Abalungisi bendlela abemi abafaka ngayo kwaye bajonga ngayo indlela yokuvota, hayi nje kuphela indlela yokulawula abaphumeleleyo kodwa kwanempilo ebanzi yedemokhrasi. Ukusuka kuqheliselo lwamandulo lwamaGrike lokungavumelani nomatshini bokuvota namhlanje, yonke inkqubo yokhetho ibeka uqikelelo malunga nomelo, okusesikweni, kunye nenjongo yokuvota. Ukukhetha indlela yokuvota enye phezu kwenye kunokukhulisa okanye ukuthoba amazwi athile, kungakhuthaza okanye kungakuthinteli ukuthatha inxaxheba, kwaye ekugqibeleni kugqibele ukuba iziphumo zibonisa oko kuthanda koninzi, ubuninzi, okanye umbutho omkhulu okhoyo onokwenzeka. Eli nqaku lihlola eyona ndlela isetyenziswa kakhulu ekuvotentel- Post, i-Rpost, iPrivextive provition, i-Prectorauntation, iVoixtation, iVotable, kunye ne-octive projectives provices trans, iziphumo ezivoties, kunye nevolution, iziphumo ezivolution, kunye nevolution, inte, inte, inte

Ukuqonda Iindlela Ezibalaseleyo Zokusasaza Isigidimi

Iindlela zokuthetha ziwela kwiintsapho ezimbini ezibanzi: izicwangciso zokufumana ingeniso-zonke, ezithi zifake izihlalo eziphezulu kwingeniso yevoti kwisithili, kunye neenkqubo zokulungelelanisa, ezinikezela izihlalo ngomlinganiselo orhabaxa kukwabelana ngevoti okanye abavoti abafunyanwayo. Kwintsapho nganye kukho iinguqulelo ezitshintsha indlela eziboniswa ngayo kwaye zibalwe ngayo. Iindlela ezixutyushwa apha zimela ezona ndlela ziqhelekileyo zokungena kwesizwe, imeko, kunye nonyulo lwasekuhlaleni jikelele ehlabathini.

Udidi lweposi

Indlela Esebenza Ngayo

Eyokuqala-iPast-the Post yeyona ilula kuzo zonke iinkqubo zonyulo. Umvoti ngamnye uphosa ibhola enye kubhaptizo olunye kwisithili selungu elinye. Umvoteli ofumana ivoti ezininzi ``nakuba ingaphantsi kweninzi(iwin) yesihlalo. iFPPP isetyenziswa kumazwe anjengeUnited States (unyulo lwemithetho yesizwe), iUnited Kingdom, Canada, neIndiya.

i-Seed:

  • I- I- iyaziqonda ngokukhawuleza inkqubo, kwaye amagosa onyulo angafumana iziphumo ezikhawulezileyo.
  • Isantya seziphumo: Ukubala kudla ngokugqiba ngobusuku bonyulo, kunika abavoti kufutshane ne →intestant collant.
  • Urhulumente okhethekileyo: FTP idla ngokuvelisa umvuzo ocacileyo, ngokufuthi iqela elinye elinoninzi lwepalamente. Oku kungakhokelela kwinkqubo egqibeleleyo yokwenza i-projekthi ngaphandle kolalanisa okufunekayo kumalungiselelo omanyano.
  • [[FLT: 0] Amaqhina asekuhlaleni: kuba isithili ngasinye sikhetha omnye ummeli, abavoti basoloko beyazi iMP yabo kwaye banokuba netyala ngqo.

