Isiqalo somGaqo-siseko weUnited States singaphezulu kakhulu kunesiqalo esinempumelelo. Sisivakalisi sobuchule, esilungiselelwe kakuhle esimisela isiseko sentanda-bulumko ye-Riphabliki yaseMelika. Ngokuqalisa ngamagama athi "Thina bantu," abalawuli baphawula ukutshintsha okukhawulezileyo kumthombo wegunya lezobupolitika (ukusuka kukumkani kunye nomgangatho ophezulu kubemi ngokwabo. Eli gama lokuqala, kunye neenjongo ezintandathu ezilandelayo, ziyaqhubeka zibumba i-propublic, ngokunika amagama ahlukeneyo enjongo yohlanga. UPregailget akaniki mandla; endaweni yoko, uchaza amaxabiso athethelela isakhiwo somGaqo-siseko kunye neembopheleleko zobuzwelo. Ukuqonda indlela impembelelo yokwenziwa kobuzwelo oludala kufuna ngayo ukuhlolisi, ii-plogingthsi, ii-diagrac, indima eqhubekayo yobomi bobunzululwazi be-demodemokhrasitiki.

Imbali Ethetha Ngesiqalo

INdibano yezomGaqo-siseko yowe-1787 yahlanganisana ePhiladelphia phakathi kokunganeliseki okusasazekileyo ngamanqaku oMgaqo-nkqubo. Urhulumente wesizwe phantsi kwala Manqaku wayengenalo igunya lokuhlawula irhafu, ukulawula urhwebo, okanye ukunyanzelisa imithetho, ekhokelela ekungazinzini kwezoqoqosho nakuqhushululu lwangaphakathi. Ngokungakumbi abasebenzi baqaphela ukuba umanyano olomeleleyo lwalungafuni nje kuphela ulawulo olutsha kodwa lwalukwanesizathu esinyanzelisayo sokuba lube semthethweni. ISindululo sasiyimpendulo yabo: isindululo esicacileyo senjongo esenziwe nguMgaqo-siseko.

Ukusebenzisa ulwimi lomgaqo-siseko wesizwe kunye neSibhengezo senkululeko, iKomiti Yesimbo , ekhutshwe nguGouverneur Morris . UMorris unconywa kakhulu ngoluhlu olubalaseleyo oluguqulela uludwe lwemiqathango kuxwebhu oludityanisiweyo lwentelekelelo yengingqi. Ibinzana elithi "Thina bantu" yayiyintsha ngokukhethekileyo; yathatha indawo yoluhlu olunzima lwamazwe ngamanye, ngaloo ndlela igxininisa umanyano lohlanga kulawulo lorhulumente. Olu khetho lwayiyo: lwamisela umGaqo-siseko njengesenzo solawulo oluqhelekileyo, hayi isenzo solawulo olwahlukileyo phakathi koorhulumente.

Iingxelo zembali ezivela kwiNgqungquthela yoManyano yoManyano zityhila ukuba iPreggery yahlaziywa kaninzi. Iidrafti zangaphambili zaziquka ukubhekisa kulwimi "abantu bamazwe," kodwa uhlobo lokugqibela lwashiya naluphi na ukhankanya lombuso. Ugcino-Mali lwesizwe [[ luphawula ukuba olu tshintsho lubonakalisa umnqweno wabasebenzi boluntu olunye. UDatho loba yintetho yokuqala esemthethweni yophawu loluntu lwaseMelika lokwaziwa koluntu, hayi amalungu alo.

Isiseko Esibubuxoki: Isithethe Sentlalo Nesidima

Impembelelo Yesiqendu NesiRiphabliki

Ukugxininisa kukaPregay kwiinjongo ezidibeneyo zezobupolitika ezilumanyano. Inkcazo ephambili ibonakalisa impembelelo yentanda-bulumko yeNjikelezo, ingakumbi izivumelwano zentlalo-ntle kaJohn Locke kunye neenjongo zeriphabliki zikaMontesquie. Locke waphikisa ukuba urhulumente osemthethweni uxhomekeke ekuvumeni kokulawulwa kwaye ukho ukukhusela amalungelo emvelo kubomi, inkululeko, kunye nempahla. Inkcazo yengcamango ibonakalisa le ngcamango ngokubeka "Thina Abantu" njengomthombo wegunya nangokuthi ngokuzama ukukhusela iintsikelelo zeLilungelo. Kodwa abafaki-fa bahamba ngaphaya kokuchaza iimbopheleleko ezifanelekileyo zikarhulumente: okusesikweni, ukuthomalalisa, ukukhusela, ukulondolozwa, nokulondolozwa kwenkululeko. Ezi njongo zihambelana nesithethe se-Riphabliki soluntu esigxininiso kuluntu olufuna ukulunga.

