Isiseko Sotshintsho Olubalaseleyo

Iinkqubo zokulungisa zingumqulu osisiseko wolawulo-demokhrasi. Indlela abemi abaphosa ngayo oomatshini bokusebenza, indlela abacuthwa ngayo, nendlela abavota abaguqulela ngayo kwizihlalo kwindlu yowiso-mthetho ngokuthe ngqo ukuma komelo lwezopolitiko, iziphumo zenkqubo, kunye nokuthemba uluntu. Kwiminyaka engamashumi amabini edluleyo, amaza eenguqu aye atshayelela kwidemokhrasi ehlabathini lonke, eqhutywa yinkqubela-phambili yezobugcisa, imingeni esemthethweni, ukutshintsha kwamanani abantu, kunye nokukhula kwemfuno ephambili yenkqubo yokuvota esesikweni kunye nokungena kwimbali yakutshanje, uhlalutya okubalulekileyo kwemvelaphi yabo, ukwenziwa, kunye neziphumo ezinde zempumelelo yokhetho.

Imfuneko yotshintsho oluqhelekileyo iyavela xa iinkqubo ezikhoyo zingaphumeleli ukudibana nemigangatho yedemokhrasi ejikelezayo. Iinjineli eziqhelekileyo ziquka inkxalabo ngoxinzelelo lomvoti, ukurhoxa, umatshini wokuvota ophelelwe lixesha, ukujika-jika okusezantsi, kunye nokungalingani. Imithetho esemthethweni, isalathisi sikawonke-wonke, kunye nenyathelo lowiso-mthetho zidlale zonke iindima ekulungiseni indlela unyulo oluqhutywa ngayo. Ukuqonda ezi nguqu kufuna ukuqwalasela ngokusondeleleneyo kuzo zombini inyathelo lasekhaya eUnited States nakwimigudu ehambelanayo namazwe angaphandle.

Imfuneko Yotshintsho: Abaqhubi Becore

Iinkqubo ze-Electoral azimi ngaxesha linye. Njengoko imibutho itshintsha, kufuneka imithetho elawula inxaxheba kwezobupolitika. Abaqhubi abaphambili benkqubo yokuvota yakutshanje baquka:

  • [[UMTL:0] Umelo lomelo olulungileyo: amaqela amancinane namaqela esithathu aphikisa kade ukuba iinkqubo zokufumana zonke kunye neziphendu zephondo zihlambulula impembelelo yazo.
  • [[UMTL:0] ukuphazamiseka kwenzululwazi yezobugcisa: oomatshini bovota bombane, ukubhaliswa kwe-intanethi, kunye nezisongelo ze-corbate zinyanzele amagunya okusebenza ngeli xesha kukhusela ivoti.
  • Ukucinezelwa nokufumaneka: izigqibo zeNkundla kunye nokukhutshelwa komthetho we-id okungqongqo, iiyure zokuvota ezisikelwe umda, kunye neenkqubo zokubhalisa ezinokufikeleleka.
  • Uxinzelelo lwezizwe ngezizwe kunye nokuphawula: Amazwe asoloko emkela utshintsho ukuze avumelane nezithethe zedemokhrasi yehlabathi, maxa wambi alandela iintlanganiso zomqwalaseli okanye izihlolo zentsebenziswano.
  • Uvavanyo lonyulo lonyulo: Unyulo olucatshuliweyo, olunjengokhuphiswano lomongameli wase-U.S. okanye unyulo jikelele lwangowama-2007 eKenya, luye lwabangela ukudumba okugqithisileyo.

Le mikhosi iye yabangela utshintsho oluntsonkothileyo, olunye lwaphumelela yaye olunye lwaphikisa.

