Isiseko Somanyano

Inkqubo karhulumente waseUnited States yeyakhiwe kumgaqo worhulumente, isakhiwo esahlula amandla phakathi kwegunya lesizwe elisembindini kunye noorhulumente abangomnye. Olu lwahlulo alululo olwahluleleneyo okanye imigangatho elula; kunoko, ludala ulawulo olunamandla nolusoloko lukhuphisana. UmGaqo-siseko wantlandlolo, omiselwe ngo1787, uzabalazela ukulungelelanisa imfuneko yorhulumente wesizwe onamandla noloyiko olunzulu lobuzwilakhe obuxhobileyo obuye babangela iNguquko. Ukuqonda apho urhulumente kunye namagunya orhulumente asekuhlaleni ayimfuneko khona ekuqondeni indlela enyani eMelika esebenza ngayo.

Umgaqo-siseko wolu lwalamano umiselwe kumalungiselelo amaninzi angundoqo. Inqaku ndibala amandla akhethekileyo anikwe iBhunga, njengamandla okunyusa imali, ukulawula urhwebo lwamazwe ahlukeneyo, nokuvakalisa imfazwe. Ezi zisoloko zibizwa ngokuba zinikezelwe okanye zichazwe amandla. Ngokucacileyo, i-Cruciodentiaste ne-Seant (Icandelo 8, Classicale 18) inika iBhunga igunya lokwenza yonke imithetho "eyimfuneko nefanelekileyo" yokuthwala amandla ayo adweliswe phantsi, ukuseka isiseko samandla achazwayo. Kwelinye icala, uLawulo lweshumi loMdalelo-Mdalelaniso luthi: "Amagunya angagunya angagunya agunyaziswanga eUnited States, okanye angavunyelwanga nguMgaqo-siseko, agcinelwe eUnited States, okanye agcinelwe ngabantu ngokulandelena, okanye ngokulandelena." Le yindlela isebenza njengomgaqo-gromethi ye-globane yemeko ye-globane, kunye nomgangatho wolawulo lwamagunya orhulumente wolawulo lwalo rhulumente.

Ngokwembali, le candelo lalicace gca kwiriphabliki yamandulo. Iimeko zasekuhlaleni ezifana nomthetho wempahla, umthetho wentsapho, imfundo, kunye norhwebo lwamazwe. Urhulumente wasekuhlaleni wagxininisa kwimicimbi yangaphandle, ukhuseleko lwesizwe, kunye nomgaqo wezoqoqosho ophakathi kwelizwe. Noko ke, njengoko ilizwe landisayo kwaye uqoqosho lwahambelana, imigca yaqalisa ukufihlwa. Imfazwe kaNovemba kunye neMiqathango yeSindululo (ngokungakumbi iDempletencement yeshumi elinesine) yandisa ngokuphawulekayo igunya lesizwe, isenza uBill yamaLungelo asebenzayo kumagunya esizwe nelo siseko solawulo olubanzi. Namhlanje, igunya elingenalo liqalayo liqhelekile kunemithetho emininzi echaphaze imigaqo.

Ukuqwalasela ngokunzulu isiseko somgaqo-siseko soburhulumente, Inkonzo yophando loMgaqo-siseko onconyelweyo inika uhlalutyo olugunyazisiweyo loMmiselo weshumi elinesine kunye nembali yawo.

Ukuwa Okunamandla Kulawulo Lwale Mihla

Ulawulo lwaseMelika yangexesha luphawulwa ngamaqumrhu angenanayo empembelelo. Kwimimandla emininzi yomgaqo-nkqubo, urhulumente wengingqi kunye noorhulumente bakarhulumente bamazwe banezindima ezibalulekileyo, ngamanye amaxesha ngokusebenzisana, maxa wambi ekukhuhlaneni. Oku kudibana kubangelwa yimbali, ulalanisa kwezobupolitika, kunye nemfuneko esebenzayo. Ngapha koko kukho ulawulo olungundoqo apho eli gunya libonakele kakhulu.

