Indlela Imicimbi Yezobupolitika Eqhelana Ngayo Neengxaki Zenkqubo Ezahlukahlukeneyo

Ukuqonda Iqela Lezobupolitika Lizivumelanisa Nenkqubo Yanamhlanje

Amaqela ezobupolitika ehlabathini jikelele asebenza kwimimiselo yonyulo eyahlukeneyo nezobupolitika, ngalinye liveza imiqobo ekhethekileyo kunye namathuba ajikelezwe ngokusisiseko ngendlela ezi zintlukwano ezisebenza ngayo, ukukhuphisana, kunye nokuguquka. Ezi zicwangciso zemithetho-siseko zenza imigaqo-siseko kunye nezakhiwo zomGaqo-siseko ukuya kwimithetho yezemibutho kunye nemithetho yezezimali yezemali ekhoyo kumazwe ahlukeneyo apho amaqela kufuneka aphumeze iinjongo zawo zokuphumelela kunyulo, ukuzalisekisa inkqubo, nokugcina imigaqo enxulumene nentlangano. Ukuqonda indlela amaqela ezobupolitika aqhelanisa ngayo le nkqubo yahlukeneyo yezopolitiki kuyimfuneko ukuyiqonda ukuntlungela ukuntlukwano lwemibutho yezopolitiko kumazwe ahlukahlukeneyo, ubuchule, kunye nezenzo.

Ulwalamano phakathi kwemiqathango yequmrhu kunye nesimilo seqela lumele enye yezona ndawo zifundwayo kwezobupolitika ezithelekisayo. Iinkqubo ze-Electoral, ngokukodwa, ziphembelela ngamandla kwiinkqubo zeqela, ukubumba yonke into ukusuka kwinani lamaqela asebenzayo ukuya kwimimiselo yengqiqo yawo, izicwangciso zentlangano, kunye neenkqubo zephulo. Ngaphezu kwemithetho yonyulo, amaqela kufuneka aqhelane namalungiselelo omgaqo-siseko, iinkqubo zomthetho, ulawulo okanye inkcubeko lwesizwe, kunye nempucuko ebanzi yezopolitiki yabantu bawo. Le nkqubo yokuzinzisazulu ayilula okanye idityaniswa nenkqubo edityanisiweyo, kufuneka aqhubekeke njengoko amaqela ephendula iingqiniselo, ii-votor, iinketho ezitshintshayo, kunye nokhetho lweziko lweziko lweziko.

Uhlolisiso oluphathelele ubuchule beqela lutyhila ingqiqo ebalulekileyo ngomelo lwedemokhrasi, uzinzo lwezobupolitika, nomgangatho wolawulo. Xa amaqela ephumelela ekuqhelaneni nezithintelo zolawulo-moya, angakhulisa ukusabela kwedemokhrasi kwaye abangele iminqoqo-siseko eqinileyo yolawulo. Noko ke, utshintsho lungakhokelela ekusebenziseni idemokhrasi, uqheliselo lokuzimela, okanye ukuphenjelelwa kwezikhulu zezobupolitika. Ngokuhlolisisa indlela amaqela asebenzisa ngayo inkqubo eyahlukileyo, sifumana imbono exabisekileyo kwimpilo kunye nokusebenza kwenkqubo yedemokhrasi ehlabathini lonke.

ISicwangciso Sezentlalo: Iintlobo Zenkqubo Zezobupolitika Nezee-Electoral

Amaqela ezobupolitika asebenza kwizakhiwo ezilungelelaniswe ngokuphawulekayo kumazwe nakumazwe ahlukeneyo. Ezi zicwangciso zimisela "imithetho yomdlalo" egqiba indlela ukhuphiswano lwezobupolitika oluqala ngayo, indlela amavoti aguqulela ngayo kwizihlalo, nendlela amandla asasazwa ngayo kubadlali bezopolitiko. Ukuqonda ezi nkqubo ezahlukeneyo kubaluleke kakhulu ekuhlalutyeni iindlela zokuziqhelanisa.

Inkqubo ze-Electorial

Iinkqubo zoomasipala, ezikwasaziwa njengeenkqubo zobuninzi okanye "zokuqala-phambili-okanye umva" iinkqubo, zinika umncono woloyiso kumntu oza kubhaptizwa okanye iqela elifumana eyona voti kwisithili esinikiweyo, kungakhathaliseki ukuba zifumana uninzi olupheleleyo. Ezi nkqubo ziphawulwa zisithi zisithi zinye kuphela iziphakamiso apho ummeli omnye enyulwa ngobuchule. I-United Kingdom, iUnited States, iCanada, kunye neIndiya ziyimizekelo ebalaseleyo yamazwe asebenzisa iinkqubo zonyuselo ezingundoqo, nangona zineentlobo-ntlobo-ntlobo-ntlobo.

Umba ochazayo weenkqubo zezikhulu zendalo eziphumeleleyo, ezidala izisusa ezinamandla zokuziphatha okulungeleleneyo ngamaqela amabini kunye nabavoti. Ngenxa yokuba kuphela iziphumo eziphezulu zovoti-ziphumelele ukuphumelela, iivoti zabaphumeleleyo ngokusisiseko "zifakelwe" ngokwemigaqo yepalamente. Le mpembelelo yomatshini ithanda ukuphazamisa amaqela amancinane kwaye yenza imiqobo yokungena kwimibutho emitsha yezobupolitika. Impembelelo yengqondo yenkqubo ye-atricatarianism iqinisa lo tyekelo, njengoko uvota ngokufuthi bengena kwivoti yento ecacileyo `oyena mmeli bakhethwayo kodwa ukhuseleko oluphambili lwe-"empempers" phakathi kwabaqhubi abagxumi bokuphepha ukudlala ivoti yabo.

UMthetho kaDuverger, esinye sezibheno ezidumileyo kwinzululwazi yezobupolitika, uqikelela ukuba iinkqubo zonobumba abachongi zidla ngokuvelisa iinkqubo eziziinxenye ezimbini kumgangatho wesithili. Oku kwenzeka ngenxa yokuba ukudityaniswa kweziphumo zomatshini (ukuya kuguqulelwa ukuya ekuthini) kunye neziphumo zengqondo (uvotelo olungaqhelekanga) kwenza kube nzima kumaqela amathathu ukufumana imvume. Ngoko, ukusetyenziswa koMthetho kaDuverger kumgangatho wohlanga kuntsonkothile, ingakumbi kumazwe aneendawo ezinamandla okanye umahluko wengingqi kwinkxaso yeqela.

Iinkqubo zomelo lweprojekthi

Umelo lwepropotionel (PR) lujolise ekuguquleni icandelo lokuvota ngokuchanekileyo ngokwendlela yokuhlala, iqinisekisa ukuba amaqela afumana umelo lwepalamente olufana nolwahlulo lwenkxaso yabo yabanyuli. Ezi nkqubo zisebenzisa imimandla emininzi apho abameli abaninzi benyulwa ngexesha elinye, kwaye izihlalo zabelwa ngokwendlela yezibalo efana neD'Hondt, iSainte-Laguë indlela, okanye iindlela ezinkulu ezishiyekileyo. Amazwe aquka i-Netherlands, i-Sweden, i-Norway, i-Denmark, nezinye iintlanga ezininzi zaseYurophu zisebenzisa iinkqubo zomelo zolwahlulo.

Ubuchule obusisiseko bomelo lolungelelwaniso bahluke kakhulu kwiinkqubo ezingundoqo. Kunokuba kwenziwe uphumelele omnye, iinkqubo ze-PR zihambisa izihlalo phakathi kwamaqela amaninzi ngokusekelwe kwisabelo sawo sokuvota, okunciphisa iivoti ezilahlwayo kwaye kunceda amaqela amancinane afumane umelo. Oku kubandakanya kuvela ngorhwebo, nakuba, njengokuba iinkqubo zePR zivelisa iinkqubo zamaqela ahlukeneyo namaqela amaninzi amele ipalamente, ukwenza ulwakhiwo lwesivumelwano oluyimfuneko kulawulo.