Olona Lutshintsho Lubalulekileyo Kwinkulungwane Ye - 21: EUnited States

UMthetho woncedo waseMelika we-vote (Hava) wowama-2002

Idluliswe ekuphenduleni ngqo kunyulo lwama- 2000 olunesiphithiphithi — apho ii-radies kunye neebhabhathane ezixhonyweyo zibhenca iimpazamo ezinzulu kubugcisa bokuvota — u HAVA wamela utshintsho lokuqala olungundoqo lwezibonelelo zelizwe ukususela ngoo1960. Esi senzo sadala iEUFUTCOUTCOURCOM Commission (EAC) ukunikezela ngokhokelo nokunika inkxaso. Yagunyazisa ukuba amagunya athathe indawo yemiqatha yesixhobo sokuvota kunye nezixhobo zokuvota ezinokuthenjwa kunye neenkqubo zokuvota ezithelekisa ii-bhanki ezithe ngqo (umatshini bokuchola okanye abakhankanyayo). Ngaphezu koko, i-HaVA yafuna ukuba zonke iindawo zinikele ngomatshini bokuvota abanokuvota abanokufumaneka ngokulula kwiziphumo ezithile, iimfuno zokhuseleko olutsha, ezifuna ukunyuswa kwabantu abakhubazekileyo.[5]

2. UMthetho weSindululo wamaLungelo ka-2006

IKhomishini ehlaziyiweyo yeZigqibo zaMalungelo eKhosamo ePhakamileyo (VRA) ngo-2006 iminyaka engama-25, kuquka imfuneko yokucacisa okungaphambili phantsi kweCandelo 5 eyanyanzela amazwe athile kunye neendawo ezinembali yocalulo ukuba zifumane imvume engoorhulumente phambi kokutshintsha imithetho yokuvota. Ii-mende zasabela kwizigqibo zeNkundla ePhakamileyo eziye zanciphisa ukufikelela kweVRA nokuqinisekisa ubungqina obubhaliweyo bocalucalulo oluqhubekayo lweentlanga. Noko ke, olu lwandiswayo lwalungahlazinziswanga: ukulawula kweNkulawula kweNkundla ePhakamileyo [FOLT:0] [iqithi]. I-Shelby v. i-galler yabetha phantsi umthetho osetyenziswayo ukugqiba ukuba kubekho imigaqo eqhubekayo yokusebenza. Eminyakani, ukususela oko kuthe kwagutyutyululwa kwemithetho eqinileyo, ukurhola imithetho yokuvota, ukuvota, ukurhola nokurhola i-otoota, ukurhola i-otookisa,

Ukujija Okukhethiweyo Okuxhotyisiweyo (RCV)

Uvoto olunyuliweyo, olukwasaziwa ngokuba luvota ngokukhawulezileyo, lufumene intsalela ebalulekileyo koomasipala base-U.S. Phantsi kwe-RCV, abavoti bafumana izikhundla eziphambili ngokwendlela yokukhetha. Ukuba akukho mvoti ufumana ivoti yokuqala ye-ice, obuthathaka kakhulu upheliswa, kwaye abavoti babo bathenjiswa kwizinto ezilandelayo. Le nkqubo iyaqhubeka de omnye afikelele kuninzi. Abavoti baphikisa ukuba RCV baphelisa “iziphumo ze-ipoileri”, inciphisa iphulo elingalunganga (ukuqala abathathi bafune ivote-ice yesibini), kwaye abaphumele inkxaso ebanzi. I-Maine yaba yimeko yokuqala yokwamkela unyulo lwe-RCC kunyuko oluse-A20182020, kuquka i-New York City, i-SanCne, kunye nokhetho lwe-Nvidev, i-offaption, i-oversethi, i-modentive, e-offce, e-enyukayonke, i-enyukayokuqhubeka