Umgaqo-nkqubo woMgaqo-nkqubo weNtlalo-ntle

Mhlawumbi eyona ndawo ingummandla-wonke wegunya elingenayo yirhafu. Urhulumente umisela irhafu yengeniso eqhubekayo kubantu ngabanye nakwimibutho esebenzelanayo, irhafu ebhatalayo yezokhuseleko loluntu kunye nezoburhulumente, kunye neerhafu ezahlukeneyo ezikhutshwayo. Irente exhasa irhafu ehlawulwayo (kwimimandla engama-41), irhafu yempahla yemali, irhafu yeshishini, kunye nenkokhelo yeminye ibangela intlawulo enzima. Ngomzekelo, le nkqubo ityala lemibango ibangela iprojenali enzima. Intengiso enye, i-(say, ukuthenga irhafuthezo ye-intanethi/i-intanethi/i-electivess, ibandakanya irhafumente yorhulumente kunye nerhafu okanye irhafuthelo yorhulumente emiselwe yimithetho-yo. Kodwa, ngoko ke, urhulumente umele asebenzise igunya lakhe lokulawula irhafu yentengo ngomthetho esemthethweni, ngokwee-e-evini esemthethweni, egunya eligunya eligunyaza eligunya elisemthethweni, eligunya elisemthethweni, eligunya eligunya eli

Ukunyanzeliswa Komthetho Nokusesikweni Kwezaphuli - mthetho

Ukunyanzeliswa komthetho kungumnye ummandla odityanisiweyo. Ama-Ecuant Encoderment Administration (FBI), kunye noorhulumente basekuhlaleni bagcina uninzi lwamajoni amapolisa, iinkundla neentolongo, ukusingatha yonke into esukela ekuphathweni kwe-athom, ukuchaphazelweni kweziyobisi, ukusetyenziswa kweziyobisi, ukurhwebela iziyobisi, ukuphangwa kwemali, ukupheliswa kwemali, ukupheliswa kwemali, ukupheliswa kwemali, ukukhotyoliswa kwamalungelo orhulumente, ulwaphulo-mthetho, ukulawulwa kwemithetho-mthetho, ukusetyenziswa kwemithetho ye-Rhomoni.

ISebe leMicimbi yezemfundo

Imfundo isekelwe ngokwembali kwilizwe nakwimbopheleleko yasekuhlaleni, inesicwangciso somgaqo-nkqubo, iintshumayelo zokufundisa, isebe lootitshala, kunye nezikolo zikawonke-wonke kwimimandla yommandla. Noko ke, urhulumente wengingqi uye wenza indima ebalulekileyo ukususela phakathi kwenkulungwane yama-20, ingakumbi ngokuxhasa inkxaso-mali namalungelo abantu. Umthetho weSigaba semfundo yeSigaba kunye neSpread Educational Act (EEA), okokuqala edluliselwe ngonyaka ka- 1965 kwaye kamva egunyaziswe ngokusemthethweni njengoMthendeleli ngamnye ophumeleleyo (ESA), imijelo yolawulo yemali esemthethweni esemthethweni efumana imali, kodwa igcina i-mali ekhoyo kwiinkqubo zayo ezisebenza kabanzi. Urhulumente umisela imithetho efana noMsebenzi wezemfundo EzaseMthethweni (IDA) kunye noMgaqonga weSihlomelo weSihlomelo, nto leyo ethintela ingeniso yemfundo yemali, ngenxa yokuba urhulumente afumana imali, kodwa umgangatho obanzi kwiindlela abaqhubane ngayo eziqhuba imicimbi kwimicimbi yesikolo, kunye nezifundo zesikolo, kunye nezokuhlolo

Izakhiwo Zezithuthi

Uthungelwano lwezothutho lwelizwe ngumzekelo oyintloko womanyano lorhulumente. Ama-odolo akwalo kwaye agcine iindlela ezininzi, iibhulorho, kunye neendlela zasekuhlaleni, kodwa urhulumente unika imali eninzi / kwaye inkxaso-mali ngeNkxaso yeNkxaso yepetroli, ixhaswa yirhafu karhulumente. Imithetho yokhuselo lwezithuthi yezithuthi, i-ikhweyitha, kunye nobuchule bohola weendlela. Inkqubo yendlela yohola-ndlela, enye yemisebenzi emikhulu kakhulu embalini, yakhiwa ngomanyano apho urhulumente worhulumente wahlanganisa i-90% yeendleko kunye nemali yokwakhiwa nokugcinwa kwezixhobo. Ngokufanayo, izikhupho zeenqwelo-moya, izitimela, kunye namazibuko abandakanya ukuxhasa intlawulo kunye nolawulo olwahlukeneyo. Xa izibonelelo-omatshini zifuneka zingena iziphathi-ndlela, zisoloko zinjalo zizinto ezidityaniswe zombini.