Iinkqubo zomelo lomelo lwahlukene kakhulu kwimisebenzi yazo yoyilo, nganye yeziphembelelo zobuchule bokwenza utshintsho. Umlinganiselo wesithili.

Iinkqubo zoluhlu zimela eyona ndlela iqhelekileyo yomelo lolungelelwaniso, apho amaqela akhoyo eodoliwe uluhlu lwabathathi-nxaxheba nabavoti bevoti beqela kunokuba batshatiswe. Iinkqubo ezivaliweyo zoluhlu zinika amaqela ulawulo olupheleleyo kumyalelo wabameli, ngeli lixa iinkqubo ezivulekileyo zivumela abavoti ukuba bachaze izikhethelo zabo kubathathi-nxaxheba, abanokuba baphinde balungelelanise uluhlu lweqela. Lo mahluko uneefuno ezibalulekileyo kumbutho, ukhetho lomvotelelwa, kunye nonxulumano phakathi kwabameli kunye nee-quars.

Iinkqubo ze-electoral ezixutyiweyo

Iinkqubo zokhetho ezixutyiweyo zidibanisa amalungu omelo lwamagosa kunye nolwamacandelo, zizama ukuthatha iinzuzo zohlobo ngalunye lokwenza izinto ngexesha zinciphisa iimpazamo zazo. Ezi nkqubo ze-projectis ziye zathandwa kakhulu kumashumi eminyaka akutshanje, namazwe aquka iJamani, i-New Zealand, iJapan, iMexico, kunye nemikhosi yedemokhrasi emininzi yasemva kwe-communian democracy eyamkela iiprojekthi ezahlukeneyo.

Olona hlobo lubala liphambili lwenkqubo exutyiweyo yinkqubo exutyiweyo edityanisiweyo (MMP), eboniswa yinkqubo yonyulo yaseJamani. Kwinkqubo ye-MMP, abavoti badla ngokuphosa amavoti amabini , kwaye omnye umelo olunyuliweyo ngemithetho ebanzi, kunye nomnye woluhlu lweqela. Uluhlu lweqela lumisela ulwabeko lwezihlalo ezipheleleyo, kunye nezihlalo ezisetyenziselwa ukuhlawulela ii-frentia ezidaliweyo ezenziwe yimiqhubiso. Le ndlela ijolise ukudibanisa ukuphendula kwemiwo enye yamalungu omhlaba kunye nenkqubo yePR.

Iinkqubo ezixutyiweyo ezidityanisiweyo zentloko-nkulu (MMM), ezikwabizwa ngokuba zisixokelelwano ezinxulunyaniswayo, ngokufanayo zidibanisa isithili kunye namalungu oluhlu kodwa ngaphandle kwecomparation enkqubo. Kwezi nkqubo, izintlu ezimbini zisebenza ngokwazo, nezinye izihlalo ezabelwe ngokwemithetho yobuninzi nezinye ngolwahlulo, kodwa ngaphandle kolungiso ukufikelela ulungelelwaniso. Amazwe anjengeJapan, uMzantsi Korea, kunye neTaiwan asebenzisa iinkqubo zeMMMM, ezidla ngokuvelisa iziphumo ezingezolungeleleneyo kuneenkqubo ze-MMP kodwa ezisanikela ulwano oluninzi kulwahlulo olupheleleyo kuneenkqubo ezingundoqo.

Ukuntsonkotha kwesixokelelwano sokuxubana kudala ucelomngeni olukhethekileyo lokuzimela ngokwamaqela ezobupolitika, njengoko kufuneka zilungise iindlela ezifanelekileyo zokonganyelwa kwamalungu angundoqo nalungelelanisiweyo. Olu buchule bubini bungakhokelela kwihambo entsonkothileyo, kuquka ukunxibelelana phakathi kwamaqela amakhulu kwimihlathi yesithili ngeli lixa kugcinwa ubukho ngokwahlukeneyo kuludwe, okanye ukuvela kwamaqela akhethekileyo agxininise kwithala elinye lokhuphiswano.

UbuNkulumbuso kunye neenkqubo zePalamente

Ngaphandle kwenkqubo zonyulo, isakhiwo somGaqo-siseko sikarhulumente − ngokwemo ingakumbi umahluko phakathi kweenkqubo zomongameli kunye nepalamente ."Iinkqubo zepalamente ezime ngendlela ezime kakuhle zokuguqula amaqela."Inkqubo yepalamente, igunya liphuma lize lihlale linetyala kwindlu yowiso-mthetho, lidala izihlomelo ezinamandla zokuququzelelana kweqela kunye nokwenziwa kombutho. Amacandelo kufuneka agcine iintloko-mthetho zolawulo ukuze zixhase oorhulumente, ezikhuthaza uqeqesho lwentlangano kunye nolwakhiwo lwequmrhu.

Iinkqubo zomongameli, ngokwahlukileyo, zibonakalisa unyulo olwahlukileyo kunye nemiqathango emiselweyo yamasebe aphetheyo nawowiso-mthetho, zidala izisusa ezahlukileyo zokhetho kunye norhulumente onokuba nolwahlulo. Ukwahlulwa kwamandla kwiinkqubo zomongameli kungenza buthathaka uqeqesho lwamaqela, njengoko abenzi bemithetho bemimiselo yomthetho bejamelene neengcinezelo ezahlukeneyo kunomongameli kwaye besenokuba neentshukumisa zokuzahlula kukhokelo lweqela labo. Eli lungiselelo lezikombutho lidla ngokuvelisa imicimbi ephambili kwezobupolitika kunye nemibutho ebuthathaka ngakumbi xa kuthelekiswa neenkqubo zepalamente.

Isixokelelwano se-Semi-presidelial sidibanisa amalungu emodeli zombini, ebonisa zombini umongameli onyulwe ngqo onamandla abalulekileyo kunye nomphathi-mikhosi obalulekileyo omele aphendule kwipalamente. IFransi, iRashiya, kunye namaphondo amaninzi asemva kweSoviet asebenzisa ucwangciso olungephi oluncinane, oludala iimeko-bume ezintsonkothileyo apho amaqela kufuneka aqhube amacandelo olawulo olumanyeneyo adibeneyo kunye nemithombo ephikisanayo yegunya lezobupolitika. Usasazo olukhethekileyo lwamandla phakathi komongameli kunye nomPhathi-nkulu aphembelela amaqela kunye nezixhobo ezikhoyo kwezi nkqubo.

Izakhiwo zomanyano kunye neziManyano

Umbutho wengingqi wegunya lezobupolitika ```oorhulumente okanye i-disnaliary')) imela olunye utshintsho olubalulekileyo lweqela. Iinkqubo zomanyano zahlula ulawulo phakathi koorhulumente besizwe nabesizwe, zidala amabala amaninzi okhuphiswano lwezopolitiko kwaye zibangela amaqela akwazi ukwakha iinqaba zengingqi. Amazwe anjenge-United States, iJamani, i-Canada, i-Australia, kunye ne-Indiya abonisa izakhiwo zikarhulumente ezineentlokomfama ebanzi.

Umanyano lungahlula iinkqubo zamaqela ngokwenza amaqela engingqi akhuphisana ngokunempumelelo kumgangatho wesizwe ngeli xesha ehlala kumgangatho wesizwe. Kwakhona luvelisa amathuba eqela ukuba lizame iindlela ezahlukeneyo kunye nemigaqo eyahlukeneyo kwiimeko ezingaphaya, likwazi ukufunda kwimpumelelo nokungaphumeleli kwimimandla eyahlukeneyo. Ukudityaniswa okuthe nkqo kwemibutho yeqela.

Iinkqubo zomanyano zigxininisa kwigunya lezobupolitika kumgangatho wesizwe, nangona ezininzi zibonakalisa ukuhlaziywa kolawulo olufanelekileyo. I-United Kingdom, iFransi, iJapan, kunye nezona migangatho yedemokhrasi incinane esebenzisa izakhiwo zomanyano. Kwezi nkqubo, amaqela aphuhlisa izakhiwo ezisembindini kwaye ajolise ingqalelo ngokuyintloko kukhuphiswano lwesizwe, nangona umahluko wengingqi kwinkxaso yeqela uhlala ubalulekile kwicebo lonyulo.

