixhobo. Oku “kunyanzeleka kwenkulungwane” kungakunyanzelisa uluntu olwahlulwe ngokunzulu, ukuba amaqela ezobupolitika akulungele ukudlala ngemithetho yedemokhrasi.

Indlela Iinkqubo Ezikhulu Ezinokwandisa Ngayo Ugonyamelo

Ngokwahlukileyo, iinkqubo zonyulo zinganyusa ugonyamelo lwezinyusi ngokudala uphando lwezinyanzelo. Xa ulawulo lukarhulumente ` kunye nokufikelela kulawulo lwelizwe, ukhuselo, kunye nezixhobo zokhuseleko `ijolise kwiqela elinye, izibonda nganye ziphezulu ngokungaqhelekanga. Abanyusi bazivalwe ngokupheleleyo ngaphandle kolawulo, olunokuthi lubangele ukuphelelwa lithemba, kuquka ukuqhatha, ukoyikisa, kunye nogonyamelo olucacileyo. Oku kuyingozi ngakumbi kuluntu olunobuhlanga, unqulo, okanye ingingqi yecawa, apho uchazo lwezobupolitika lulingana khona nophawu lweqela elinobugqwenga.

Ukungahambelani kwemigaqo-nkqubo yezikhulu kukwathetha ukuba kwanoloyiso olumxinwa lungaxhonywa kwizihlalo ezininzi. Kunyulo lwama-2007 lukaMongameli Mwai Kibiki eKenya, wafumana unyulo oluncinane lwevoti ethandwayo kodwa wafumana uninzi olunezonwabisayo kwipalamente qha umphumo wokuba inkcaso, ikhokelwe nguRaila Odinga, igqalwa njengongenamthetho. Olulandelayo ugonyamelo lwasemva konyulo lwashiya abantu abangaphezu kwe-1,100 kunye namakhulu amawaka abagxothwayo. Ngokufanayo, ngonyulo lwangoonyulo lwangonyaka ka-2011, umvuzo olunamandla okuxhobisa izityholo zokuxhasa isikhephe sokuxhasa isikhephe kwaye lukhokelele kwingqungquthela ebulalayo, ingakumbi kwimimandla yasemntla apho abaxhasi beziva bechasiwe khona.

Ngaphezu koko, iinkqubo ezingundoqo zidala izikhuthazo ezomeleleyo zokuguqula isantya kunye nokungakhuphi, ezinokuthi zikwazi ukuphelisa uluntu oluncinane. Xa imida itsalelwa ukuthomalalisa amandla okuvota amanye amaqela, iimbono zokungalungi zinokubangela ukuqhatha kogonyamelo. Ukusetyenziswa kweenkqubo zokhetho qhaqho ngomahluko wemida, ukungabhaptizi okungaqhelekanga, okanye ukufunxa ugonyamelo, kwaye kulula ukufikelela ekusebenziseni inkqubo yololongo xa iqela elinye lilawula umatshini wokhetho.

Uphando lweemeko zeenkqubo zeMajoni kunye nogonyamelo

Ukuze kukhankanyiswe ulwalamano phakathi kokuvota kunye nokungquzulwano, kuluncedo ukuhlolisisa iimeko ezithile apho kuye kwakho ugonyamelo. Le mizekelo ibalaselisa iinkalo ezikumongo ezinxulumene nenkqubo yokuchola ukuze kuvezwe iziphumo zogonyamelo.

EKenya (2007): Ukwenziwa kwengxubakaxaka yobuhlanga nemiphumo

EKenya isebenzisa inkqubo yokuqala yezikhulu eziphambili zocalulo ukwenzela unyulo lwayo loonontlalo-ntle kunye nonomongameli. Unyulo lowama- 2007 lonakaliswa lungquzulwano olugqithisileyo, kuquka utshintsho oludlulileyo lokuvota uphando kunye nesibhengezo esikhawulezayo sikaMongameli Kibeka njengophumeleleyo. Imbono yokuchasa ukuba unyulo lwabiwa lwanyuswa ngolwazi lokuba luza kuvalwa ngokupheleleyo phantsi kwemithetho yepalamente kunye nolo lawulo lwayo. Ingxube yentlalo entlalo kunye nemigca yezopolitiki yaguqula izikhalo zezobupolitika zaba ngugonyamelo lwamacalakha. Unyaka wama-2009. Unyaka wamawaka amalunga nekhulu, kunye namaziko abuthathaka kunye nolo lwesizwe, angenza unyulo lwendawo yokungquzula kwengquzulano enkulu. Emva koko, umkhosi wakha umanyano lorhulumente, ulwano oluphumelelayo, ulwano lwesivumelwano esingurhulumente esinguquququququ-ailti-ageageageage.