Iingozi

  • Iziphumo ezi-'iipropotion's':[ Iqela lingaphumelela i-40% yevoti yesizwe kodwa likhusele ama-60% eesihlalo, ngelixa elinye iqela eline-15% yevoti lifumana intwana embalwa. Oku kubizwa ngokuba “inkokhelo yewinner."
  • [[FLT: 0] Ivoti ezikhethiweyo: Iivoti eziphoswe nabani na oza ngomzuzwana okanye osezantsi azincedi kwisihlalo sokugqibela. Kwisithili esikhuselekileyo, abaxhasi beqela elilahlekileyo bangaziva ukuba inxaxheba yabo ayinantsingiselo.
  • Umthetho wobunyani: Umvotelwa angaphumelela kakuhle ngaphantsi kwe 50% yevoti ukuba abachasi abaninzi bahlula inkcaso. Oku kuqhelekile kwimijaqo emithathu 76 okanye emine yendlela.
  • Isiphumo sesipoli: Umvotelwa wesithathu ongenawo amathuba okuphumelela angatsala iivoti kude kumntu omkhulu ocela ukuchongwa, etshintsha iziphumo ngeendlela ezingabonisiyo ukhetho oluninzi.
  • Ulawulo lwesibini proparti: FP ifaka intsebenziswano ngamandla abavoti ukushiya amaqela amancinane ukuze baphephe “ukuvota”, ukukhuthaza i-ivoti esetyenziswayo nokucutha iinguqu zezobupolitika.

Ukuqukunjelwa okunenkcukacha kweFPTP kunye neziphumo zayo kumelo, bona [[FLT: 0] uhlalutyo loTshintsho loMbutho woLutsha lwePast- iposi---.

Ukujija kokhetho olunqatyisiweyo (RCV)

Indlela Esebenza Ngayo

Kwakhona yaziwa njengokhetho oluncinane olusetyenziswa kukhuphiswano lwe-STRANCE, i-RCV ivumela abavoti ukuba bakhethe abangenisi ngokwendlela yokukhetha (olwesibini, eyesithathu, njalo njalo). Ukuba akukho mvoti ufumana uninzi lwevoti yokuqala, umvoti wokuqala okhoyo, umvoti okhoyo oye wambalwa kakhulu upheliswa. Abavoti abaqhubi baphoswa kukhetho olulandelayo. Le nkqubo iphinda de omnye umvotisi afikelele koninzi. Kwi-200enner RCV (osetyenziswa kukhetho lwe-Ostreliya), le ndlela inguhlobo lwevoti yokuqala ekhutshelweyo, echazwe ngezantsi.

i-Seed:

  • [[UMTL: 0] Abaphumeleleyo abafumanayo: Owokugqibela uphumelele uxhaswe ukusuka kwisiqingatha sabavoti/okanye noko kwabo banevoti ezihlala kumjikelo wokugqibela.
  • Ivoti ezilahlwayo: Ivota zingaluchaza ngokukhuselekileyo ukhetho olunyanisekileyo kumntu oza kuthatha inxaxheba oncinane ngaphandle koloyiko lokunceda lowo uza kubhaptizwa angamthandi kakhulu, kuba ibhola yabo iza kugqithisa ukuba loo mvoteli urhoxisiwe.
  • Iphulo elidityanisiweyo: Amakhanyusi kufuneka abhenele ngaphaya kwesiseko sawo ukuthatha ivoti yesibini, ukukhuthaza amaphulo athe kratya, akhutshwayo.
  • Inciphisa isiphumo somonakalo: Umbatisi wesithathu angabaleka ngaphandle kokwahlula ivoti yabaxhasi beqela elikhulu, njengokuba iibhola ziza kugqithisa kamva.