Ulungiso olucwangcisiweyo kwiinkqubo zeMajoni

Amaqela ezobupolitika asebenza kwisixokelelwano sokhetho oluyintloko ajongene neemfuno ezahlukileyo ezibumba izakhiwo zawo zombutho, iindawo zenkqubo, kunye namaqhinga ephulo. Ukuphumelela kuzo zonke ezi nkqubo kudala intshukumisa enamandla kumaqela ukwandisa inxaxheba yawo ekuvoteni kwimimandla ekhuphisanayo ngeli xesha ngokunempumelelo afumana ubuncwane obunqamleze imaphu ekhethayo. Ukuqonda ezi zicwangciso zokulungisa kutyhila indlela izithintelo zolawulo eziguqulela kwihambo yeqela lekonkcitha.

Ukujoliswa kwelizwe kunye nokufuduswa kwezibonelelo

Kwinkqubo ezingundoqo, uvolo luba luphambili kwicebo leqela. Ngenxa yokuba ukuphumelela kufuna ubuninzi kwisithili ngasinye kunokuba kukhulise isabelo sovotelo, amaqela kufuneka aphawule kwaye ajolise amaxhoba okhuphiswano apho utyalo-mali oluselunxwemeni lungajinga khona iziphumo zephulo. Oku kukhokelela kwisiganeko se "zihlalo zokutsala" okanye "izihlalo eziphezulu" ukwamkela ingqalelo egqithisileyo kumaqela, abathathi-nxaxheba, kunye namaphulo, ngelixa izihlalo ezikhuselekileyo zotyalo lweqela ngalinye elifumana utyalo oluncinane.

Amaqela athe athe ngxi kwisixokelelwano soorhulumente aphuhlisa imisebenzi yobuchule bocholacholo olunenkcukacha ukuchaza abavoti abanokukhuthazwa kwisithili sokhuphiswano. Amaphulo anamhlanje asebenzisa ugcino-lwazi oluchanekileyo, ukuvota, kunye nokufakela iprojekthi kwimincinane echanekileyo yamaqela athile amanani abantu kunye nemimandla yelizwe ngemiyalezo elungisiweyo. Olu lwabiko luneenjongo zokuzibonelela luthetha ukuba amaqela abhale ngokuphumelelayo kwiingingqi apho engenalo lithuba lokwenene lokuphumelela, anikel ’ ingqalelo kwimithombo yawo yemali, imigudu yokufumana abangeni, kunye nokutyelela abalawuli kwii-dibanithi-ntle yedabi yemfazwe.

Ubuninzi bengingqi beqela lengingqi buphembelela izibalo ezibalulekileyo ezicwangcisiweyo kwiinkqubo eziphambili. Imikhosi enenkxaso esasazekileyo esasazekileyo ijongene nokungabikho kakuhle kombutho othelekiswa namaqela anezisekelo ezithe ngxi, njengokuba le yokugqibela inokuguqula amavoti ngokunempumelelo abe zizihlalo. Oku kwenza izikhuthazo zokukhuthaza amaqela ukuba ahlakulele iinqaba zengingqi ngoxa ekhula kwindawo ezimeleneyo, kunokuba afune ukuphembelela inkxaso yesizwe engenakuguqulela kwiimpumelelo zobuzwe obuninzi kwimimandla ethile.

Ukwakha Umanyano Neepolitiki Ezikhulu Zeentente

Ubuchule bokhuphiswano lwamaqumrhu akhuthaza amaqela ukuba akhe imiqolo emibanzi enokuhlanganisa ubuninzi obuninzi kwii-contituences ezahlukeneyo. Le ndlela "intente enkulu" ifuna amaqela afuna intsebenziswano eyahlukeneyo kunye nesibheno kumaqela amaninzi amanani amanani ahlukeneyo ngaxeshanye, ngokufuthi ekhokelela kumaqela angqubanayo ngokweengqiqo akhetha impumelelo ephambili kwinkqubo ecocekileyo. IDemocratic kunye neRiphabliki eUnited States ifaka intelekelelo kulo mlinganiselo, ngalinye eliqulathe amaqela angaphakathi aneenjongo ezahlukeneyo zemithetho emanyaniswa ngosukelo oluphambili lokuphumelela kunyulo.

Ukwakha nokugcina le mibutho idibeneyo inika ucelomngeni oluqhubekayo lokhokelo lweqela. Amathala kufuneka alungelelanise iimfuno zamaqela ahlukeneyo, alawule ukungavisisani kwangaphakathi, kwaye anikele imiyalezo engqinelanayo eyaneleyo kubavoti ngexesha lolwakhiwo lweembono ezahlukeneyo. Inkqubo yonyulo oluphambili eUnited States yongeza olunye ulwaleko oluntsonkothileyo, njengoko amaqela kufuneka aququzelele uxanduvano phakathi kokukhuthaza ukusetyenziswa kwengqiqo engakumbi kwabavoti abaphambili nokubeka izikhundla zokhuphiswano ngokubanziswano ngokubanzi.

Iinkqubo zobuMajoni zidala ingcinezelo enamandla kukhuphiswano lwamaqela amabini, kodwa ukwenziwa kwala maqela mabini kungatshintsha ngokuhamba kwexesha njengonyulo oluyingqinelanileyo. Unyulo olubalulo okanye utshintsho lobungqina lwenzeka xa amaqela amakhulu amanani etshintsha umanyano, ngokubhekiselele kwinkqubo yeqela. Utshintsho loMzantsi Merika ukusuka kwiDemocratic ukuya kulawulo lweRiphabliki phakathi koo-1960 no-1990 lumela umzekelo obalaseleyo wolungelelwaniso lokwenyani, oluqhutywa ngamalungelo abantu kunye nezilangazelelo zoqoqosho.

Ukubeka Indawo Kwisixhobo Esingunomathotholo

Umbandi we-media ovotayo, ingcamango esisiseko kwizoqoqosho lwezobupolitika, uqikelela ukuba amaqela kwiinkqubo ezimbini eziphambili aza kudibana ngakwiziko lengcinga yokufumana umvoli wesixhobo sokuvota. Olu tyekelo lwentengiso luphakama ngenxa yokuba amaqela kufuneka abhenele kwi-cricking kwingingqi zokhuphiswano ukuhlanganisa umanyano lwemibutho efumana inkxaso-mali. Ubungqina obusekelwe kwimikhosi yolawulo-siseko yecawa lwamazwe lubonisa ukudibana okunamandla phakathi kwamaqela amakhulu akwimiqatha yemigaqo-nkqubo, ingakumbi kwimibandela yoqoqosho.

Noko ke, imodeli elula yovoti-majelo-ndaba ifuna iimfaneleko ezibalulekileyo kwizicelo zeli hlabathi lokwenene. Amathala kufuneka alungelelanise izibheno kubavoti abasebenza ngezixhobo zekhompyutha ngokugcina ihlombe labaxhasi babo abasemgangathweni, abanika umsebenzi obalulekileyo wamatsha - ntliziyo, iminikelo, kunye nokujika. Oku kwenza uxinezeleko phakathi kobungcathu kunye nokuzilungiselela okuhamba phakathi kweenkqubo ezahlukeneyo, kuquka ukuthatha indawo kwimiba yetyala (apho uninzi lwabavoti bavumelana kwiinjongo kodwa amaqela akhuphisana ngobuchule), ukugxininisa imiba eyahlukeneyo kubaphulaphuli abahlukahlukeneyo, nokusebenzisa ezomfuziselo ukuxhasa inkxaso esisiseko xa belandela imithetho ye-Clistrisetta.