eNigeria (2011): Umahluko wengingqi nogonyamelo lwasemva kokhetho

Inkqubo yolawulo olukhulu ye-Nigeria yeNdibano yesiZwe kunye nomongameli kade wadala ukhuphiswano olukhulu phakathi kwamaSilamsi amaninzi asemntla kunye namaKristu asemazantsi. Unyulo lomongameli luka-2011 lwabona uFantleck Jonathan, umKristu wasemzantsi, ephumelela nxamnye noMuhammadu Buharari, umSilamsi wasemntla. Iziphumo zalahlwa ngabalawuli abaninzi basemntla, ababevakalelwa kukuba inkqubo ye-FPTP ivumele umzantsi ukuba ulawule phezu kwayo nayiphi nayiphi na ingingingingi yabemi. Unyulo olunogadayo nogonyamelo lwaqukuqela, lushiya abantu abafayo abangama-800. Ugonyamelo lwaphenjelelwa ngumxube wemi wobuhlanga, ukuqondwa kobuqhokolo, kunye nolo lobuzwe oluphambili.

EIndiya: Ukuhlala uhleli kwiDemokhrasi Enkulu Ehlabathini

IIndiya isebenzisa inkqubo yedemokhrasi engundoqo yeFPTP esetyenziswa rhoqo ukuxhasa i-FPP ngeyayo iLok Sabhaha (indlu esezantsi yepalamente) kwaye iye yafumana ugonyamelo olukhoyo ngamaxesha athile, ingakumbi kwimigca yoluntu efana neGujarat ne-Uttar Pradesh. Noko ke, ulawulo-demokhrasi lwaseIndiya luye lwangqineke lungqineke lunamandla ngokuphawulekayo, lunenkululeko ukususela kwimigangatho ephezulu yeyantlukwano kunye nobuhlwempu. Iimeko ezininzi zobundlobo-mpuzeko yobundlobo, i-Empula yootho enamandla nezimeleyo, i-Euni yoomatilo, isakhiwo solawulo-manyene esivumela amaqela emimandla yesizwe ukuba asebenzise amandla kumgangatho wezwe, kunye nokhuseleko lomthetho-onqambini oluthe xhase kumgangatho ophantsi wolawulo lwemeko lwasekuhlaleni, ingakumbi senkqubo ye-Indiya eqinisekisa ukuba ihlale ingasebenzi.

Izinto Ezinegalelo Kugonyamelo Kwinkqubo Yezikhulu

Ukusuka kuphando lwetyala nophando lothelekiso, kukho izinto eziliqela ezisoloko zivela njengabaqhubi bogonyamelo lwezinyusi kwizakhiwo eziphambili:

  • Ukukhutshwa kwamaqela amancinane: Xa uhlanga, unqulo, okanye ingingqi encinane zinqandwa ukuba zifumane izihlalo ngenxa yokusasazeka kwelizwe okanye ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo ezigqithisileyo zokucinezela iimfuno zazo.
  • Ukhuphiswano lweze-sum: Umvuzo ofumana zonke izinto ezikhoyo zeFPP uthetha ukuba amaqela aphulukana nawo akanawo umthi kurhulumente yaye akanakufikelela kumaziko. Oku-okanye akukho nto ikhuthaza iphulo elinzima, intiyo, kunye nokuququzelelwa kwee-'''''''''''.
  • [[NTL:0] Ukusetyenziswa kweenkqubo zonyulo: iinkqubo zoomatiloshe zisengozini yokuphathwa kwemida, ukucinezelwa kwevoti, kunye nokufakwa kwezixhobo kuba ukulawula isithili esingundoqo ezimbalwa zingagqiba iziphumo zonke. Oku kukonakalisa ukuthemba kunye nokubangela uphazamiso olunobundlobongela.
  • [ Izikhalo ezikhoyo kunye noxinzeleleko lobuhlanga: Kwibutho elinelifa lemfazwe yamakhaya okanye ucalulo olusekelwe kwiqela, unyulo luba lithuba lokuzinzisa iingxelo ezindala. Iinkqubo zobuhandiba ezigxininisa amandla kwizandla zeqela elinye zingavuselela intlungu kwaye zithethelele ugonyamelo njengomlinganiselo wokuzikhusela.
  • Izikhuseli zobugcisa: apho amaqumrhu olawulo lonyulo azimeleyo okanye agqalwa njengonekhethe, ukuthembeka kweziphumo eziphambili kuyaphela. Ngaphandle kwamaziko athembekileyo kwiimpikiswano ezigqugqisiweyo, ugonyamelo luba sisixhobo sokubonakalisa ukunganeliseki.
  • Inkxaso ejolisekileyo yobomi yenkcaso: kwi FPP, amaqela enkcaso axinezelekileyo kwimimandla embalwa angaphumelela izihlalo ezininzi kwindawo ethile kodwa ahlale evaliwe ngaphandle kwesizwe, edala unxunguphalo kunye nokungalawuleki.