Impilo Kawonke-wonke Nempilo

Impilo kawonke-wonke iye yavela njengenye yezona ndawo zibonakalayo zegunya likarhulumente kunye nelombuso elithe kratya, ingakumbi ngexesha lesifo se-COVID-19. Amazwe agcina imbopheleleko yokuqala kumasebe ezempilo asekuhlaleni, ukujongwa kwezifo, kunye namandla okuphelisa abantu abatshayelela. Urhulumente usebenza ngamaqumrhu afana neZiko lokuLawula nokuthintela (CDC), iDood and Drugragraction Ad Administration (France), kunye neSizwelo sobuGratya-ntle sobuGratya-ntle (NI), ukumisela imigaqo yesizwe, ukuxhasa uphaka kwemiqathango, kunye nokulungisa imigaqo-mali ekhoyo yemiqatha yemiqatha yezonyango. I-Midica ikho inkqubo edityani exhobisayo exhobisayo, ink ’ urhulumente worhulumente woonke, ngexesha elingurhulumente elingukileyo, kodwa urhulumente urhulumente ugunyaze ugunyaze urhulumente woomandla, urhulumente woomandla, ugunya wonke, ugunya wonke, ugunya wonke,

Umgaqo-nkqubo wokusingqongileyo

Ukhuseleko lwemekobume lelinye isebe apho amagunya orhulumente nelombuso adibana khona ngokude. Ngolawulo lwendawo engqongileyo i-Evironmental Protection Agency (EPA), urhulumente wesizwe, umisela imilinganiselo yesizwe yomgangatho womoya kunye namanzi phantsi kwemithetho efana ne-Celean Air Act kunye ne-Clease Water Act. Amazwe ngoko anembopheleleko yokusebenzisa loo migaqo, ngokufuthi ngokudala amaPlathisimente (IP) omgangatho womoya. Amazwe amaninzi aye ahambela phambili kuneemfuno zikarhulumente, amisela imiqathangokwawo yomoya okanye amandla anokubuyiselwa. Ngokomzekelo, anendawo ende ekwimida ye-EPA elungele ukukhupha izithuthi, nto leyo amanye amazwe anokuyithatha. Eli lungiselelo libonisa ukuba nomanyano lwesizwe, kodwa lidala ulawulo lwezwe xa kufunwa ukuqokelelwa nokuchasana kwemiqatha yamazwe achasene nemithetho yemozulu.

Unyanzeliso lofuduko

Ukuthamba yindawo ekwimeko ebanzi ye-paradigmatic ye-nautilus--asel ekhoyo. Urhulumente wesizwe unegunya lokulawula ukuhlaliswa kwendalo, ukhuseleko lomda, kunye nokuvunywa kwemithetho engeyoyamandla, ubukhulu becala isekelwe kwimithetho yeSiko-siseko elawula uClausle kunye neNkundla ePhakamileyo. Noko ke, imigaqo ilawula impembelelo enkulu. Basebenzisa imvume yokuqhuba imoto, bagqiba ukuba ilungele iingenelo loluntu, kwaye banyanze imithetho echaphazela abaphambukeli, enjengemithetho yokusebenza. Eminye iMithethombo i-SB70 ibeka imithetho yengingqi yomthetho yengingqi yoluntu kunye nomthetho womthetho olawula ukufuduka; kodwa ingumthetho olawula i-A. [0]

Ukuxinezeleka Nokuhlawuliswa KweNkundla Ephakamileyo

Ngenxa yokuba umGaqo-siseko ungawuchazi ngokuphandle wonke umda, iingxabano phakathi korhulumente kunye namandla karhulumente zivela ngokungenakuphepheka. INkundla Ephakamileyo isebenza njengommeli opheleleyo, isebenzisa iClaus, iSihlaziyiso seshumi elinesine, uLawulo lweMigaqo-siseko, kunye namanye amalungiselelo okugqiba amatyala. Kwiinkulungwane ezimbini, iNkundla iye yatshintsha phakathi kwenkcazelo ebanzi yamandla karhulumente kunye nokhuseleko olunamandla kulawulo lukarhulumente. Ukuqonda ezi zigqibo kuyacingelana ukubona indlela igunya elizinza ngayo.

