Table of Contents
Ukuqonda Ikholeji Ye - Electoral: Isiseko Solawulo - melo LwaseMerika
IElectoral College asiyondawo, kodwa inkqubo `iMelika kuphela yokunyula uMongameli noMongameli onguMongameli wase-United States. Imiswe kumGaqo-siseko, ibiyingxoxo ukususela ekusungulweni kwerepublic. Ukuqonda le nkqubo kubalulekile kuye nabani na ofuna ukuba nenxaxheba ngomdla kunyulo kwaye abendakanyeke kwingxoxo yezentlalo-ntle. Le ndlela ikhokela iphazamisa indlela i-Electoral College esebenza ngayo, imbali yayo, iimpikiswano zayo, nokuphikisana nayo, kwaye iluncedo kuRhulumente.
Indlela Ikholeji ye-Electoral Esebenza ngayo: Inyathelo Ngenyathelo
Inkqubo ye-Electoral College ibandakanya amanqanaba aliqela, ukusuka ekukhethweni kwabachongi ukuya kwisiqinisekiso sokugqibela seBhunga. Nantsi indlela esebenza ngayo kunyaka wonyulo lomongameli:
1. Ukubekwa kwe-Electers
Urhulumente ngamnye ufumana inani labanyuli elilingana nenani labacholi (ngamaxesha onke ababini) nabameli balo kwiNdlu (ethi iyahluka ngokwendlela yabemi). ISithili saseColumbia, nangona singeyozwe, sabelwa abanyuli abathathu phantsi koMphengululo wama-23. Inani labanyuli lingu-58, limele 100 i-Senators, 435 abameli, kunye ne-3 kwe-D.C.
2. Ukhetho lwezibonelelo
Phambi konyulo oluqhelekileyo, amaqela ezobupolitika kwiphondo ngalinye athatha izitili zabanyuli-kuvotelwa `ngokungafaniyo, abalawuli beqela, amagosa asekuhlaleni, okanye abaxhasi abaphambili. Xa abemi bevota ukuba bafumane umbutho womongameli ngoNovemba, eneneni bavota isiqwenga salowo mvoti. Amagama abavoti anqabile ukuvela kwibhola yovote; endaweni yoko, abavoti babona amagama abo bakwinkonzo yobumongameli kunye nesekela lomongameli.
3. Unyuko Jikelele kunye nokuthatha- Konke
NgoSuku lokhetho, abavoti baphosa iibhola zabo. Kuma-48 kumaphondo kunye no-D.C., umvoti ophumelele eyona ndlela ithandwayo (ubuninzi, hayi ngokona kuyimfuneko uninzi) ufumana zonke iivoti zelo lizwe lonyulo. Oku kungumzekelo, e-Nebraska-win-yonke [[FLT:] indlela yokwahlula . Ezimbini ezingafaniyo zi-Maine ne-Nebraska, ezinikezela ngevoti ye-consoli evoti yengi evoti yengi yonyusiweyo kunye nezimbini kwivoti ye-ongi enkulu. Umzekelo, eKaparen, kunokwenzeka ukuba abavoti bohlula ivoti yezwe.
4. Ukudibana kwabaCwangcisi
NgoDisemba, emva kweziphumo zonyulo ziqinisekiswe ngurhulumente ngamnye, abavoti badibana kumakomkhulu abo elizwe ngalinye ukuze bafake amavoti abo asemthethweni ``ivoti enye yeMongameli neyomongameli onguMongameli onegunya. La mavoti abhaliwe kwizatifiketi ze Vote, ezithi ngoko zithunyelwe kuMongameli weBhunga (uMongameli onguMongameli waseUnited States) nakwabanye amagosa amiselweyo.
5. Ukubala iiMbali zeElectoral kwiNgqungquthela
Ekuqaleni kukaJanuwari, intlanganiso yeBhunga iyahlanganisana ukubala amavoti okhetho. UMongameli onguMongameli onguMongameli weNdlu yeeNtlanga, uyalawula ubalo. Umvoti ozamkelayo ubuncinane uninzi lwe-270 yamavoti akhethiweyo ubhengezwa njengomnqobi. Ukuba akukho mvoti ufikelela kuma-70, unyulo luphoswa kwiNdlu yabameli, ekhetha uMongameli (abathunywa borhulumente ngamnye ufumana ivoti enye) kwaye i-State ikhetha umongameli onguMphathi-Mongameli. Oku kuye kwenzeka kabini embalini: ngo1800 kunye no1824.