Isiqalo Somnqophiso Womsebenzi

Kulwakhiwo lwesivumelwano sentlalo, iNgcaso njengesiqalo sesivumelwano ngokwaso, ichaza iinjongo abemi abavuma ukulawulwa ngazo. Idala umanyano lwemilinganiselo yokuziphatha kunye nezobupolitika olubumba iimpawu. Abahlali abazenza ngaphakathi kwezi njongo , okusesikweni, uxolo, ukhuseleko, intlalo-ntle, inkululeko , ukukhula imvakalelo yokuba ngabakwingingqi yezopolitiko kunye nezilangazelelo ezabelanayo. Oku kukukuyila ukubonakalisa kwebutho labantu: iPregetgent inikeza ingxelo edibanisa ubuqu bomntu ngamnye neprojekthi yequmrhu lobuqu.

Ingcamango ye e pluribus unum (ngaphandle kwabaningi, enye) icacile kwisibongozo seNqaku loku "guqula i-Union egqibeleleyo ngakumbi" ngokukhuthaza le njongo, iPreggy ikhuthaza abemi ukuba bazibone njengenxalenye yeqela ehlukeneyo kodwa elidibeneyo. Izazi zezobupolitika ezifana noJürgen Habbermas ziphikisa ukuba ulawulo lomGaqo-siseko (ukuxhasa imigaqo yomgaqo-siseko endaweni yokuzichaza kohlanga okanye kwenkcubeko.) Ngokukhuthaza oku kulungile, i-Pregistry inika isiseko esilungiselelwe olu hlobo lohlanga lohlanga, olusekelwe kumaxabiso angaphaya kolu mazwe okanye umahluko.

Ibinzana elingundoqo nendima yalo ekulungiselelweni kochazo

Ibinzana ngalinye leDaegery linentsingiselo ekhethekileyo ekuchaneni indlela amaMerika aziqonda ngayo iindima zawo zoluntu. Ukuhlolisisa la mabinzana ngokweenkcukacha ezingakumbi kutyhila indlela iPregegry ekhuthaza ngayo ukuba abonakale njengabantu abahlukeneyo.

"Thina bantu"

Eli binzana lingumsebenzi onamandla wokuyila onamandla. Ngokuthi "Abantu" ngabadlali abathi "batshati bamisele" umGaqo-siseko, bakha ubumi njengegunya elipheleleyo lezobupolitika. Oku kuchaphazela kakhulu ubuzwe boluntu: ifaka imvakalelo yobumnini kunye noxanduva. Abami abangomalungu omthetho; bangabaquluneli nje bomthetho. Ibinzana licatshulwe yiNkundla ePhakamileyo kwiimeko ezibandakanya ulawulo oluqhelekileyo, [[FLT:] [FLT]] i-Chroge. v[FL:] Georgia[FL:] [17] [17] [17] [17])] kunye [[FLT] kunye noMFL:]

"Umanyano olugqibeleleyo oluthe lwafezeka kakhulu"

Le njongo iyavuma ukuba umanyano phantsi kweZihloko zoMbutho lwalungafezekanga kwaye lufuna uphuculo oluqhubekayo. Igama "ukwaya" lithetha ukuba ifezeko yinkqubo, hayi indawo efikelwa kuyo. Ukuzichaza koluntu, eli binzana likhuthaza abemi ukuba bajonge uhlanga njengomsebenzi oqhubekayo, kufuna ukudibana okuqhubekayo. Ikhuthaza imbonakalo ejolise phambili encedayo ekulungiseni nasekuzinziseni ukunyaniseka okungaguquguqukiyo. Ibinzana liye labhenela kwiingxoxo zoburhulumente, amalungelo abantu, kunye nomanyano lohlanga, iqinisekisa ingcamango yokuba ulawulo loluntu lunamandla nomnqweno.