Ulawulo Oluyintloko Oluphembelela Umanyano

Amatyala aliqela akwiinkundla eziPhakamileyo abonakala njengeembalasane zokuchaza isalathisi:

  • McCulloch v. Maryland (1819): INkundla yaxhasa amandla eBhunga lohlanga phantsi koMfaneleko noMhle kaClaus yaza yawisa phantsi kwelinge likaMaryland lokuhlawula ibhanki, iseka imigaqo yamandla achaziweyo kunye nobungangamsha borhulumente kumacala achaseneyo nemisebenzi yorhulumente esemthethweni.
  • Gibbons v. Ogden (1824): Oku kulawula oku kuchaza ngokubanzi kwamandla eNgqungquthela ukulawula urhwebo lwamazwe, kuquka nohambo ngenqanawa, kwaye ibambelele kwelokuba amazwe akanakuphazamisana nalo mandla. Imisela iqonga lolwandiso olukhulu lwegunya lengingqi kwinkulungwane yama-20.
  • United States v. Lopez (1995): okwesihlandlo sokuqala kumashumi eminyaka, iNkundla ibeke isikelwe umda amandla karhulumente phantsi korhwebo luka Claus, ibetha umthetho wesizwe ovala imipu kufutshane nezikolo ngezizathu zokuba umsebenzi awuwuchaphazeli ngokunzulu urhwebo lwamazwe. Oku kumisela uphawu olutsha intlonelo ngolawulo lukarhulumente kwiindawo ezinjengemfundo nomthetho.
  • Shicilelaz v. United States (1997): INkundla yathi urhulumente akakwazi ukuyalela amagosa aphezulu karhulumente ukuba amisele iinkqubo zolawulo, ngokucokisekileyo akhubaze amalungiselelo eBrady Handgun Violence Prevention Act eyafuna ukunyanzeliswa komthetho wasekuhlaleni ukuqhuba imbali.
  • NFIB v. Sebelius (202): Kwisigqibo esinzima, iNkundla yaxhasa ugunyaziso lomntu ngamnye loMthetho wokukhathalela onokufikeleleka njengomthetho osemthethweni wokusebenzisa amandla orhafu kaBhunga kodwa uthintela ukukwazi kwemali karhulumente ukulungiselela yonke iMedicaid kulwandiso lwenkqubo, ukulondoloza ukhetho lwamazwe ukuba angandiswa.
  • Arizona v. United States (202): INkundla yawisa phantsi amalungiselelo angundoqo omthetho we-Arizona wokufuduka, ibambe ukuba ukunyanzeliswa kolawulo lukarhulumente akunakuyithatha indawo inkqubo yolawulo lorhulumente yokufuduka, nangona yashiya igumbi lokunyanzelisa intsebenziswano kwiindawo ezithile.

La matyala abonisa ukuba iNkundla ePhakamileyo ayiwaniki nje amandla onke kumgangatho omnye; ibandakanyeka kwisenzo esithe ngqo sokulinganisela esibonisa ukucaciswa komgaqo-siseko kunye neemeko zezobupolitika.

Indaleko Yomanyano: Ukusuka Kwindawo Yokuhlanganisana Ukuya Kukuququqela

Umzekelo wegunya eligqithiseleyo awuzange uhlale uhleli. Izazinzulu zezobupolitika zidla ngokuchaza imizekelo emibini engundoqo: uburhulumente borhulumente obumabini kunye norhulumente wentsebenziswano (okwabizwa ngokuba yimarble-cake conistism). I-Dual urhulumente, olawulayo, owexesha elide wenkulungwane ye-19, wacinga ukuba urhulumente norhulumente wohlukeneyo onezigxina ezingafaniyo kunye nekhemiqathango ekhethekileyo. Urhulumente wesizwe wayenolawulo olulinganiselweyo, kwaye urhulumente wayenorhulumente ngokuyintloko wayezibophelele kwimimandla yawo. Inkundla ephakamileyo yayikhusela kakhulu eli lungiselelo, ihlasela imigudu yokuqala inkqubela phambili yenjongo yokwakha, yezolimolimo, kunye nokusebenza kwabantwana njengegcuzulelo lorhwebo lorhwebo.