Iingozi

  • Ukuzala: Abanye abavoti bafumana idida ephezulu, ikhokelela kwinani eliphezulu lempazamo (umz., ukuphosa amanqanaba okanye ukuphakamisa ingeniso enye kabini).
  • Inkqubo yokubala okude: Nangona iibhola zomlotha zijulwa kanye, imijikelo yokukhupha ifuna ulungiso oluphakathi okanye isoftware entsonkothileyo, elibazisa iziphumo zentsuku okanye iiveki kwimijaqo esondeleyo.
  • Ukudinwa okugqithisileyo: Ukuba bonke abavoti abakwisikhundla esiphezulu bakhutshwa phambi komjikelo wokugqibela, ivoti ivoti i- “yi-"ayibalwa" kwaye ayisabalali kwakhona. Oku kungacinezela inani elisebenzayo lamavoti arhoxiweyo.
  • [[FLT: 0] Imigangatho ephezulu: Izixhobo zemidlalo zingabhenela ku-“mngcwabi” umchasi onamandla ngokuzibeka ephantsi kunokhetho lwenene, okanye“ ukunikezela” ngokubekwa phezulu komntu ophilayo kuqala ukuze aphephe ukukhupha.

Funda okuninzi malunga nokuphunyezwa kunye neziphumo ze-RCV kwi- uphando luka-FairVote kwiVont Yokhetho ePhakathiweyo.

Umelo loPhicotho-zincwadi

Iintlobo ze PR

Umelo lweproportonal luziintlobo ezininzi. Ezimbini eziqheleke kakhulu zezo zinguluhlu PR kunye imixtrad́qualitýquality (MMP). Kuluhlu PR, abavoti bakhetha iqela (okanye uluhlu lweqela) nezihlalo ezibekiwe ngokulinganayo kwivoti nganye eyamkelayo, ephantsi komqobo omncinci (umz., 5% eJamani). EMMP, uvoti uvote iivote ezimbini: enye yomvoti wengi wasekuhlaleni (odwa nge FPPPP) kwaye enye yeqela. Izihlalo zisetyenziswa ukulungisa izithuba ezikhoyo ezidityaniweyo. Iqela elizinziwayo.

i-Seed:

  • Umelo lweFair: Indlu yowiso-mthetho ibonakalisa ngokusondeleyo izikhethelo zezobupolitika zomnyusi. Iintlanganiso ezifumana i 10% yevoti zifumana malunga ne 10% yezihlalo, zikhuthaza ukufakwa kweembono ezahlukeneyo.
  • [[FLT: 0] Ukuhlaziywa kwamaqela amancinci: Abami bangaxhasa iqela eliluhlaza, elinomsebenzi wogcino-lwazi, okanye elo phondo ngaphandle koloyiko lokudlala amavoti abo, nto leyo ekhokelela kwibala elityebileyo lezobupolitika.
  • Umvoti ophezulu: Uphando lubonisa rhoqo ukuba iinkqubo zePR zihambelana nokuthabatha inxaxheba enkulu, ngokwenxenye ngenxa yokuba zonke imicimbi yokuvota kunye nenxenye yendlela ezininzi zinika abemi ukhetho olunentsingiselo.
  • Ingxoxo yenkqubo yeBrander:[ oorhulumente bobubhangi kufuneka bathethe ngemigaqo-nkqubo ebhenela kwii-constituence ezininzi, ngokufuthi evelisa utshintsho oluninzi kunye nolwexesha elide.

Iingozi

  • Oorhulumente abagqibekileyo: Bambalwa amaqela abafumana uninzi, ngoko isakhiwo esidibeneyo siba yimfuneko. Oku kunokucotha ekwenzeni isigqibo, kwaye maxa wambi kunika amaqela amancinci abalulekileyo angaphaya kwesabelo sovoti.
  • [[FLT: 0] Iqela lolawulo: kuluhlu PR, iinkokeli zeqela zisoloko zigqiba amanqanaba abathathi-nxaxheba kuluhlu, anokunikel uxinzelelo kwaye anciphise ukuphendula kwisithili sasekuhlaleni.
  • ukqubo noqhekeko: Imiqobo ephezulu (umz., 5%) ingavala amaqela amancinane kwaye ikhokelele ekulahleni iivoti. Ngokuchaseneyo, akukho mqobo ungavelisa iipalamente eziqhekene kakhulu apho ii-microphalistarians zifumana izihlalo.
  • [[FLT: 0] Iqokobhe lamava ovotix: Abanye abavoti bafumana iinkqubo ezivaliweyo zoluhlu lwe-vFractal zingenazo ezizodwa kuba abanakukhetha abathathi nxaxheba abathile, lo gama bevula iinkqubo zoluhlu ngamaqela amaninzi namagama zingadida.