"Ubulungisa belizwe lakwaSirayeli"

Okusesikweni yingcamango esisiseko edibanisa inkqubo yomthetho nemigaqo yokuziphatha. Isiqalo sibeka okusesikweni njengosukelo lokuqala olusezantsi, olubonisa ubungangamsha baso. Kubemi, "Ubulungisa obumiselweyo" kuthetha ukuba umthetho ufanele ube nobulungisa, ungakhethi bungabi namkhethe, kwaye ufikeleleke. Eli binzana likhuthaza ukubekwa komthetho okuxabisa umthetho olawulwa ngabantu nokujonga inkqubo yokugweba njengommeli wamalungelo. Ukuxambuliswa kwembali ngoluhlanga nokwesini kuye kwafunyanwa kolu lwimi; uMartin Luther King Jr. ubhekisa ubizo lukaPregay lwemithetho yokusesikweni ku "Letter ukusuka kuBirmingham Jail". Isichathiso sikhumbuza abahlali ukuba okusesikweni akungomsebenzi karhulumente kodwa kungumsebenzi osisigqeqe.

"Izinziso zasekhaya"

Uxolo lwangaphakathi lubhekisela kuxolo nocwangco. Kumongo wee-1780, oku kwakuthetha ukuthintela ukuvukela okufana nokuvukela kukaShays nokulawula iimfazwe phakathi kwamazwe. Kumazwe asekuhlaleni, le njongo igxininisa ukubaluleka kwempikiswano yoxolo kunye nemvisiswano yentlalo. Abahlali bakhuthazwa ukuba babe nenxaxheba kwintetho yasekuhlaleni nokungalufuni ugonyamelo njengendlela yokutshintsha kwezobupolitika. Eli binzana likwathetha ukuba urhulumente umele agcine ulungelelwano, oluye lwacelwa kumaxesha anamhlanje kwiingxoxo zemicimbi yexesha likaxakeka, amagunya ongxamiseko, kunye nokhuseleko lwesizwe.

I-"Project yoKhuselo oluQhelekileyo"

Eli binzana ligxininisa ukhuseleko olumanyeneyo kunye nembopheleleko yokhuseleko lwesizwe. Likhuthaza ukubonakala okuquka ukuvuma ukukhonza (ngokuba kusetyenziswa inkonzo yasemkhosini), ukuhlawula irhafu, okanye ukuxhasa inkqubo yokuzikhusela. Ukusetyenziswa kwe "oqhelekileyo" kuqinisa ingcamango yokuba ukuzikhusela kulungile kuluntu lonke, hayi kumdla wobuqu. Le nkalo yokuzichaza ngokwentlalo-ntle yabe ithe yalugxelwa kakhulu ngexesha lemfazwe kwaye ikhankanywe kwingxoxo yesiseko emalunga nomgangatho wamandla karhulumente wokuphakamisa imikhosi kunye nolawulo lokhuseleko lohlanga.

Ukukhuthaza uluntu

Ingxelo yoncedo-ntlalo jikelele ixhomekeke ekutolikeni okuphangaleleyo, kodwa ukubandakanywa kwayo kwimiqondiso yesandulela sokuba urhulumente ukho ukuphucula ubomi babo bonke abemi. Ukuzichaza kwabantu, eli binzana likhuthaza ingqiqo yomanyano nenkxaso yoluntu. Libonisa ukuba intlalo-ntle yomntu ngamnye inxulumene nokulunga kwebutho labantu. Oku kuye kwasetyenziselwa ukuthethelela iinkqubo zentlalo-ntle yoluntu, inyathelo loluntu, kunye nomgaqo wezoqoqosho.

"Zigcineleni iintsikelelo Zenkululeko Neenkolelo Zethu"

Olu dibaniso lokugqibela lomgaqo lukhululekile kwingqiqo yokusebenza kwisizukulwana esizayo. Igama elithi "ISibonelelo" licebisa ukuba inkululeko sisipho esimele sigcinwe, kungekhona ilungelo lokusetyenziswa kakubi. "Isiphelo" inweba ukubonakala kwesizwe ngaphaya kwesizukulwana sangoku, idala umlinganiselo wexesha elifutshane loxanduva. Eli binzana liye labheniswa kumthetho wokusingqongileyo, iingxoxo zamatyala kawonke wonke, kunye nokucaciswa komgaqo-siseko okungawasebenzisi amalungelo.

Isiqalo Semfundo Yesityalo

Imisebenzi yesakhelo esijikelezayo

Imfundo ye-Civic eUnited States iqala rhoqo ngesiqalo. Ukukhumbula nokuhlalutya kwayo kungundoqo wesiqalo nakwesesibini kuba isiqalo somGaqo-siseko sikhupha imigaqo entsonkothileyo yomgaqo-siseko kulwimi olufikelelekayo. Library of Congress inika ubuncwane bemfundo obucela abafundi ukuba babhale kwakhona isiqalo samazwi abo, ukukhuthaza unxibelelwano lobuqu nokuqonda. Le ndlela ye-pidagogg inceda abafundi bazibone njengenxalenye ye "Thiwants" ukuncokola, ukuchaza iziko zoluntu kwasekuqaleni.