Iinyaniso Ezibalulekileyo Ngekholeji Ye - Electoral
- [[UMTL:0] Abakhethi abaphezulu: 538
- [[UMTL: 0] Umda wokuphumelela: 270 iivoti zokhetho
- Inani leemeko ezinomnqophi- wonke: 48 (plut D.C.)
- Imo ezihlula iivoti zokhetho: Maine kunye ne Nebraska
- Inani lamaxesha umvo ophumelele umongameli ngaphandle kokuphumelela ivoti ethandwayo: isihlanu (1824, 1876, 188, 2000, 2016)
- [[FLT: 0] Abanyuli abangenalukholo: Abaveleli abavotela umbhaptizi owahlukileyo kulowo bathembise wona. Amanye amazwe anemithetho yokubohlwaya okanye yokubuyisela abanyuli abanjalo. Ngo-2020, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yagqiba ukuba amatyala afune abanyuli ukuze balandele izifungo zabo.
Imvelaphi Yembali: Isizathu Sokuba Abaseki Bendalo BabeyiKoleji Yase - Electoral
I-Electoral College yaye yalungelelaniswa ngexesha leNdibano yezomGaqo-siseko yowe-1787. Abaseki baphikisana ngeendlela eziliqela zokunyula uMongameli: ngokungqalileyo ivoti edumileyo, unyulo oluthe ngqo, okanye ukhetho lwezindlu zowiso-mthetho zikarhulumente. Ekugqibeleni balwala ivoti ecacileyo ngenxa yezizathu ezininzi:
- Ilabhuli lonxibelelwano lwesizwe:[ Ngenkulungwane ye-18, ilizwe lalilikhulu kwaye licotha unxibelelwano. Abaqulunqi babesoyikela ukuba abavoti baza kuyazi kuphela abathathi bengi bengingqi.
- Uloyiko lwe "mob command" Abaseki abaninzi abathembanga idemokhrasi engqalileyo, bekholelwa ukuba umnyuli ongazi nto angaphenjelelwa ziidemokhrasi.
- Amandla okulawula: Amatyala amancinci axhalabileyo ukuba amazwe amakhulu aza kulawula ukhetho oluqhelekileyo. IElectoral College yabanika ilizwi elinamandla ngokulinganayo (ngokuba urhulumente ngamnye ufumana ubuncinane iivoti ezintathu ezikhethiweyo ezikhethiweyo nangayiphi na into yabemi).
- Ubukhoboka kunye nesithathu-Fiths Ukuyekelela: Phantsi koThiyaniso oluNtu, abantu abakhotyokisiweyo ababalelwa njengesithathu se-fithm yomntu ukwenzela iinjongo zomelo, ukunyusela amandla anyuliweyo kumazwe aseMazantsi ngaphandle kokunika abo bantu ilungelo lokuvota. Elifa lihlala linempikiswano.
Le nkqubo yenzelwe ukuba ibe nabavoti----wayilwa ukuba babenobulumko obugqithisileyo kunye nabemi abazimeleyo . . kodwa, oko kulungileyo kwakhawuleza kwanikezela indlela yokunyaniseka kwiqela kunye nenkqubo yangoku apho abanyuli bathenjiswa khona abatshayeli.
Ukugxekwa Kwekholeji YeElectoral
Ukutyhubela iinkulungwane, abaninzi baye bathi iElectoral College iphelelwe lixesha, ingenademokhrasi okanye ingekho sikweni.
1. Musa ukunxibelelana neSizwe esithandwayo
Owona mgangatho uphambili wokugxekwa kukuba umvoteli angaphumelela kumongameli ngaphandle kokuphumelela olona khetho luninzi kwilizwe lonke. Oku kwenzeke kunyulo lwesihlanu: 1824, 1876, 1888, 2000, kunye no-2016. Abahlalutyi baphikisa ngelithi oku kululaza umgaqo "womntu omnye, ivoti enye" kwaye kungakhokelela kumongameli ongengoyena unyulwayo woninzi lwamaMelika.
2. Ukusetyenziswa kakhulu kweSing States
Ngenxa yendlela yokuphumelela efumana yonke, amaphulo kamongameli ajolise kakhulu kumazwe ambalwa akhuphiswano (njenge Florida, Pennsylvania, Michigan, Wisconsin, Arizona, Georgia, ne Nevada). Ii Voter ku "ukhuseleko" atheths-awww bhlowu okanye bomvu ngokuqinileyo.