Iindlela Zokukhusela Ingxabano

Ukukhusela ugonyamelo lwezibonelelo kwinkqubo zoomatshini abazizibonelelo akufuni ukuba ushiye inkqubo yokhetho ngokupheleleyo. Endaweni yoko, ukudityaniswa kotshintsho oluququzelelweyo, imisebenzi equka ulwakhiwo loxolo oluqhubekayo kunganciphisa ubungozi ngeli lixa ulondoloza iingenelo zeziphumo ezicacileyo norhulumente onoxanduva.

Utshintsho lwenkqubo ebanzi

Enye indlela kukwenza utshintsho lwenkqubo engundoqo ukudibanisa iziqalelo zolwahlulo lomelo, ukwenza inkqubo yonyulo oluxubeneyo. Umzekelo, amazwe anjengeJamani, iNew Zealand, kunye neLesotho asebenzisa ulwahlulo oluxubileyo lweenkqubo, apho izahlulo zesihlalo zibekiwe ngokwentelekiso ukuhlawulela ukuvota okungalinganiyo kwe FPTP. Kwimeko- ediscineyo, inkqubo exubileyo ingaqinisekisa ukuba amaqela ambalwa namaqela afumana umelo oluthile, kucuthe umlinganiselo wento ekhoyo. Olunye utshintsho lusetyenziswa kwenye uvoti (IV) okanye uvote-ota olukwimimandla enye, efuna ukhuthulo lwevoti-ota- eninzi (emva kwento ekhoyo) kunokuba kuncipheke ukusetyenziswa kwe-octive.[A][0]

Ulawulo oluqulunqileyo nolawulo-magunya

Naphantsi kwenkqubo engundoqo, oorhulumente bangamkela ulawulo oluqulethweyo lokunciphisa umgangatho. Amalungiselelo angowona mgaqo-siseko wamandla-wonga-malungiselelo, anjengee-glade systrime okanye aqinisekisiweyo zisikhundla sobulungiseleli kumaqela amancinane, anika abaxhasi ababotsheleli ababo abaphambili kunyulo oluxolileyo. Umgaqo-siseko weKenya 2010 uqaliswe ukukhulula utshintsho kunye nomgaqo wesini namanani esibini sobufana nomntu ngamnye omele ukwandisa ukumele, nasemva kobunzima bonyaka ka-200, amandla-oomamandla asekwa. Noko ke, amandla-oomashishini kufuneka afakwe kumgangatho kunokuba abe sisixhobo sokuyithintela ekuhlazisweni okuvelela kwindleko. Inkqubo yeZizwe Ezihlangene (UNP) ipapashe ukhokelo olunyusombululo nokuthintela iingxoxo (FT.[10]/10]

Ukuqinisa iziko

Liqumrhu lolawulo lwezibonelelo elizimeleyo, elithembekileyo, nelinomthombo olungileyo (EMB) libalulekile ekuthinteleni ugonyamelo kwiinkqubo ezingundoqo. I-EMB kufuneka ikhuselwe kuxinzelelo lwe-volution ize inikwe amandla okwenza izigqibo ezizibopheleleyo ekubhaliseni, ekuthinteleni umda, kwaye impikiswano. Amagosa onyulo olunyuliweyo, asebenzisa ubuchule bokuvota obucacileyo, kwaye avumele ababukeli bamakhaya kunye namazwe ngamazwe ukuba bakhuthaze ukuthemba uluntu. Kumazwe anjengeGhana neBotswana, oo-EMBs baye baba ngundoqo ekulondolozeni uxolo kukhetho lwe-FPTPP. Iziko zaseAfrika kunye neziqumrhu zokhetho zinika iingqinophelo ezinika iingqino zonyulo ezinokuthi zithinte ukuqhatha nogonyamelo xa zilandelwa.