Ukunyuka kolwahlulo-mhlaba lwezikhundla zolawulo-moya ezingundoqo, ingakumbi i-United States, kuvavanya ukuxelwa kwangaphambili okulula kovoti bezixhobo zobudipoli. Ukwanda kokukhethwa kweengcamango zabavoti emaqeleni, kwingingqi, kunye nempembelelo yonyulo lokuqala kuye kwadala izihlomelo zokuba amaqela afumane iindawo ezigqithisileyo kwezinye iimeko. Oku kucebisa ukuba iinkcukacha zolawulo ngaphaya kwenkqubo esisiseko yabavoti-ma, imigaqo yezemali, kunye nemigaqo yezentengiso yezixhobo zelizwe, kunye nemigaqo yempembelelo yeqela loonotheko.

Iphulo elicandiweyo

Iinkqubo zooMajoni ezinamalungu anye agxininisa ngokwemvelo kubantu abaza kubhaptizwa kunokuba bathathiswe imibutho yeqela. IiVoters zikhetha phakathi kwabantu abathile abakhuphisanayo kwisihlalo esinye, zidala izikhuthazo zokuba abathathi-nxaxheba baphuhlise ulwalamano lobuqu, ziphuhlise ulwalamano olunxulumeneyo, kwaye zahluke kubo bobabini abachasi kunye namanye amaxesha kwiqela labo. Le mbatha-phambili ichazwa ngokukhethekileyo kwiinkqubo ezinjenge-United States, apho ingqeqesho ebuthathaka kunye nemibutho yezakhono ezilawulayo ibangela inkululeko ephawulekayo.

Umgangatho ophakathi wempembelelo yentsebenziswano yokhuphiswano lwengingqi yengingqi yentlangano kunye namaqhinga okubhalisa. Amatheko kufuneka aphawule, afumane, axhase abo bangabandakanyeka ngokunempumelelo kwisithili sabo, kunokuba athembele kuphela kwiilebhile zeqela ukuthwala unyulo. Ezi ndawo zinika ixabiso eliphezulu kumgangatho wabangeneli . /Kuquka amava ezobupolitika, ubuchule bokuxhasa unxibelelwano, kunye nonxulumano lwasekuhlaleni , kwaye zikhokelela amaqela ukuba afake imali eninzi kwimfundo yemfundo kunye neenkonzo zenkxaso.

Ukuzimela okungundoqo kumele uphawu olubalulekileyo lweenkqubo zobugcisa eziphakathi. Abalawuli abahleliyo bayangenelwa kukwaziwa kwegama, iinkonzo zokongamela, ingqalelo ye-media, kunye nokunika inkxaso exhobisayo ebenza bangakwazi ukoyisa. Oku kuchaphazela ukuxabiseka komvotelwa kwaye kubangela indlela ebizwa ngokuba ngu-93 kukhuphiswano lweqela, njengoko amaqela ezama ukuphelisa abachasi abaqalisiweyo naxa imimoya yezobupolitika itshintshanabenzela.

Ukubekwa kweliso elicwangcisiweyo nokulungelelana

Iziphumo zengqondo zenkqubo zoomphathi-mikhosi zibonakala kwindlela abavoti abaxhasa ngayo imbono yabo ekhethekayo kodwa endaweni yoko abaza kukhetha ukuphumelela phakathi kwabo banamathuba aqinisekileyo okuphumelela. Le misebenzi yecalculus iluncedo kwiqela lesithathu nangabavoti abazimeleyo, njengoloyiko "lokuvota" kwabo kwimivoti yababhexi be-vhoti ende. Izibheno ziqhelanisa nale ndawo ngokugxininisa ukusebenziseka kwabo kwaye bazame ukuqinisekisa abaxhasi abaxhasi abasebenzisa ivoti abadlala ilahleko.

Umanyano lwe-Elite lumele elinye iqhinga elibalulekileyo lokuziqhelanisa kwiinkqubo ezingundoqo. Xa amaqela amaninzi okanye abathathi-nxaxheba abaneembono ezifanayo bekhuphisana kwisithili esinye, bazibeka esichengeni sokwahlula isiseko sabo esahlukeneyo kwaye benceda abachasi ukuba baphumelele ngobuninzi. Ngoko ke amaqela anezikhuthazo zokudibanisa izigqibo zawo zokungena, asenokuba azimele ecaleni kwisithili apho amaqela adibeneyo anamathuba angcono okanye akha ubuhlobo obulungileyo ukuze aphephe ukwahlula-hlula. Ukusebenza kwempembelelo yeqela lentsalelano ephawulekayo kwimo enkulu.

Ulungiso olucwangcisiweyo kumelo lwenkqubo

Iinkqubo zomelo lweprojekthi zenza iindawo ezisingqongileyo ezizohlukileyo ezicwangcisiweyo zamaqela ezobupolitika xa zithelekiswa neenkqubo zolawulo. Uguqulelo lwevoti luhlanganyela kwisihlalo ngokugqwetha okuncinane kususa impumelelo esebenzayo kwaye yenza amaqela amaninzi afumane umelo, ubuchule bokutshintsha ngokwentsingiselo yeqela ngokuphathelele indawo, ukulungelelanisa, kunye nokwenziwa kombutho ohlukeneyo. Ukuqonda ezi ndlela zomyili wesicwangciso kukhankanyiso kukhanyisa indlela yokuziphatha kweqela kunye nomelo lwedemokhrasi.

Icandelo leMixokelelwano kunye neMibutho yeNkcubeko

Iinkqubo zomelo lweprojekthi zivelisa iinkqubo eziziindawo ezininzi namaqela amaninzi amelwe kwipalamente. Utshintsho lwe PR. apho namaqela anezabelo ezindilisekileyo anokufumana izihlalo. /Imiqobo ephantsi yokungena kwaye ivumela amaqela akhethekileyo ukuba akhuphisane ngokunempumelelo ngokutsala iinkcukacha ezithile kunokuzisa imidibaniso ebanzi. Oku kwahlulwayo kubonisa iinketho ezahlukeneyo phakathi kwemijelo yonyuselo apho iinkqubo ze-omatshini abaphezulu zisebenzisa i-ggglegate phakathi kwamaqela amakhulu kodwa iinkqubo zePR zivumela ukufumana uchazo olwahlukileyo lwentlangano.

Amaqela e-Nicoche amela uphawu olwahlukileyo lweenkqubo zolungelelwano, ukugxininisa kwiimbambano ezithile, iingcamango, okanye amaqela amanani abantu kunokuba akhuphisane ngamaqela apheleleyo eembambano zezobupolitika. Ngokomzekelo, amaqela aluhlaza, aphumelele kwimpumelelo enkulu kwiinkqubo ezininzi zePR ngokugxininisa imiba yemeko-bume ngokugxininisa indalo nokutsala abavoti abanolwazi ngemekobume, ngoxa behlala bekwinkqubo ezininzi zolawulo lobukhenkene. Ngokufanayo, amaqela amela iincutshe, izilangazelelo zomhlala-mhlala-phantsi, abaxhasi bempempempe, okanye imiba efana namalungelo ezilwanyana anokufumana impumelelo kwiinkqubo zabo zePR ngokukhuthaza ii-contituenue.

Ukusebenziseka kwamaqela endawo ebanzi kwisixokelelwano sePR kudala ubalo olwahlukileyo lwecandelo lombutho kunye nendawo. Kunokuba afake isibheno kumavoti asebenza ngezixhobo, amaqela angaphumelela ngokuqokelela izinto ezikhethekayo ezinzulu phakathi kwamaqela amancinci. Oku kwenza ukuba kubekho umelo oluyinyani kakhulu lweembono ezahlukeneyo kodwa kungenza umelo lwamaqela agabadelayo azakuzama ukulwa kwisixokelelwano sobugqeba. Ubukho bamaqela athe tye nasekhohlo kwiipalamente ezininzi zaseYurophu lubonakalisa le misebenzi isebenzayo, iphakamisa imibuzo ebalulekileyo ngolwalamano phakathi komanyano kunye nozinzo lwezobupolitika.