I-Great Depression and the New Develop yayiguqula le nkqubo. Ekuphenduleni ingxaki yesizwe yezoqoqosho, urhulumente wesizwe wathatha indima eyandisiweyo kakhulu kwintlalo-ntle, kumalungelo abasebenzi, kunye nomthetho wezoqoqosho. INkundla ePhakamileyo yaqala yalwamkela olu tshintsho kodwa ekugqibeleni yalwamkela olu tshintsho kusukelo olunjengo NLB v. Jones & Laughel Corp. [1977] [iiiiiimeko-ntle]. Ukususela ngoko, urhulumente ubengumzekelo obalaseleyo: omabini amanqanaba okusebenza kunye kwiinjongo ezifanayo, ngokufuthi ngeziphatho, kunye nezinxulumano. Iinkqubo ezifana neMedica, i-moredid, ink, kunye nokugcinwa kolawulo lwemeko-meoventine. Urhulumente umisela imigangatho elungele ukusetyenziswa kwawo, kunye neembopheleleko ezimbini.

Kumashumi eminyaka akutshanje, kuye kwakho intsingiselo yoguqulelo olunentsingiselo engakumbi maxa wambi olubizwa ngokuba "yi-coerceve continityism," apho urhulumente wengingqi ephembelela ngenkxaso yemali kunye nokukhululwa kwetyala, uthintela ubuchule bukarhulumente. Urhulumente wengingqi ubophe inkxaso-mali esetyenziswa kwiinqwelo-mafutha eninzi ukuba achaze ukunyuswa kobuncinane beminyaka yokusela ukuya kuma-21, kwaye iye yasebenzisa isisongelo sokuzihlupha imali zempilo ukuze yandise iMedicaid. Oku kuye kwakhokelela ekufuneni kwakhona "amalungelo" kunye nengxoxo ekwimibandela efana nokwenziwa komjuba, imilinganiselo yemfundo, kunye nokungena kwamanye amazwe.

Isiphelo: Ukulungelelana Kwekamva

Amagunya karhulumente norhulumente angenayo asisiso isiphene kwinkqubo yaseMerika kodwa siimpawu zayo ezichazayo. Esi sakhiwo sivumela uvavanyo, umahluko wengingqi, kunye neendawo ezininzi zokufikelela kubemi. Kwangaxeshanye, sidala uxinezeleko olungaphephekiyo / olunokuhlawula oko, olunemithetho elawulayo, nendlela yokusombulula ukungavisisani. UMgaqo-siseko unika isiseko, kodwa ukuqheliswa kolawulo lwentlalo lwehlabathi lwemihla ngemihla lubunjwe zizo ezopolitiko, izigqibo zenkundla, kunye nemithetho ephakathi kwezikhulu.

Kubafundisi- ntsapho nabafundi abafuna ukuqonda le nkqubo, kubalulekile ukudlula ngaphaya kwengcinga elula "yomthetho-mthetho. urhulumente worhulumente worhulumente" kwaye endaweni yoko baqaphele ulwalamano oluntsonkothileyo, olusebenzisanayo oluchaza ulawulo lwangoku. Nokuba ngaba le meko kukucoceka kwempilo, ukhuseleko lwemekobume, imfundo, okanye ukugcinwa komthetho, impendulo "aphi amagunya abo adibanayo?" kusoloko "kungaphezulu kunoko unokucinga" ucelomngeni `amandla `ne) kwaye amandla olawulo lwamaMelikani ahlala ehleli ngokunxulumene nomanyano lwesizwe kunye nolwesizwe kunye nolwezo.

Ukuhlolisisa iingxoxo zangoku zorhulumente eziqhubekayo, iNgqungquthela yesizwe yoMgaqo-siseko weSizwe [[FLT:] inika ulwamkelo olulungileyo kwiimbono zikarhulumente, ngelixa U.S. Isebe le-Ofisi ye-SCligi yomthetho linika uluvo lwamazwe. Ingxoxo eqhubekayo phakathi kwamanqanaba amabini iqinisekisa ukuba urhulumente uhlala uphilile, inkqubo egocagoca.