3. Ukungalawuleki koshishino kumazwe angengawo
Ukuba uhlala kwimeko apho iziphumo ziqinisekileyo, uvoti yakho ingaziva inganentsingiselo. Abanye abemi kumazwe aphembelela urhulumente ukuba banenxaxheba kunyulo lomongameli ayisebenzi kuba amavoti karhulumente sele egqibile.
4. Banokukwazi Ukuqiqa Abantu Abangenalukholo
Nangona inqabile, abavoti bangavotela omnye umntu ngaphandle komthembisi. Ngoxa amazwe amaninzi enemithetho yokuthintela okanye ukohlwaya abanyuli abangenalukholo, oku kusenokuphakamisa imibuzo yokuba inkqubo ilawulwa ngedemokhrasi okanye akunjalo kusini na.
5. Iimeko ezintsonkothileyo Neenkqubo Ezilungelelaniswayo
Ukuba akukho mvoti ufikelela kumavoti angama-270, unyulo luphoswa kwiNdlu yabameli. Kuloo mzekelo, abathunywa borhulumente ngamnye unevoti enye, kungakhathaliseki ukuba baphi abantu, enokukhokelela kwisiphumo esahluke kakhulu kwivoti ethandwayo. Oku akuzange kwenzeke ukususela ngowe-1824, kodwa kusekho oko kunokwenzeka ngokuphathelele abagxeki.
Iimpikiswano Ezixhasa Ikholeji Ye - Electoral
Abameli be-Electoral College baphikisa ngelithi ifeza iinjongo ezibalulekileyo zomGaqo-siseko kwaye ikhusela iinjongo ezingephi.
1. Ikhusela amazwe amancinci nemimandla yasemaphandleni
I-Electoral College iqinisekisa ukuba amazwe amancinci kunye nemimandla enabemi abambalwa anelizwi kunyulo lomongameli. Ngaphandle kwalo, abaza kuthabatha amanyathelo anokuba ngabatyeshela lonke urhulumente ngaphandle kweyona ininzi njengeKhalifoniya, Texas, Florida, neNew York. Inkqubo inyanzelisa ukuba abantu bafune ukwakha imiqolo emide kwimimandla eyahlukeneyo.
2. Ukukhuthaza Umanyano
I-Electoral College iqinisa indima yoorhulumente kwinkqubo yorhulumente. Unyulo lunikezelwa kumgangatho wombuso, kwaye inkqubo yemigaqo yemeko yemida. Le nkqubo ikwanika umlinganiselo wobuchule kwindlela abanikezela ngayo amavoti akhethiweyo, njengoko kuboniswa kwiMaine neNebraska.
3. Ukukhusela ukuncitshiswa kwamaZiko amakhulu edolophu
Ngaphandle kweElectoral College, abatshate banokujolisa kuphela kwiindawo ezikwizixeko eziphezulu zabemi bedolophana kwaye bangahoyi abantu abahlala emaphandleni. Abaxhasi baphikisa ngelithi ukhetho oluqhelekileyo oluqhelekileyo lunganika amandla angenakulinganiswa kwimimandla embalwa enabemi abaninzi, lungahoyi lonke elo lizwe.
4. Ibonelela ngokuzinzileyo nangokukhanya
Inkqubo yokuphumelela efumana yonke ingeniso idla ngokukhupha umvuzo ocacileyo ngobusuku bonyulo (okanye kwiintsuku ezilandelayo), ithintela imfuneko yokubaleka okanye ukuntsonkotha kwengxelo yelizwe lonke. Ngokwahlukileyo, ivoti edumileyo ecacileyo ingakhokelela kwiimpikiswano ezininzi kumacala amaninzi aphakamileyo ukuba umda mncinane kakhulu.
5. Ubuchule bembali nobuqhetseba bomGaqo-siseko
Kwabaninzi, iElectoral College iyinxalenye yoyilo lomGaqo-siseko kwaye kufuneka ilondolozwe ngaphandle kokuba kudluliswe utshintsho lomgaqo-siseko. Baphikisa ngelithi ukutshintsha inkqubo ngaphandle kokuguqula umGaqo-siseko kuphazamisa isiseko sorhulumente.