Ubhaliso lwe Voter oluzenzekelayo

Oregon waba ngurhulumente wokuqala ukuzalisekisa ubhaliso oluzenzekelayo lovota ngo-2016, isebenzisa iingxelo ezikhoyo zeSebe le-Moto Vehicles ukubhalisa abemi abafanelekileyo ngaphandle kokuba bakhethe. Ukususela ngoko, amaphondo angama-20 kunye neSithili saseColumbia samkele uhlobo oluthile lwe-AVR, ngokufuthi edityaniswe nobhaliso olufanayo. Uphando lubonisa ukuba i-AVR inyusa kakhulu imigangatho yokubhalisa, ingakumbi phakathi kwabancinane nabangenayo, kwaye inciphisa iimpazamo zokulawula ngaphandle kokhetho olusuka kwiintlobo zephepha. Utshintsho lukwamkela ulawulo lwevotisi sonyulo ngolulo oluthe kokugqibela. Noko ke, i-AVR ijongenenkcaso yezopolitiko kuphikisa abo banokuthetha ngayo ngokusemthethweni okanye ukuchasana komgaqo womgaqo wokuzibongela. Ndiyilawula ngokwahlukene kwiimeko ezingoontathe zahlukene (MD, iinkonzo ezininzi, kodwa i-DV, i-D.evenvents, isalathi yezo zezo zezo zezo zezomthetho zezomthetho ze

5. Ubhaliso losuku olufanayo nolwandisiweyo

Amashumi amabini anesibini amaphondo ngoku anika ubhaliso olufanayo, evumela abemi ukuba babhalise kwaye bavote ngexesha elinye ngexesha lokuvota kwangethuba okanye ngoSuku loNnyulo. Olu tshintsho lunceda ekunikeni imiqobo yokubhalisa abo baphoswayo lixesha okanye bahamba rhoqo. Uphando lubonisa ukuba ubhaliso lwemini enye lunyuswa ngokuthozamileyo kodwa ngokungaguquguqukiyo. Ngokufanayo, ulwandiso lwe-kungabhaliswa kwevota kwasekuqaleni kunye nokuvota kwasekuqaleni komvota kungulo oluye lwaba yintsingiselo enkulu yotshintsho. Ngexesha lonyaka we-CHOVAID-19, amazwe amaninzi anwebekiswe okwethutyana, kwaye aphinda abe ngamaqela njengeKhalifoni, i-Koloraviya, i-Utawe, neWashington zenza imposiso sokuvola i-encwadi engenakugqibelwa. Ezi neendlela zokukhomba ezithelelwa zihlala zinjalo.

6. IiKhomishini zokuLungisa ezizimeleyo

Gerrymandering ibisoloko ingumzekelo obalaseleyo wabaxhasi botshintsho. Ekuphenduleni, amaphondo amaninzi aye amisela izakhiwo ezizimeleyo okanye ezibizwa ngokuba yibipartisan ukuzoba umthetho kunye nesithili soburhulumente. IKomishini ye-Citinary Redificoting Commission, eyenziwe ngokusebenzisa iipesenti zomloloyinti ngo- 2008 nango-2010, ingumzekelo obalaseleyo. Amanye amazwe, kuquka iArizona, iMichigan, ne-Ohio, aye amkela izakhiwo ezifanayo. Le njongo yokumisela ukunciphisa i-trians nokuzimisela imingcele yesithiliti ebonakalisa inzala. Noko ke, iNkundla ePhakamileyo ilawula (2010) ukuba iGarbe ithetha ukuba ingekho nje kwiinkundla zikarhulumente, ishiya umgangatho omkhulu womgangatho wemeko. Ukuphumelela kwenkonzo yoothunywa bephondo; ivelise i-odmistna, ngempumelelo, ngexesha eliphantsi eliphantsi komnye kwi-offnertiventi (Frn) [Fognentiney]