Ukuba ngummi Okhutheleyo Nokufunda Inkonzo

Ngaphezu kokukhumbula, abafundisi-lwazi basebenzisa iGama lokukhuthaza ubumi obukhutheleyo. Imisebenzi efundwayo yenkonzo, iindibano zomGaqo-siseko, kunye neengxoxo ezihlekisayo ngentsingiselo ye "general Welfare" zikhuthaza abafundi ukuba basebenzise amaxabiso eSihlomelo kwimibandela yehlabathi lokwenene. Uphando kwimfundo yezopolitiko lubonisa ukuba abafundi abafunda ingcaciso yokungena kwezakhono nababandakanyeki abakwimisebenzi enxulumene nayo babonakalisa imigangatho ephezulu yokusebenza kwezobupolitika kunye nokuzibandakanya kwezentlalo-ntlalo-ntle. Ngalo ndlela iPregeing isebenza njengebhulo phakathi kwemigaqo engekho ngqiqwele neyo, iqinisekisa ingcamango yokuba idemokhrasi ifuna ulwazi kunye nabemi abakhutheleyo.

Iingxaki Kwimfundo Yanamhlanje

Ngaphandle kwendima yayo ephambili, iNgxelo ayigonywanga kwimpikiswano kwimfundo. Iingxoxo ngentsingiselo "yesigwebo" kunye ne"general Welfare" zingaba ziindawo ezibonisa ingqiqo. Abanye abafundisi-lwazi baxhalabile kukuba ukufundisa iDargeing njengengxelo yobundilele yemilinganiselo eyabelwenayo embalini, njengokungalungisi okufana nobukhoboka nokulahlwa kwamabhinqa nabanikazi abangengobafaneleyo bezinto kusuka "Abantu" ekusungulweni. Ukuthetha ngale nto, iziphumo ezininzi ngoku zidibanisa ingxubusho egxekayo ngendlela iimbono zayo eziye zaqondwa ngayo ngokungafezeki. Oku kukwenza ukuzichaza koluntu ngokukhuthaza abafundi ukuba bazibone njengabathunywa botshintsho, abasebenzela ukwenza amadinga angakumbi.

Ukucaciswa komGaqo-siseko kunye nengcaciso

Ngoxa isiqalo singanikezi gunya lithile, iinkundla zisoloko zibhekisela ekukhanyiseni iinjongo zomGaqo-siseko. Ibhunga lokuBonisa iHome & Loan Ass’s v. Blaissell[ (1934]), iNkundla Ephakamileyo yacaphula iPrequare i-Prevenchoget ukuthethelela ukuxhasa imocazamzamzamzamgemza ngexesha loxinzelelo olukhulu loxinzelelo, iqikelelo lokuba ingxaki ifuna impendulo ehambelanayo ne "promot[ang] i-gromalty" kunye "inur [ir[Flt]. Ngokufanayo, kwi-[FLT] United States. vWright Rporter Corp.[FF] [193], Sulson], Sullandland (196], i-Ethentiast i-ithethoriages ezithetha ngolawulo lwamayela kurhulumente lwamazwe lwamazwe lwamazwe lwamazwe."

Ezi ndlela zokucacisa zibonisa ukuba iPregegry ayilogama lezobupolitika kuphela kodwa ikwanengqiqo engokomthetho. Ngokunika ingxelo eneziphelo ezigqibeleleyo, isibhengezo sinika ilens abagwebi nabemi abanokuvavanya ngayo ukuba imithetho ethile okanye izenzo ezihambelana namaxabiso asisiseko omGaqo-siseko. Oku kuqinisa ukubonakala kwabemi njengabathathi-nxaxheba kwingxoxo eqhubekayo yomgaqo-siseko, apho iPregegnown isebenza njengovavanyo lokuvavanya ukufaneleka kwesenzo sikarhulumente.

Ukukhutshwa kweNgxelo yoNyaka: Umanyano noBunye

Kwixesha lolwahlulo olunzulu lwezopolitiko, i-Pregget inika injongo enokubakho. Iinjongo zayo ``Inkonzo yesiZwe neSizwe'''. I-Proquot, i-style, intlalo-ntle, intlalo-ntle, intlalo-ntle, inkululeko-zondla-ntle-ntle-ntle-ngophelelo-ngokwaneleyo ukulungiselela iinkcazelo ezahlukeneyo kodwa ezichaneyo ukunikezela ngencophoneyo. Iintlangano ze-CPICOP, ukusuka kwi Ukuququzelela inkonzo yesizwe neyoLuntu kumaqela asekuhlaleni, ngokufuthi kucela isithulo sokumisela iinkonzo zazo. Igalelo esithi "Thobantu" siye saba sisibhengezo semibutho sokuqulungela imibutho yokunqamla amacandelo ezobupolitika, ukusuka kubaxhasi bezekelo lwezentengo yezentengo kungenelelo lwamalungelo karhulumente.