Imigudu Yotshintsho Okanye Yokukhuthaza Ikholeji Ye - Electoral
Kubekho iinzame ezininzi kwiminyaka ukuguqula okanye ukuphelisa i Electoral College. Le mizamo iwela kwiindidi ezimbini ezingundoqo:
Ukuhlaziywa koMgaqo-siseko
Eyona ndlela ingqalileyo yokuphelisa iElectoral College kukulungisa okungokomGaqo-siseko, okufuna imvume ephindwe kabini kwizindlu zomagumbi zongqungquthela kunye nolwakhiwo lwamazwe (amazwe angama-38). Iintambo ezininzi ziye zacetywa, kodwa akukho nanye eye yaphumelela kumaxesha angoku. Esona sikhundla sisondeleyo sangowe-1969, xa iNdlu yayigqitha i-antement, kodwa yabe ifakwe kwiNtsimbini.
Ingqokelela yeSizwe esidumileyo seVote Interstate (NPV)
Enye indlela yeyokuba i- yesizwe esifunyanisiweyo iVote Interstate Compact , isivumelwano phakathi kwamazwe kwimibutho yawo yonke ivoti zonyulo ezikhoyo kwivoti yesizwe ethandwayo. Iqela lisebenza kuphela xa lanele (kwimiba epheleleyo ye 270 yabavoti abavoti) ukuqinisekisa isiphumo. Njengango 2024, amazwe ali-17 kunye ne D.C. Lidibene, liququze lonke, lifikelela kwivoti yokhetho lwesizwe. Udibaniso alukangafiki kuma-270, kodwa lumele intshukumo ebalulekileyo kwimeko ephambili yesizwe ethandwayo ngaphandle kovoti yomthetho-siseko. Umthetho-siseko womanyano awukhange uncinwaniswe, kodwa awukaqukwangasayi kulandelwangangwa yinkundla.
Ukuze ufumane ulwazi oluninzi nge-NPV, bona i-website esemthethweni neNational Popular Vote.
Ulwazi Olusebenzisekayo Ukuze Ube ngummi Ozinzi
Ukuqonda iElectoral College akuthethi nje ukuba ufunda kuphela, kodwa kuchaphazela indlela ozibandakanya ngayo kwidemokhrasi yaseMerika. Nazi iindlela eziluncedo zokukhetha abavoti:
Yazi Indima KaRhulumente Wakho
Misa ukuba imeko yakho yi-"sound state," "mo wokhuseleko," okanye yimeko enevoti zonyulo ezahluliweyo (i-Maine ne-Nebraska). Ukuba uhlala kwimeko ejinga-jingayo, ukhetho lwakho lubonakala ukuba lufumana ingqalelo engakumbi kumaphulo. Kodwa nakumbuso okhuselekileyo, imicimbi yokuvota ngenxa yokuba iphembelela phantsi amaqela e-ballot (iCandelo, i-monerate, i-ofisi yommandla) ize ibonise indlela yezobupolitika zikarhulumente wakho.
Yazi Umahluko Oqhelekileyo Wezinto Ezininzi
Xa uvota uMongameli, ungoobhanki abanyuli. Qaphela ukuba uvoti ethandwayo yesizwe ayimtyumbi ophumeleleyo. Olu lwazi lukunceda uchaze iziphumo zonyulo kwaye ukhuphele intathelo yejelo-ndaba ngokuphandle.
Yiba Nentembe
I-Electoral College ingumxholo osoloko uthethwa ngezopolitiko kunye noluntu ngokubanzi. Ukuba nolwazi kukuvumela ukuba unikele igalelo elinentsingiselo kwiingxubusho zokuba ungayigcina, uguqule okanye uthathe indawo yenkqubo. Nokuba uxhasa okanye uchasa inkqubo yangoku, ukuqonda amacala omabini engxoxo kwenza ube nenxaxheba ephumelelayo.
Cinga Ngempembelelo Ebanjweni Kumsebenzi Wakho
Abanye abavoti kumazwe angeyoyomiqhubi baziva benganelisekanga. Noko ke, kukho iindlela zokuliva ilizwi lakho: amatsha - ntliziyo amaphulo, ukunikela ngezizathu ezihambelana namaxabiso akho, nokuthatha inxaxheba kunyulo oluphambili, olunokuba nempembelelo engakumbi kunonyulo jikelele kwamanye amazwe.