Imizekelo Yamazwe Ngamazwe Yokukhuthaza Utshintsho

Inkqubo ye-Member Proportigal yaseNew Zealand

Uvavanyo lwe-evolution lwaseNew Zealand lwakhokelela kutshintsho oluphawulekayo lokusuka kwindlela yokuqala ye-fTP kwimodeli ye-internease (MMP), yokuqala eyasetyenziswa ngo-1996. Phantsi kwe-MMP, ivoti nganye ikhupha iivoti ezimbini: enye kwivotiso zomntu wasekuhlaleni (ngokuqhelekileyo uzuzelwe ngumvoti ngobuninzi) kunye noluhlu lweqela. Ii-setts kumaqela ali-120-palement zisasazeke ngokuhambelana ngokusekelwe kwivoti yeqela, ngokunxulumene ne-ekhompatton, ngokulingana nezithuba ezikhoyo ezidityanisiweyo. U-Adhanggg wongenwanor ungenwa ukuba iqela leqela lifumana inani elininzi kunalo. Ngoko ke, uninzi uninzi uninzi ulutsha oluye lwalo olunolwayo kwiqela lemithetho-meo-easethissss system: amaqela amabini amaqela amabini amaqela ahlukeneyo kunye nama-oveneeveneevery afuneka rhoqo, amaqabane afana namaqela afanayond afana namaqela alandela

2. Inkqubo ye-Member exutyiweyo yaseJamani

Inkqubo yokhetho yaseJamani, eyasungulwa emva kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II, idibanisa i-FPTP constituencices ezincubeni zobuzwe (iBundestag). Iivota zikwaneevoti ezimbini. Umahluko ongundoqo osuka eNew Zealand kukuba iJamani isebenzisa inkqubo yokuzikongamela iziphumo zokulungelelanisa, ngokufuthi inyusa ubungakanani bepalamente. Ngo-2023, ulungiso lomthetho wotshintsho lwezinyulo lwagquma iBoundag kwizithuba ezingama-630 kwaye ishe ishenxele phezulu kwaye ishe ishe ihla isihlalo esiphezulu, ishukuma isibini se-MMP. Inkqubo yeJamani ekhuthaza ulungiso lwemibutho (ngokufuthiweyo ikhokelwa yi-CDU/CUCSD) kwaye yenza ukuba kunyuke ukuvuka kweqela elincinane elifana neGreentyhothi ye-Greant. Iqela eliseJamani ifuna ulungiso lwezopoliti yemithetho eqhubekayo.

3. Ingxowa enyanzelisayo yaseOstreliya neIRV

I-Australia yenye yeedemokhrasi ezimbalwa ezinyanzelekileyo ezinovotho olunyanzelekileyo (ukususela ngo-1924), eziphumela kwinani elingaphezulu kwama-90%. Indlu yabameli isebenzisa uvoto olukhawulezileyo (uvolo lwe-RCV), ngelixa iNkangeleko isebenzisa ivoti enye edluliswayo (STV). Ezi mpawu, kunye neekhomishini zokuvota ezizimeleyo ezizinzileyo, zivelise inkqubo ezinzileyo neyahlula kakhulu. Imodeli ye-CFrank inciphisa impembelelo yemali kwezobupolitika (ukokuba amaqela kufuneka abhenele onke abavoti, hayi nje umenzi womdla) kwaye ziphelisa uncedo oluphezulu lwamaqela amaqela aqeqeshiweyo. Abagxeki bephikisa ukuba iphazamisa inkululeko yobuqu kunye nabemi boluntu ukuba bavote. Kodwa, imodeli ye-Australia iye yafundwa ngolunye ulungiso lwezi.

Ukusilela Kweenguqu EKhanada

IKhanada iphikise ngentlola yokuguqula unyulo lokhetho kangangamashumi eminyaka. Ngo- 2015, uMphathiswa oPhakamileyo uJustin Trudeau wathembisa ukuba ngo 2015 uyakuba lunyulo lokugqibela lweFPTPP, kodwa ikomiti ekhethekileyo yasilela ukwenza isivumelwano, kwaye urhulumente washiya utshintsho. Amaphondo amaninzi aba namava okuquququzelela ukutshintshela kulungelelaniso okanye iinkqubo ezidibeneyo, kodwa onke awaphumelelanga ukuhlangabezana nemiqobo efunekayo (umz., Prince Edward Islands ngo2016, iBritish Columbia amaxesha amaninzi). Umqobo ongundoqo kukunqongophele kwesivumelwano sikawonke apho umgaqo othile ozamkele. Amava eKhanada abonisa ubunzima bokufumana utshintsho kwanaxa kusezakubakho, njengoko iintembe zokukhetha ii-projectivessssss ezisoloko zahlula phakathi kokhetho oluninzi nokhuseleko olulula.