Noko ke, ukusetyenziswa kwenqanaba lobuninzi kusenokuba ngumthombo wengxabano. Amaqela aququzelelayo ayazibanga njengabakhuseli bokwenyaniso "bezobulungisa" okanye "beeberty," abakhokelela ekuzibonakaliseni ngokwesuntswana kunokuba bamanyane. I-CBUVIC ukwenziwa kobuzwe kwibutho labantu elizizingisileyo akufuni nje ukucengceleza nje ukuqaqamba isiqalo kodwa ubandakanyeka kwiinkqubo zokuphelisa intsingiselo yaso. Abanye oopolitiko, abanjengoAmy Gutmann noDenni Thomp, baphikisa ukuba ukudik-demokhrasi okunga okungameleyo kuxhomekeke kubemi abanolwano kumaxabiso eemfuno ngethuba besamkela ukungavumelani kwabo ukusebenza. Kule mbono, iPregatoring inikeza umgaqo-ntetho wengxoxo ye-demokhrasi, hayi impendulo yokugqibela.

Imbono Ethelekisayo: Ukuqhambuka Ehlabathini Lonke

Indima yesiqalo sokwenza iimpawu zoluntu ingacaciswa ngokuyithelekisa nesiqalo samanye amazwe. Umgaqo-siseko wangoku omninzi uquka iintetho zomnqweno ezisebenza imisebenzi efanayo. Umzekelo, isiqalo somGaqo-siseko wase-Indiya siqala nge "Thina, Abantu base-Indiya" kwaye sidwelise iinjongo zokusesikweni, inkululeko, ukulinganisa, kunye nokudibana kwengingqi, . /iindlela-mvaba. Imodeli yeJamani Grundgesetz (Umthetho Osisiseko) iqala ngokubhekisa ku "Abantu baseJamani" kwaye igxininisa isidima soluntu noxolo. UmGaqo-siseko woMzantsi Afrika uyavuma ngokucacileyo okungekho sikweni nokungalungisiyo nokuqinisekisa ukuphilisa, isixhobo esinamandla sokwakha ubuhlanga olutsha emva kocalu lwabiwo.

Olu thelekiso lubonisa ukuba isiqalo asiyonkqubo engokwasemthethweni kodwa sizenzo zolwakhiwo lwesizwe. Ziyila ingxelo yemvelaphi nenjongo abemi abanokuyifaka ngaphakathi ngaphakathi. Noko ke, iNgcaso yase-U.S., iyahlula ngomfutshane kwaye igxininisa ngokupheleleyo kwisiphelo kunokuba ibe ziinkqubo. Ayikhankanyi igunya lobuthixo, ukuma kohlanga, okanye izikhalazo zembali; endaweni yoko, inika umbono womntu wonke osekelwe kwimigaqo yeriphabliki. Oku kuye kwavumela ukuba iSihlomelo sokwazisa kuhlale kufanelekile njengoko uhlanga luye lwahluka-tshintsha, lusebenza njengesiseko esipheleleyo sokuzichaza koluntu.

Isiphelo

Isiqalo somGaqo-siseko waseUnited States luxwebhu oluphilayo lokumiselwa koluntu. Amazwi alo aye achukumisa ngaphezu kweenkulungwane ezimbini, eguqula indlela amaMelika aluqonda ngayo ulwalamano lwawo norhulumente kunye nomnye. Ngokuchaza isiseko esahlulweyo sesiphelo /ukungavisisani, okusesikweni, uxolo, ukhuseleko, intlalo-ntle, kunye nenkululeko. . .Njengokuba isalatha isalatha-mbombo sokuziphatha nesezobupolitika esikhokela abantu kunye namaziko. Impembelelo yaso isuka kwiiklasi ukuya kwiinkundla, ukusuka kwimithethotho ukuya kwimiba yezomfantu, ukuya kwingxoxo yemithetho-siseko. Kwibutho eliphawulwe yingxulukwano nempikiswano, iPregagangle ihlala iyigosa yokhuseleko yengcamango yokuba, nangona singavumelani umahluko, sisengu "Twethu"."