Landela Inkqubela Emva Kosuku Lokhetho
Yazi ukuba unyulo alupheli ngoLwesibini lokuqala emva koMvulo wokuqala ngoNovemba. Iivoti ze-Elector ziphoswa ngoDisemba kwaye zibalwe ngoJanuwari. Ukuqonda la manyathelo kukunceda ukuba ulandele iindaba ngokuchanekileyo, ingakumbi kunyulo olusondeleyo apho ucelomngeni olungokwasemthethweni okanye ubalo lungabakho.
Imibuzo Ebuzwa Rhoqo Ngekholeji YeElectoral
Kwenzeka ntoni xa umntu oza kubhaptizwa esifa okanye engakwazi ukwenza nto ngaphambi kokuba iElectoral College idibane?
Le ngxelo ayichazwanga ngokucacileyo kumGaqo-siseko, kodwa amaqela ezobupolitika asoloko eceba ukudibanisa. Abanyuli bangavota ukuba kungene umhlaziyi othabathe indawo, okanye iBhunga lingadlulisela umthetho ukuphendula le meko. Akukho siganeko sinjalo sikhe senzeka.
Ngaba abanyuli banokusohlwaywa ngokungalandeli ivoti ethandwayo?
Ewe, kumaphondo amaninzi. Ngonyaka wama 2020, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yagqiba kwi Chiafalo v. Washington ireyithi inganyanzelisa imithetho efuna abanyuli ukuba bavotele abaza kubhaptiza abathembisi ukuba bazakumxhasa. Amanye amazwe amisela intlawulo okanye asuse abavoti abangenalukholo.
Kutheni unyulo oluyintloko nezixhobo zokucoca zibaluleke kangaka?
Ngaphambi kokuba inkqubo yeElectoral College iqalise, iqela ngalinye likhetha uthotho lwalo ngothotho lwezipringi kunye nee-kaucuuses zikarhulumente. Ukuqonda indlela abathunywa abanikwa ngayo olu khuphiswano kukwabalulekile kubemi abanolwazi, njengoko kuboniswa ukuba ngubani ovela kwiqela lomnyuli jikelele.
IElectoral College ibachaphazela njani abo bafumana inxalenye yesithathu?
Icandelo lesithathu labavoti abafumana ivoti abanqongopheleyo ngenxa yokufumana impumelelo yayo yonke inkqubo. Ngoko, bangenza njenge "iivoti" ngokuzoba iivoti ezivela kumazwe amakhulu asondeleyo, ngokuchaphazela iziphumo. Umzekelo, Ralph Nader ngo 2000 noJill Stein ngo2016 bagxekwa ngokufota abavoti abasuka kumazwe angundoqo edemocratic.
Ukujongana neenkcukacha ezithe kratya, ugcino-lwazi lwesizwe lwase-U.S. lunika ushwankathelo olulungileyo lwenkqubo ye-Electoral College: 0. Iyintoni i-Electoral College? kunye nemaphu esebenzisanayo e 270toWin iluncedo ekulandeleni izibalo zokhetho ngexesha lokwenene.
Isiphelo: IElectoral College kwiDemocracy yale mihla
I-Electoral College ihlala ingolunye lwezimo eziphikisana kakhulu zenkqubo yezobupolitika yase-U.Imveliso yexesha layo, ebunjwe ngolwalamo oluthetha ngeengxaki zoorhulumente benkulungwane ye-18. Namhlanje, isebenza kwilizwe elalahluke kakhulu elinonxibelelwano olukhawulezileyo, unyuso olukhulu nolwahlukeneyo, kunye nokutshintsha okunzulu kwezobupolitika. Ukuba ukujonga njengekhusi lemithetho yolawulo okanye umqobo wokumela ngokusesikweni, ukuqonda iElectoral College ingundoqo wemfundo yolwazi oluphezulu lolwazi ngemfundo yolwazi-lwazi olusemgangathweni wendalo. Abami abangenileyo bayakwazi ukunxibelelana unyulo-Ndlela, ukuthatha inxaxheba kwi-adioccoracy, kwaye babanda kwincoko eqhubekayo malunga nendlela engcono yokukhetha umlawuli wehlabathi okhululekileyo.
Ukufundwa okubhekele phaya kwimbali kunye nobuchule be-Electoral College, [[FLT: 0] ukungena kwe-Encyclopædia Britannica kunika uhlalutyo olubanzi, kwaye umbutho weFairVote unika ugcino-lwazi kwimigudu yolungiso olukhethiweyo: Fairvote kwi-Elctoral College.