I-ACE Inethwekhi yolwazi ye-Electoral inika ushwankathelo olubanzi lweenkqubo zePR.

Ujikelezo Olunqandayo

Indlela Esebenza Ngayo

Isithili sokuvota sisetyenziswa kwimimandla eninzi. Umvoti ngamnye angavota njengabaninzi njengoko kukho izihlalo zokuzalisa. Abavoti abanezihlalo eziphezulu bagcwalisa izihlalo. Umzekelo, kwisithili esine 761, umvoti ngamnye unevoti ezine kwaye angavota abatshati abane. Umgangatho ophezulu wamakhulu angama - 7677 abavumi abatshatiweyo abanyuliweyo bayanyulwa.

i-Seed:

  • [[UMTL:0] Ukuzimela: Njenge FPTP, ukuvota kwebloko kulula ukucacisa kunye nokusebenzisa.
  • Oneparatiyo ulawulo: Ukuba iqela lisenza isikweri esipheleleyo sabazotyiweyo kwaye bonke bathandwa kakhulu, eloqela lingaphumelela kwisihlalo ngasinye kwisithili, abanye abathi baphikisane ngayo banike ugunyaziso olucacileyo.
  • Ukubala okukhawulezileyo: kuba iziphumo zifumaneka ngovotelo olulula, ucoselelo luyakhawuleza.

Iingozi

  • ISAVER issuktified translate: Iqela elifumana 51% yevoti lingathatha 100% yezihlalo, lishiye abambalwa benophawu olunoze olubizwa ngokuba “sikhukulisi.”
  • [[FLT: 0] Ivoti ezivoti: Abaxhasi iqela elincinane basoloko bebona zonke izivoti zabo zisiya ekulahlekelweni ngabavoti.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Inqanda ukuvota okucwangcisiweyo: Imikhosi ingaqhuba kanye njengabaninzi abaza kungena njengezihlalo ukunqanda ukwahlula eyabo ivoti, ukunciphisa ukhetho lomvoti.
  • Iqela elilungelelanisiweyo lezizwe: amaqela eentlanga okanye amaxhulumanisi anokudibanisa kwi-“blullet [“ii-vvote” kuba omnye umngeneli ufumana uncedo, ucutha iziphumo ezilungeleleneyo.

Kuvotelwa ufolotelo kuhle kwiminye imiba esetyenziswayo eUnited States, eUnited Kingdom ukwenzela unyulo lweziko loonozakuzaku kumaziko asekuhlaleni akwizibhedlele ezininzi, yaye ngokwembali kumazwe amaninzi kamva amkela iinkqubo ezilungelelene ngakumbi.

Isivakalisi esinye esidluliswayo (STV)

Indlela Esebenza Ngayo

STV yindlela esetyenziswa kwimimandla emininzi enamalungu. Abathathi-nxaxheba abathathi-nxaxheba bayakhethwa. “uquotla" ufumana inani elincinane leevoti ezifunekayo ukuqinisekisa isihlalo (ngokusoloko i-Droop quopquot: zonke iivoti ezisemthethweni ezahlulwe ngezihlalo kunye nesinye, kunye nevoti enye). Abacholayo abafikelela kwisigaba bakhethwa. Abavoti abachongiweyo bavote kunyulwe (oookanye ngaphezulu komlinganiselo) batshintshelwa kwinkonke ukhetho lwabo abavoti ababuthathaka. Emva koko abavoti abatshayo barhoxiweyo barhoxiswa kwaye bathunyeliswa. Le nkqubo iyaqhubeka de zonke izihlalo zigcwaliswe. i-STEV isetyenziswa kukhetho lwesizwe e-Ireland nase-Maltaltal, kwi-Overn, kwi-Ostresssssssss, kwi-ovey procester ezininzi ze-overts.