5. Imvelaphi Yenkqubo Yombane YaseIndiya NeeVVPAT

IIndiya, eyona mithetho-siseko yedemokhrasi yehlabathi inkulu, yasungula oomatshini bokuvota nge-elektroniki (EVM) ngo-1990 ukuphendula i-colot nokunciphisa ixesha. Ukukhathazeka okuthe jikelele ngenxa yokuphambana kwe-EVM kwakhokelela kwiNkundla ePhakamileyo kunye neKhomishini yoNqumo-Nqulu yokuvota ifuna ivoti yephepha eligunyazisiweyo ukuba ifune imizekelo ye-VPA ehambayo (VPATs) iqale ngo-2014. Ngo-2019, iNkuvolo lwama i-VPAT yayalela ukuba i-inyaniswe kwizikhulu ezihlanu ze-ofisi zentlanganiso nganye. Nangona impikiswano iqhubekele kukhuseleko lwe-EVM, izindululo zeIndiya zibonisa ukubaluleka kokuphicotshelwa kwe-Projinithi nentembelo kawonke-wonke-wonke-wonke-wonke. Ilizwe likwasebenzisa inkqubo yokuqala yenkqubo yovavanyo, evezwe elingulowo umgangatho omkhulu, kodwa ithelelwa i-ondiselwa i-ontaxtimen.

Ucelomngeni Lokuhlaziya Utshintsho

Ngaphandle kwenkqubela echazwe ngasentla, utshintsho lwenkqubo yokuvota lujongene nemiqobo engapheliyo. Iinkqubo zovota zithanda ukungenelela kakhulu: amaqela angoondinganyeni asoloko elwa notshintsho olunokunciphisa inzuzo yawo. Umzekelo, amaphondo alawula iRiphabliki aye alandela imithetho ye-ID kunye nokucoceka okuqelekileyo phantsi kwebhanile yokhuseleko, ngelixesha iDemocrat ityhalela phambili ufikelelo olubanzi; omabini amacala atyhola olunye umgangatho wedemokhrasi. Umthetho womthetho uthelela iinstrulatel ebekwe phantsi kwemithetho emikhulu yeposi, ilahla iibhokisi, utyikityo, utyikityo olusemthethweni lubangela ukudidelwa kwedemokhrasi kunye no-vosi ngokufanayo.

Inkohliso ye- ikwathintela utshintsho. Ukuqhatha kobuxoki komvoti osasazekileyo, ngokufuthi onyuswe kumaziko onxibelelwano oluntu, kuphelisa ukuthemba kwiinkqubo zokhetho ze-elektroniki kunye ne-pepa. Ngokufanayo, ii-ofisi zonyulo eziphantsi kwemiqathango zizama ukuzalisekisa ubugcisa obutsha, abasebenzi bokhetho, abalondolozi bekhompyutha, kunye nokulondoloza ukhuseleko lweziko lwezikomfakela. Umjikelo wonyulo wama-2020 wabala ukuchanaba nokurhoxa kwamaziko okuchola.

Ukongezelela, ulawulo olufanelekileyo lonyulo kulawulo lwezwe (njengoko i-U.S. kunye neJamani) luthetha ukuba kufuneka kuguqulwe kusetyenziswe amagunya asekuhlaleni amakhulu okanye amawaka, nto leyo ekhokelela ekusetyenzisweni okungaguquguqukiyo. Imizekelo yezizwe ngezizwe ibonisa ukuba naxa utshintsho ludlula, lungatshintshwa ukuba urhulumente omtsha ulawula. Umzekelo, ukuphambuka kwedemokhrasi ye-Hungary kwakuquka iinguqu zokhetho ezafaka kwiqela elilawulayo, ibonisa ukuba utshintsho lulodwa alunakuqinisekisa ukumelana nokusetyenziswa kwe-actracratic.