Imfundo Yomanyano Nokwakhiwa Koxolo

Ukuthintelwa kwexesha elide kufuna ukuphuhlisa izithethe zedemokhrasi apho abemi belujonga unyulo njengendlela yokukhetha iinkokeli kunokuba bathathe ulotho lwezeqatho olukhoyo. Iinkqubo zemfundo ye-COVICO kufuneka zifundise abavoti ngamalungelo abo, inkqubo yonyulo, kunye neendlela zoxolo zokuvakalisa izikhalazo. Iintlanganiso zabemi, amaqela asekelwe kukholo, neenkokeli zesithethe zingabandakanyeka ekubhaleni uxolo phambi, ngexesha lonyulo, nasemva konyulo. Umzekelo, uXando noMnathatho eKenyazo eKenyameni, usebenza kunye noluntu lwasekuhlaleni ukusungula iinkqubo ezilumkisa kunye neekomiti zovote-ovote zomhla ka-2013, nto leyo enegalelo kwisiphumo esinxulumene noxolo. IUnited States Institute Institute of Peaced (USPIP) ipapashe uphando oluphakathi konyuko lokhetho ([5]/12]

Imisebenzi Yesakhelo esisemthethweni Yempixano

Ukumisa izitena ezicacileyo ezicacileyo zomjelo wonyulo oluneziphumo ezilucelomngeni kunciphisa intshukumisa yokubhenela kugonyamelo. Izibongozo zokhetho kufuneka ziviwe ngokukhawuleza ngumgwebi ozimeleyo onegunya lokuphelisa iziphumo kunye nokusebenzisana kwakhona. Ngaphezu koko, amatyala anyuliweyo afana nentetho entiyo, uvoteyidi, kunye nokuphamba uphazamiso lwe-odoli kufuneka luphazanyiswe kwaye lumangalelwe ngamandla. Iinkqubo zokhetho, apho izibonda, apho izikhonkwane ziphezulu khona, kuqinisekisa ukuba umthetho usebenza ngokulinganayo kubo bonke abatshatiweyo kwaye amaqela. I-International Foundation ye-Electoral Systems (IFES) inikeza uncedo lobugcisa kwimimiselo olusemthethweni kunye nokuthintela ingxabano ([FLD] https.[2]

Isiphelo

Iinkqubo zokuvota azikho ngokwemvelo zikho gonyamelo okanye azinaluxolo. Impembelelo yazo kugonyamelo lonyulo kunye nothintelo lonyulo luxhomekeke kulwandiso olubanzi lweziko, lwentlalo, kunye nomongo wembali apho zisebenza khona. Iziphumo ezicacileyo zonyulo kunye nokuphendula okunamandla kukarhulumente ziluncedo lokwenene ezinokuthi zinciphise ukungaqiniseki kunye nokhuphiswano oluqhubekayo olubangela ugonyamelo ngamanye amaxesha. Noko ke, impumelelo ephumelelayo kwintsebenziswano yeFPTP, ingenza ukrwelelo oluphezulu, icekeze iintelenti, kwaye ivelise izikhundla zokhuphiswano zogonyamelo xa izibo ziphezulu. Ubungqina obuvela eKenya, eNigeria, namanye amazwe bubonisa ukuba iinkqubo eziphambili zobugciphenelo olunamandla kakhulu xa zidityaniswe namaqela anzulu entlalweni, nakukungabikho kolawulo oluqulukileyo.

Ukuthintelwa kolawulo-moya olulawula ulawulo-bume oluphambili asiyonto yokushiya inkqubo kodwa kukuyiqinisa ngotshintsho olunenkxaso. Uhlenga-hlengiso lwenkqubo ye-Electoral oluquka amandla alawula ubuchule, ikomishini yokukhetha ezimeleyo, imfundo yezentlalo, kunye nezakhiwo eziqinileyo ezisemthethweni zonke zidlala iindima ezibalulekileyo. Indlela yobuchule yokuthetha ngobuchule bokwenza unyulo kunye neziphendu eziphantsi kwenkqubo yentlalo ehamba phambili yokususa kumthombo woxinzelelo lwedemokhrasi, isenza intlukwano yoxolo. Njengoko ihlabathi liqhubeka lizama ukumelana nocelomngeni lokuphatha unyulo oluthembekileyo kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo, ukuqonda ulwalamano oluphakathi kwemithetho evotiweyo kunye nogonyamelo oluhlala luyinto yokuqala kubaphandi, abaqhubi benkqubo, nabakhi boxolo.