i-Seed:

  • [[UMTL:0] Umelo lwento etyhiliweyo nokhetho lomvoti: olungafaniyo nomtya PR, iSTV ivumela abavoti ukuba bakhethe abantu abakwimida yeqela, ibanika ulawulo olungaphezulu kuneenkqubo ezivaliweyo zoluhlu.
  • [[UMTLA: 0] Ivoti ezilahlwayo: phantse zonke iibhola zonyulo ekugqibeleni zinegalelo kunyulo lomvoti oxhasiweyo okanye ubuncinane okhethwayo kunabanye.
  • I-intrapartic lukhuphiswano: olusuka kwiqela elinye kufuneka likhuphisane ngevoti ezivela kubaxhasi beqela lalo, nto leyo enokwenza abameli baphendule ngakumbi kwimicimbi yasekuhlaleni.
  • Umelo olugqwethekileyo: STV idla ngokukhetha uluhlu olwahlukeneyo lwabathathi-nxaxheba, kuquka amabhinqa kunye namaqela amancinane, kuba abavoti bangakhetha abantu abathile abakhethekileyo kunokuba baphelele kwisileti seqela.

Iingozi

  • Iqokobhe le-complex la kunye nokubala: Ivota zijonge kuluhlu olude lwabathathi-nxaxheba kwaye kufuneka zidweliswe ngokwentsingiselo. Ukubala ifuna iimjikelo ezininzi zokudlulisa kwaye zingathatha iintsuku okanye iiveki.
  • Umthwalo wobuchopho ophezulu: kwisithili esinezihlalo ezininzi, abavoti banganikelwa kunye noninzi lwabathathi nxaxheba, nto leyo ekhokelela kwimigangatho ebekwe ngokungakhethiyo okanye engekho mthethweni.
  • Icala eliphambili lobuchule: i Voter zingagquma abaceli abanamandla okanye zinqumle amanqanaba abo ukuthintela umbaleki abangamthandiyo ekuphumeleleni.
  • Izithili ezinkulu: Ukwenza i-STV, isithili kufuneka sibe nezihlalo ezintathu ukuya kwezihlanu, ezinokukwenza buthathaka uqhagamshelwano lwengingqi phakathi kommeli kunye ne-Actives xa kuthelekiswa nesithili esinye esinamalungu angama-666.

IElectoral Reform Society ichaza amakhanikhazi kunye neenzuzo zeSTV ngokweenkcukacha.

Impembelelo ethelekisayo kwiiziphumo zonyulo

Umelo nobulungisa

Ubungqina bubonisa ukuba iinkqubo zolungelelwaniso (PR ne-STV) zinikezela amaqumrhu owiso-mthetho awenza ngokusondeleyo izipili ezibona uvoti ethandwayo. FPTP kunye nokunqanda ngokulandelelana kweqela elikhulu kwaye ngaphantsi kweqela, zisoloko zivelisa “iindawo ezingundoqo ezingundoqo ezikhoyo.". Umzekelo, kunyulo lwe-UK jikelele lwe-UK, iSivumelwano sowiso-mthetho sowiso-mthetho, i-39% yevoti kodwa 50.8% yezihlalo, lodwa lifumana i-12.6% yezihlalo kuphela. Ngokuphikisana, unyulo lwaseNew Zealand luvelise iPalamenti apho isikhululo ngasinye sahlula khona isahlulo samaqela ahlukeneyo. Ezi zinto ezithi zichaphazela iiprotho neentlobo ezincinane ezimele ukuba zimele iintlobo ezincinane.