Ukulungiselela ukufezekisa kunye nokufumana

Ngenxa yokuba iinkqubo zokulungelelanisa zinqabile ukuvelisa iinkalo ezingundoqo enye, ulwakhiwo oludibeneyo luba sembindini wokulawula. Amajelo kufuneka athethe namaqabane anokudibana noninzi lwamaqumrhu anokukwazi ukwenza oorhulumente nokudlulisa umthetho. Le nkqubo yokwenziwa kobuchule basemva kokucebisa impembelelo ephawulekayo yeqela, njengoko amaqela kufuneka aqwalasele kungekuphela kuphela iindawo zawo zokuvota kodwa kwakhona ubungangamsha bawo njengeqela elinamaqabane kunye nezixhobo zawo ezithelekisanayo ekusunguleni ulwano lukarhulumente.

Ingcamango yeNkcubeko ixela kwangaphambili ukuba amaqela aza kufuna ukwenza "owona baninzi abaphumeleleyo" "ooknaye abafumana izihlalo ezaneleyo zokulawula, ukucutha inani lamaqela amele abelane ngegunya kunye nemvume yenkqubo. Noko ke, ulwakhiwo lokwenene lwehlabathi lubandakanya ukudibana kwemibutho, amava angaphambili, kunye nomnqweno wokuzinzisa ulawulo. Izabelo ezibekwe kufutshane nombindi wenkcazelo zisoloko zinandipheka njengempembelelo enkulu kakhulu kumaqela amakhulu, nokokuba angengawo amakhulu, kuba angenza imidibaniso kunye namaqela asecaleni elinye.

Ukulindelo lwempembelelo yeqela elithe shwaka ngexesha lamaphulo. Amatheko asenokubonisa amaqabane awo athandwayo, angavumeli intsebenziswano namaqela athile, okanye agcine ukungaqondakali okufanelekileyo ukugcina ubhetyebhetye. Amanye amaqela amkela "iindlela zokuyila iposi" ezinokusetyenziswa, azenza azenze abaluleke kakhulu ekuqulunqeni imigaqo ekhethekileyo. Amanye asukela "i-inshorensi yokuzikhusela" ngokugcina ulwalamano namaqabane amaninzi asenokuba ngamanye amazwe ukuphepha ukugxothwa kurhulumente.

Ukwahlula umgaqo-nkqubo

Ngokungafaniyo neenkqubo zolawulo apho amaqela adibana khona kuvoti-ndaba, umelo lokulungelelana lubangela izisusa zokuba amaqela azitsale ngokwamaqela ahlukeneyo. Iimeko ezicacileyo zenkqubo zinceda amaqela aqokelele abaxhasi bawo abasemzimbeni azimeleyo kwaye azikhethe kwimimandla exineneyo. Oku kutyekela kwemiqathango yeqela kuvelisa iinkqubo ezahlukeneyo ezicacileyo zenkqubo phakathi kwamaqela.

Ukhuphiswano lwezobupolitika oluziziintlobo-ntlobo lubonakala kakhulu kwiinkqubo zePR, apho amaqela anokuzimisa ngokwawo ngokwahlukileyo kwimilinganiso emininzi yetyala ngaxesha nye. Ngapha koko amaqela akwisithethe akwimeko yezoqoqosho ngasekhohlo, amaqela ahluke kwimiba yenkcubeko, inkqubo yokusingqongileyo, ukudibana kweYurophu, ukufuduka, kunye neminye imiba yenkxalabo. Olu khuphiswano luninzi lwe-PR lunceda amaqela ukuba aphumele ngaphandle kwiindawo ezikhethekileyo kwindawo yezobupolitika kunye nesibheno sokuvota abanqinisi ngentlamba ekhethekileyo.

Iintshukumisa ezifuna inkqubo zidlala indima ezinkulu kwisixokelelwano se-PR xa zithelekiswa neemeko ezingundoqo. Ngenxa yokuba amaqela amaninzi angafumana umelo nempembelelo kwinkqubo ngombutho wokuthatha inxaxheba, amaqela angasukela iinjongo zenkqubo zomsebenzi wobuxhakaxhaka ngaphandle kokuphumelela okuninzi. Oku kukhuthaza ukwenziwa kwamaqela aneentlanganiso ezicacileyo kunye nemithetho ecwangcisiweyo, kunokuba kugxininiswe kuphela kwimibutho efuna umsebenzi ekuphumeleleni unyulo. Ukugxininiswa komgaqo owahlukeneyo kunegalelo kukhuphiswano lweqela lenkqubo kunye nokuncitshiswa kwemiqathango yemithetho ethile.

Umbutho weQela noMqeqeshwa

Iinkqubo zomelo lomelo, ingakumbi ezo zisebenzisa uluhlu lwamaqela oluvaliweyo, zomeleza imibutho yeqela enxulumene nabathathi-nxaxheba. Ngenxa yokuba abavoti ngokuqhelekileyo bakhetha phakathi koluhlu lweqela kunokuba babe ngabatshati-nxaxheba, ulawulo lokhokelo lokufumana iindawo ezisebenzayo, ukwenza izixhobo ezinamandla zokunyanzela ingqeqesho. Ababhexeshi baxhomekeke kwimibutho yempumelelo yabo yokukhetha, ukukhuthaza ukunyaniseka kwizikhundla zeqela kwaye banciphisa inkululeko ephawula iinkqubo eziphambili zobugcijisi.

Ukwenziwa kwamandla phakathi kwemibutho yeqela kwiPR kuneziphendu ezibalulekileyo zomelo nokuziphendulela. Ingqeqesho emandla yeqela ibangela ukuphunyezwa kwenkqubo edityanisiweyo kunye noxanduva olucacileyo lweqela lomsebenzi worhulumente, icacisa ukuvota ngokubhekiselele kwiingxelo zeqela. Noko ke, isenokunciphisa ukusabela kommeli ngamnye kwinkxalabo yeqela kwaye igxininise kwinkxalabo yeqela, idala iintsilelo zedemokhrasi ezikwizimfaneleyo.

Isixokelelwano soluhlu oluvulekileyo lwe-PR siguqula ezi zinto ngokuvumela abavoti bachaze izikhethelo zabo bangabathathi-nxaxheba, ezinokwenzeka ukuba zilungelelanise uluhlu lweqela. Oku kuzisa iziqalelo zokhuphiswano oluthe lwabekwa phakathi kolwakheko, ukwenza izikhuthazo zokuba abazanywayo bahlakulele amavoti obuqu ngenkonzo e-octive kunye nokuthatha iphulo lomntu ngamnye. Umlinganiselo phakathi kombutho kunye nombambeli ophakathi wezihlomelo uyahluka kwiinkqubo zeprojelo, kuquka nokuba ngabadweli-luhlu luvuliwe okanye luvaliwe, ukuthomala kwendlela yokuvota, nobukhulu besithili.

Umda oCwangcisiweyo kunye noNgeno olucwangcisiweyo

Uninzi lweenkqubo zomelo ezilungelelanisiweyo zisebenzisa imiqobo efana nokhetho oluncinane olufunekayo kumelo lwepalamente, ukunqanda ulwahlulo olugqithisileyo. Le miqobo, eqheleke ukusuka kwi 2% ukuya kwi 5%, yenza ingqwalasela ezicwangcisiweyo zombini amaqela amatsha namisiweyo. Iintlanganiso kufuneka ziqwalasele ukuba zinokuwugqitha kakuhle umqobo, njengokuba kusilela iziphumo ezifutshane ekususweni ngokupheleleyo ekumelweni ngaphandle kwemvume ekhoyo nakuba kukho inxaxheba ezibalulekileyo.

Imiphetho yempembelelo yeqela kunye nezigqibo zokudibanisa. Ngokuchaseneyo, amaqela ajongene nomgangatho womgangatho wolawulo olunzima malunga nokuba aqhubeke nokhuphiswano oluzimeleyo okanye adityaniswe namaqela amakhulu ukuqinisekisa umelo. Amaqela amancinane angabumba izivumelwano ezikhethekileyo okanye amaqela adityanisiweyo ukudibanisa amavoti awo aze agqithe imiqobo njengeqela. Ngokuchaseneyo, amaqela aqinisekileyo ngemiqobo engaphaya kwemiqobo angamelana nokudityaniswa okuzahlula ii-ncindidizo ezizazo ngokwahlukileyo neendawo zenkqubo.