Ulwalathiso Lwexesha Elizayo Ekuguquleni Imicimbi

Ukujonga phambili, iziphumo ezininzi zisenokuyilwa ukutshintsha kwesambuku esilandelayo sokhetho. izisombululo zezenzululwazi yomkhosi wamazwe aphesheya [ zihlala zombini zilithuba nomngcipheko. Iinkqubo ze-Internet zokuvota kunye nezithintelo ze-injini zivavanyiwe kumqhubi abancinane (umz., uqheliselo olungcono lwase Estonia, umqhubi wezomkhosi waphesheya kolwandle) kodwa iingcali zokhuseleko zilumkisa ukuba akukho matshini wokuvota we-intanethi yovota okhuselekileyo kwimivota enkulu kawonke. Imbonakalo yokujongoza kwephepha ngemiboniso yokuhlola imbonakalo iqhelekile iqhubekeka njengoqeqesho olungcono lwe-inyani-nyani.

[[NTL: 0] I-Cybererastity iza kulawula ulawulo lonyulo. Oorhulumente bafaka imali ekubaphini-mali abanomda womngcipheko, ukwabelana ngogcino-lwazi olukhuselekileyo, kunye nemizekelo ehlaziyiweyo yezobugcibo. ISebe loKhuseleko loMmandla waseHomeland ngoku likhetha izibonelelo zonyulo njengezichaphazelekayo. Intsebenziswano yezizwe ngezizwe ngokuchasene nongenelelo lonyulo iyakwazi ukujika, nangona isebenza ngokucothayo.

Unikezelo kunye nokungaguquguquki[[FLT: 1] ziya kuhlala kumbindi. Amaqela e-aveki anyanzela ukunyuswa koncedo lolwimi, ukhetho lokuvota oluhambayo kubantu abakhubazekileyo, kunye nokuhlisa ixesha lokuvota. Amanye amagunya sele evumele ishumi elinesithandathu lamawaka eminyaka ukuba avote kunyulo lwasekuhlaleni (umz., Takoma Park, Maryland). Ukutyhalela kwefelon enfransencement kubone kuphumelela eFlorida (i-viacolot, kamva inyathelo lokuqala, elivalelwe ngumthetho omtsha) kunye nakwezinye iindawo.

Kwicala lenkqubo, umelo lwepropati yoonobumba lufikelela kwisiseko somqathango, ingakumbi kwi-U.S. iFairmedification Act, eqaliswe kwiKholare, iyakufuna ukuba kubekho ulawulo olumiselwe ngokweziqendu ezininzi kunyulo lwephondo lweNdlu. Ngoxa ukudlula kungalindelekanga kwigama elikufuphi, ingcamango iyaxatyiswa kwiindlu zowiso-mthetho kwaye idlula kwimilinganiselo ye-odola. imida ekhethekileyo kubaphathi bonyulo, [[FLT:]] kukwayinxenye ye-edirectal, [[FLT:]]

Ekugqibeleni, naluphi na utshintsho kufuneka lulungelelanise amaxabiso okuthabatha inxaxheba, umelo, ukhuseleko, kunye nokusebenza kakuhle. Oko kusebenza kwenye imeko yenkcubeko okanye yomthetho kungasilela kwenye. Imbali yotshintsho lwenkqubo yokuvota ibonisa ukuba imigangatho yedemokhrasi ifuna ugcino-lwazi oluqhubekayo, ulwamkelo, kunye nokuthemba uluntu. Njengoko iingxaki ezintsha zivela . Ngokusuka kubuchule obungeyonto intsingiselo yokungalingani namanani, imfuneko yokutshintsha okusekelwe kubungqina izakukhula kuphela.

“ I-Democracy asiyondawo emileyo kodwa yiprojekthi eqhubekayo. Isizukulwana ngasinye kufuneka siqinisekise iinkqubo zaso zonyulo zibonisa umnqweno waso ophezulu wokubonakalisa okusesikweni nokuqukwa.”

Ngokufunda ngempumelelo nokusilela, abafundisi - ntsapho, abafundi nabenzi bemithetho banokwenza umsebenzi onzima wokulondoloza nokuphucula inkqubo yedemokhrasi yexesha elizayo.