Ubungqina

Ukunika uqeqesho iindlela ezinciphisa ukubola kwevoti kwaye zinika abavoti ukhetho olunentsingiselo kakhulu `RCV, STV, kunye noluhlu lwe-PR/tend ukukhuthaza ukubhaliswa kwendawo kunye nokudityaniswa kwesizwe. Uhlolisiso lwama-2020 lweZiko le-Ecomtion Science lufumanise ukuba amazwe asebenzisa iinkqubo ezilungeleleneyo afumene uvoti 5-10% ephezulu kweyomndilili kunalawo asebenzisa i-FPTPP, emva kokulawula ezinye izinto. Xa abavoti bakholelwa ukuba ibhola yabo iyakuchaphazela ulwabeko, basengozini yokuphanda nokubonisa ukunyuka kwemitshato. Ngokuphikisana noko, kwiFTPPPP kukwizihlalo ezikhuselekileyo apho isiphumo se-egegone, ukujika ngaphandle njenge-30-40%.

Ukuthemba Nobulungisa

Iziphumo zonyulo ezibonwa njengolwandiso olufanelekileyo lokuthemba uluntu kumaziko edemokhrasi. Ubuchule be-FPTP bokuvelisa “impumelelo engalunganga”""" apho iqela elinoninzi lwevoti lingawisi kwizihlalo ezininzi ```iihappen' ezingaqhelekanga kodwa linokonakaliswa ngokungqongqo. Unyulo lomongameli wase-U.S. kunye nonyulo lwamagunya ka-2001 (apho i-Liberal Party yafumana izihlalo ezincinane kunezo zochaso ivoti) lusoloko lukhankanywelwa. Isixokelelwano se-RCV nePR sinciphisa ukurhoxina oku. Kodwa ke, ukuntyohlolwa kungaphelisa ukuthemba ngendlela eyahlukileyo: abangabaqondisi abaguquleli abahlazi izihlalo zabo kwizihlalo.

Ukuzinza kwemeko.

Abaxhasi be-FPTP babonisa ukuba oorhulumente abangoorhulumente abangoowesigxina abanokuthi bathathe amanyathelo angqongqo. I-PR ingqina ukuba iminqophiso ivelisa isizinzo, ivumelana inkqubo esekelwe ekubeni isuka kumabinzana afanayo. Ingxelo edibeneyo iyaxutywa: Amanye amazwe ePR anjenge-Jamani anoorhulumente abalungelelene kakhulu, ngoxa amanye afana namaSirayeli eye afumana unyulo oluthe rhoqo. Umahluko ongundoqo lukwahlulwa kwenkqubo yeqela kunye nenkcubeko yokulala. STV, ngenxa yokuba ikhuthaza i-traspartyth wokhuphiswano, ingenza i-ngqungquthelana yeqela phakathi kweqela ngalinye, enokuba negalelo.

Isiphelo

Ukukhethwa kwendlela yokuvota asiyonto yobuchule; sisigqibo sezobupolitika esibangela ukuba amazwi aviwe, apho kuthe kwangaphi na iinkqubo, nokuba abemi bayayithemba inkqubo. Eyokuqala kapaprost îp unika ubuchule kunye nozinzo ngexabiso lobulungisa kunye nokungena. Ukukhetha okukhethiweyo kuphucula iziphumo ezininzi kwaye kunciphisa iphulo elingalunganga kodwa kongeza ukuntsonkotha. Umelo lwezibonelelo luqinisekisa ukuma kobubanzi nokunyuswa kweminye kodwa lufuna ukulawulwa ngokumanyana. Ukunqanda i-Vompllta kunceda umnqolobi nokucinezela amazwi amancinane. IVote elula idibanisa umahluko nokhetho olungaqhelekanga kodwa ifuna ulungiso oluninzi. Njengoko imigaqo iqwalasela elungele ukuguqula iziphumo ezifanelekileyo ze-demodemokhrasi imele impumelelo yabantu abafanelekileyo.