Iziphumo ezicwangcisiweyo zemiqobo zigqithiselwa kwindlela yokuziphatha yovoti ngokufanayo. Abaxhasi bamaqela axhasayo kufutshane nomgangatho womda bangabandakanyeka ekuvoteni, mhlawumbi bashiye iqela labo elikhethekileyo ukuphepha ukudlala amavoti okanye ukuhlanganisa ukutyhala iqela phezu komnyango. Izivumelwano ezikufuphi nemiqobo zisoloko zigxininisa ukubaluleka kokuvota kunye nomngcipheko wokungafunwa kwepalamente, ukuzama ukukhuthaza abaxhasi nokutsala abavoti abaquququ beqela elincinane.

Ubuchule bokulungelelanisa kwiinkqubo ezixutyiweyo

Iinkqubo zokhetho ezixutyiweyo zinika imingeni ekhethekileyo kunye namathuba amaqela ezobupolitika ngokudibanisa iziqalelo ezingundoqo kunye nezilungelelanisayo kwisakhiwo esinye. Izahlulo ezisebenza kwezi nkqubo zixubileyo kufuneka zivelise iindlela ezintsonkothileyo ezithi ngaxeshanye zichaze uluvo olwahlukileyo lwazo zombini izintlu, zikhokelele kwiimo ezintsonkothileyo zokuziqhelanisa ezahluke kwindlela yokuziphatha kwimimiselo egqibeleleyo yecative okanye yolungelelwaniso.

Uphuhliso lweqhinga lokusebenzisa izixhobo

Ucelomngeni olusisiseko olujongene namaqela akwinkqubo ezidityanisiweyo lubandakanya ubuchule obulungelelaniswayo obudibanisa ukusebenza kwazo zombini ezibukhali kunye nezidibeneyo. Kwinkqubo ezidityanisiweyo ezifana neJamani, amaqela kufuneka akhuphisane ngezihlalo ezizinzileyo ngemithetho emininzi ngexesha elinye alwandisa uluhlu lweqela labo olugqiba umelo lolungelelwaniso. Oku kunyanzelisa ukuba kubekho amaqela alungelelanisa amaqela ukuze alungelelanise ulwano oluseluntlukwano olukhoyo kwaye anike ngokuphumelelayo ukunqumlanisa iintsika zombini.

Amaqela amakhulu akwinkqubo exutyiweyo asoloko esukela iindlela zokugxininisa zombini izigqumathelo, elungiselela abazakeli abanamandla abaza kufumana izibheno eziphangaleleyo zoluhlu lweevoti. La maqela angenelwa kumthetho kunye noqhagamshelwano lwasekuhlaleni olunika uloyiso olunika ukuxhomekeka kwizihlalo zoluhlu ukufumana umelo lolwahlulo. Ngokuchaseneyo, amaqela amancinci, angajolisa ingqalelo ngokuyintloko kwithala lolwandiso loluhlu lwemibutho ngelixa kumasipala ababhexezeli-mali abaququzeleli ababonakala ngokuyintloko kunokuba balindele ngolo olunyanisekileyo loloyiso.

Iziphumo zongcoliso phakathi kwethala lemifanekiso zimela uphawu olubalulekileyo lwenkqubo edityanisiweyo, apho ukuziphatha kwezobugcisa kwenye impembelelo yethala leeziphumo kwenye. Abaxhasi bangahlula amatikiti abo, baxhasa amaqela ahlukeneyo ekuxhaseni nasekuvoteni, bevelisa amathuba eenkqubo ezintsonkothileyo zobuchule bokudibanisa. Amacandelo angakhuthaza ukuqhawula amakhadi ngokulungelelaniswano olunokwenzeka, ancomela ukuba abaxhasi babo bavote abaxhasi beqela lezizwe ezihlangeneyo xa bexhasa iqela labo kwiqela loluhlu loonogato.

ISebe leMicimbi yeNkqubo

Iinkqubo ezidityanisiweyo zenza izigqibo zonyuko oluntsonkothileyo, njengoko amatheko kufuneka agqibe ukuba ngawaphi amatsha azakusebenza kwii-constienciation, indlela yokuodola iinguqu zeqela, nokuba anikele iingqinelano ezibini apho abantu besebenza ngexesha elinye kwi-constituences nakuludwe. Ezi zicwangciso zonyuso ziphembelela ngokuphawulekayo iziphumo ezikhethiweyo kunye nemisebenzi yangaphakathi, njengoko begqiba ukuba ngawaphi amalungu eqela afumana ungenelelo kwipalamente nangaphantsi kwayo.

Ugcino-lwazi olunyanisekileyo oluqhelekileyo--------uvumela abatsha abathe bakhuphisana ne-contituence ngeli xesha bevela kuluhlu lweqela. "I-inshorensir" iveza ukuphumelela kolawulo olululo lobuhlanga ngexesha lokwenza amaqela asebenze amaqela azimeleyo. Lo mkhwa uxhaphake kakhulu eJamani, apho amalungu amaninzi epalamente afumana unyulo ngeqela nakubeni ekhuphisana nokhuphiswano lwe-contituence. I-ader evelisa amandla abalulekileyo, njengoko amaqela kufuneka alungelelanise izikhundla zoluhlu zabaphumelele ii-contientauncies (nganjalo abafuna izihlalo zoluhlu) nabo bafanelwe kukufumana i-melo ezisekelwe kuluhlu lwabo.

Ukuthunyelwa kwabathathi-nxaxheba abakwipropati ephezulu kunye neenkokeli zeqela ukunqumla ii-contituecciation kunye nezintlu zimele olunye uqwalaselo olubalulekileyo. Izigqibo zingabeka iinkokeli kwii-constituection ezikhuselekileyo ukuqinisekisa unyulo lwazo ngelinye ixesha zibekwe ngokubalulekileyo kuluhlu. Okanye, amaqela angafaka iinkokeli kwimibutho ekhuphisanayo ukukhuthaza amaphulo asekuhlaleni ngexa eziwakhusela ngeendawo zoluhlu oluphezulu. Ezi zigqibo zibonakalisa ubalo olubanzi olungokwandiswa kokuqinisela zozibi zolo lwamaqela kunye nenxaxheba kwivoti yeqela lonke.

Ukulungelelaniswa koMgaqo-nkqubo woQoqo-siseko kunye noLwakhiwo

Iinkqubo ezidityanisiweyo zibangela ukuba kubekho iindlela ezintsonkothileyo zokulungelelanisana okusebenzisa isakhiwo esiphindiweyo. EJamani, ukuqheliswa kwamaqela adibeneyo ancomela ukuba abaxhasi bawo bahlule amatikiti ``abathathi-'amalungu anxulumanisweyo ngokuxhasa iqela labo kuluhlu------------ kwaye kuxhaswe. Oku kunceda amaqabane asebenzisana afumana izihlalo ezithe xhathiswayo ngokudityaniswayo ngelixa egcina iqela lawo elihlukeneyo nemelo lolungelelwaniso kuluhlu lwevoti.

I-Free Democratic Party (FDP) eJamani ingenelwe ngokwembali kumalungiselelo anjalo, kunye namaqabane amakhulu ancedisanayo akhuthaza abaxhasi bawo ukuba bavote i-FDP etshintshiselana ngevoti zeFDP ezixhasa umanyano. Olu manyano lunceda amaqela amancinci ukuba aphumelele ukufumana izihlalo ezifanelekileyo angenakuthimba ngenye indlela ancede amaqela amakhulu akhulise umlinganiselo wesihlalo sawo sombutho wonke. Ubuchule obufanayo bokwenza umanyano buye bavela kwezinye iinkqubo ezixubeneyo njengoko amaqela efunda ukuxhathisa amathuba afanelekileyo okukhuphisana okuphisana okuphindiweyo okuphindiweyo.

Umqondiso wangaphambili woomatshini bokwenza umbane ubaluleka ngokukhethekileyo kwiinkqubo ezidityanisiweyo, njengokuba abavoti benza izigqibo ezicwangcisiweyo kuzo zombini ezifuna ulwazi malunga nobume obunokwenzeka bukarhulumente. Imikhosi ebonakalisa ngokucacileyo amaqabane ayo athandwayo enzelwe ukuvota ngendlela elungeleleneyo ebangela abaxhasi bafumane amathemba angakumbi. Oku kukhanyisa kunokuphuhlisa ukuphendula ngokwedemokhrasi ngokucacisa ubuso boomnye abathathi-nxaxheba, nangona isenokunyanzelisa umbambo weposi womthetho wokucetyo.

Ubuchule bokuvelisa nokusebenzisa umatshini

Iindlela ezithile zobuyiselo ezikwinkqubo yolungelelwaniso lwezibonelelo ezidityanisiweyo zidala ulwahlulo olukhethekileyo. Ngenxa yokuba izihlalo zoluhlu zibuyisela imbuyekezo yokungalingani kweziphumo, amaqela afumana izihlalo eziphezulu kuneemali zawo ezilinganayo afumana "izihlalo ezilinganayo" ezinokugqwetha ulungelelwano. Inkqubo yeJamani iguqukele ukusingatha lo mba ngokuzinzisa izihlalo ezigcina ulungelelwano nangona zikho iintambo ezigqithiseleyo, kodwa ezi zilungise iingcinga ezintlukwano ezintsonko.

Amacandelo kufuneka aqwalasele indlela ukusebenza kwawo ngokulawula okuchaphazela ngayo ulwabelo lwawo lwesihlalo soluhlu. Iqela eliphumeleleyo kwimisebenzi emininzi ye-constituence kodwa ukufumana isabelo soluhlu olusezantsi kungaphela ngezihlalo ezincinci ezipheleleyo kunaxa ifumene ii-contituences ezimbalwa, njengokuba inkcitho yemali ilungisa ukwenziwa kwemisebenzi engaphezulu. Oku kwenza amandla acwangcisiweyo apho amaqela angenakusoloko engenelwa ekunyuseni ulo lokhuseleko olupheleleyo ukuba ukwenjenjalo kufike kwintlawulo loluhlu lwevoti.

Inkqubo yeQela

Iinkqubo zokhetho ezixutyiweyo zivelisa iimpawu zeqela elahlukileyo ezibonisa ukudityaniswa kwemibutho engundoqo kunye nezokubaleka. Ezi nkqubo zivelisa iinkqubo ezininzi eziphakathi ngokulinganayo .

Ukudibana kwemiqolo engundoqo kunye neyamaqela kungadala iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zamaqela akhetha amaqela ahlukeneyo kwiinkalo ezahlukeneyo zokhuphiswano. Abanye abantu bangajolisa ingqalelo ngokuyintloko ekuphumeleleni kwe-constituences kunye nokwakha iinqaba zobulali, ngelixesha abanye begxininisa ekunyuseni uluhlu lwevoti kunye nomelo lolwahlulo. Olu lwazinzo lungavelisa iinkqubo zeqela apho amaqela ahlukeneyo asebenzisa ngokusisiseko iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokungena kwisakhiwo esinye solawulo.

Ulungiso lokulungelelanisa kunye neQela

Ngaphezu kobuchule bokukhetha, amaqela ezobupolitika kufuneka alungelelanise izakhiwo zawo zentlangano kunye nezithintelo ezikhoyo ajongene nazo. Ukwakhiwa kwangaphakathi kwamaqela `kuquka izakhiwo zawo zangaphakathi zamalungu, iinkqubo zolawulo, iinkqubo zonyuselo, ubuchule bokufumana izibonelelo, kunye nenkqubo zokwabiwa kweempahla zokwenza izinto eziyimfuneko ezenziwe ziinkqubo ezahlukeneyo zokhetho nezezopolitiko. Ukuqonda ezi zimngxubeko zentlangano kutyhila indlela ezithimba ezingene ngayo ngokunzulu kwiqela.

Ukusetyenziswa kweziyobisi ngokuchasene nokusetyenziswa kweziyobisi

Iinkqubo zeElectoral ziphembelela ngokuphawulekayo iqondo lokuzinzisa ngaphakathi kwimibutho yeqela. Iinkqubo zomelo lomelo oluvaliweyo olunamaqela adweliswe ngamaqela zidla ngokuvelisa amaqela aphakathi apho ukhokelo lwesizwe lulawula khona ukhetho lwabameli abanyuliweyo luze lugcine ingqeqesho eqinileyo kubameli abanyuliweyo. Amandla okumisela iindawo zoluhlu lwezikhundla zolawulo lweqela anika isixhathiso esithe xhathisayo kwizobupolitika ezinamabhongo, nto leyo eyenza ukuba kuqikelwe ukubekwa kwemibutho kunye nokulungelelaniswa kwesimilo sowiso-mthetho.

Iinkqubo zoomasipala ezinamalungu anye, ingakumbi xa zidityaniswe nonyulo oluphambili oluphakathi, lukhuthaza izakhiwo zeqela ezilungeleleneyo. Abathathi-nxaxheba ngabanye basoloko belawula imibutho yabo yephulo, imisebenzi yokubonelela, kunye nokuthumela imiyalezo, ukunciphisa ukuxhomekeka kwiintlangano zeqela lesizwe. Oku kuhlaziywa kwentembeko kungenza amaqela angakwazi ukulwamkelwa kwaye aphucule ukusabela kwasekuhlaleni kwaye avumele amalungu ukuba akwazi ukuqhelanisa neemeko ezahlukeneyo.

Inkqubo zomanyano zongeza omnye umlinganiso kwizigqibo zokuzinzisa, njengoko amaqela kufuneka amisele unxulumano phakathi kwemibutho yesizwe neyezizwe ngezizwe. Amanye amaqela ahlala elungelelaniswe kakhulu nolawulo olunamandla lwesizwe kumaqela esizwe okanye amaphondo, ngeli xesha amanye esebenza njengentsebenziswano ekhululekileyo yeentlangano zengingqi ezizimeleyo. Umlinganiselo ogqibeleleyo wokudityaniswa okuthe nkqo kuxhomekeke kukusasazwa kwegunya lezobupolitika kumgangatho karhulumente nokwahluka-guquko lwelizwe kwinkxaso kunye nokhuphiswano lokhetho.

Ukwakhiwa Kwamalungu Nokuthabatha Inxaxheba

Amalungiselelo amaqela ahlukene kakhulu kwiinkqubo, abonakalisa iimfuno neezithethe ezahlukeneyo zentlangano. Amaqela aseYurophu asebenza kwiinkqubo zokulungelelanisa agcine ngokwembali imibutho emikhulu yamalungu eenkonzo ebonelela ngokweemeko ekhoyo enika ubuncwane bemali, umsebenzi wokuzithandela, kunye nokulawula kolawulo-bulunga. La maqela angamalungu asekuhlaleni aphuhlisa izibonelelo eziphezulu eziquka amasebe asekuhlaleni, imibutho ehlangeneyo, kunye nemisebenzi yamalungu athe rhoqo adibanisa amaqela asondelelene ngokunzulu kwibutho lasekuhlaleni.

Ukuncipha kwamaqela angamalungu amaninzi kumashumi eminyaka akutshanje kubonisa ukutshintshwa kwemibutho yentlalo, ubugcisa bonxibelelwano, kunye nezibalo ezicwangcisiweyo. Amaqela amaninzi aye ajongisela phambili kwimisebenzi yephulo elithe kratya, elinobuchule obuninzi elixhomekeke kubacebisi abahlawulwayo, izibhengezo zezixhobo zokusasaza, kunye nogcino-lwazi lwabaxhasi kunezikhuthazo zamatsha - ntliziyo. Olu tshintsho luye lwachazwa ngokukhethekileyo kwiinkqubo zolawulo apho ukhuphiswano oluphambili lunciphisa ukubaluleka kwemibutho yamalungu eqela, kodwa luye lwachaphazela amaqela ahlukahlukene amaqela ahlukahlukene.

Amanye amaqela aye azama iindlela ezintsha zamalungu kunye nokuthabatha inxaxheba ezenzelwe ukubandakanya abaxhasi bexesha lamanani. Iimodeli ezibhalisweyo, iiplatfomu ze-intanethi, kunye neeprimerime ezivulekileyo zimela imigudu yokwandisa inxaxheba ngaphaya kobulungu besithethe ngeli xesha ukulondoloza ubuyiselo bentlangano. Ezi zintsha zibonakalisa imigudu yokulungisa izakhiwo zeqela ngokweemeko zentlalo ngexesha lokuzilungiselela nokufumana iingenelo ezifanelekileyo zokuthabatha inxaxheba kwimimandla ebanzi.

Izixhobo Zokukhetha

Iinkqubo apho amaqela akhetha abathathi-nxaxheba abamele utshintsho olubalulekileyo lwentlangano kwimiqathango ethintelwayo. Iindlela zokukhetha ziyahluka ngokwemilinganiso yokuquka (othabatha inxaxheba kukhetho), ukwenziwa komgangatho (oko kulawula umgangatho wentlangano), kunye nokumiselwa (ukuyilwa nokubonakala ngokucacileyo inkqubo). Olu khetho lwendlela yokuyila luphembelela ngokuphawulekayo iqela, ukumela, kunye nomsebenzi wokhetho.

Kwinkqubo zolungelelwaniso ezinamanani avaliweyo, ukhokelo lweqela okanye iikomiti zesizwe ngokufuthi zilawula ukhetho lwamabhaptizi kunye noluhlu, ziqinisekisa ukuba abathathi-nxaxheba babonakalisa izinto eziza kuqala kwiqela kwaye bagcine ukunyaniseka kwiindawo zeqela. Olu khetho lusembindini lunyusa uqeqesho lwedemokhrasi kodwa lungadala iintsilelo zedemokhrasi ukuba amalungu nabaxhasi abanayo igalelo elinentsingiselo. Ezinye iinkqubo zePR ziye zaqhubela kwiinkqubo zokukhetha okuqulukileyo, kuquka ukuvota kwamalungu kuluhlu, ukunyusa idemokhrasi yomgangatho wangaphakathi kunye nokulawula.

Iinkqubo zoomasipala zisoloko zisebenzisa iinkqubo zokukhetha ezilungeleleneyo, nemibutho yasekuhlaleni okanye unyulo oluphambili olumisa abaza kumiselwa kwisithili ngasinye. Unyulo oluphambili, ngokukodwa oluvulayo oluvumela abangengomalungu, lumela ezona nkqubo zokukhetha eziqulukileyo kodwa lungavelisa abanyuki abanyuki abasuka kwiinkalo eziphambili okanye abaswele unyuselo kunyulo jikelele. Uxinezeleko phakathi kokuqukwa nokunyulwa lumela ucelomngeni oluqhubekayo kucetyo oluqhelekileyo lokhetho.

Ukuphangwa kweZibonelelo kunye neMali yeCandelo

Izakhiwo zombutho wentlangano kufuneka zivumelane neemfuno zovimba zokhuphiswano lwabanyulwa, ezahlukane ngokuphawulekayo kwiinkqubo. Iinkqubo zoomatiloshe kunye nokhuphiswano olukwintsebenziswano olukwintsebenziswano zisoloko zifuna ubuncwane obuninzi bemali kumaphulo omntu ngamnye, nto leyo ekhokelela kwimisebenzi elungelelanisa ukubonelelwa kwemali kunye nokuxhomekeka okunengxaki kubantu abatyebileyo. Ixabiso eliphezulu lejelo-medisko elikhulu okanye iphulo lesizwe libangela uxinzelelo oluzinzileyo lwemibutho kwaye lingaphembelela izikhundla kunye nezinto eziphambili zeqela.

Iinkqubo zepropotical nokhuphiswano lweqela loluntu zingenza ukuba kulungelelaniswe izibonelelo ezisembindini, nemibutho yesizwe elawula ukuqokelelwa nokunikwa kwemali. Imali kawonke-wonke yamaqela, exhaswe kakhulu kwinkqubo yolungelelwaniso, isenokunciphisa ukuxhomekeka kwabo banikela ngabucala kwaye incede amaqela agcine izibonelelo zentlangano phakathi konyulo. Noko ke, inkxaso kawonke-wonke iphakamisa imibuzo emalunga nokusesikweni kumaqela amatsha nendima efanelekileyo karhulumente yokuxhasa imibutho yezobupolitika.

Ukwanda kwephulo lobugcisa kuguqule iimfuno zoovimba kunye nenkqubo yombutho kwiintlobo zenkqubo. Iindawo zobucukubhede, i-intanethi yezibhengezo, kunye nogcino-lwazi ziye zaba sembindini kumaphulo angoku, nto leyo efuna amaqela aphuhlise ubuchule obutsha nobuchule. Olu tshintsho lobugcisa lunganceda amaqela angenele iingqameko ezintsonkothileyo zemibutho kunye nogcino-lwazi, lungadala iintlobo ezintsha zokungalingani kwentlangano kukhuphiswano lwamaqela.

Umgaqo-nkqubo kunye nokuhlaziywa

Amaqela ezobupolitika kufuneka alungelelanise kungekuphela nje iindlela zawo nemibutho kodwa kwanezikhundla zawo zenkqubo kunye nezibheno zokuphumelela kwimiqathango eyahlukeneyo. Unxulumano phakathi kwenkqubano yequmrhu kunye nesikhundla seqela lumela inxalenye ebalulekileyo yokuzimela kweqela, eneziphumo ezibalulekileyo zomelo, ukuphendula, kunye neziphumo zenkqubo. Ukuqonda indlela iinkqubo ezimile ngayo iqela elilawulayo kukhanyisa intelekelelo phakathi kwamaziko kunye nezixhobo zobupolitika.

Izibheno eziDibanisayo neziCwangcisiweyo

Iinkqubo ze-Electoral ziphembelela ukuba amaqela agxininisa izibheno zenkqubo esekelwe kwimigangatho yenkqubo okanye kwizicelo zomxhasi ezisekelwe kwiinzuzo ezithile kumaqela athile okanye kwii-contituec. Iinkqubo zomelo lomelo oluneqela eliphakathi lokhuphiswano zidla ngokukhuthaza imicimbi yezobupolitika, njengoko amaqela kufuneka azichaphazele ngokwengqiqo ukuze atsale amacandelo ahlukeneyo okuvota kwaye agcine ukuthembeka nabaxhasi. Ukugxininisa kwiirelathisi kunye namaqonga enkqubo kwisixokelelwano sePR kudala izihlomelo zokhuthazo zokhuthazo zombutho ekuphuhlise iprojelo kunye nogcino ukumathethotho.

Iinkqubo zoomatiloshe ezinokhuphiswano oluphakathi zingenza ukuba kungenelwe ukhuphiswano oluthe lwanda lwezobungcaphephe, njengokuba abathathi-nxaxheba bengahlakulela ulwalamano lobuqu nabaxhasi kunye nokunika iingenelo ezithile kwisithili sabo. Ukugxininisa kumelo lomhlaba kunye neempawu zomntu ngamnye kwisixokelelwano esikhulu kudala amathuba eepolitiki zenyama yenyama yenkomo nenkonzo yobuchule enokuthi igqume ukhuphiswano lwenkqubo yezopolitiko. Ngoko, umlinganiselo womthengisi wobudlelane nobuchule obungundoqo uyahluka-tshintsha ngokuxhomekeke kwizinto eziquka ukuphuhliswa kwezoqoqosho, ubuchule borhulumente, kunye nezithethe zezobupolitika.

Umahluko phakathi kwezobupolitika zobucuphi kunye nolawulo lobukho bedemokhrasi uneziphumo ezibalulekileyo kumgangatho wedemokhrasi kunye nolawulo. Ukhuphiswano lwenkqubo lukhulisa uxanduva lwenkqubo kwaye lunceda abavoti ukuba benze ukhetho olunolwazi olusekelwe kumaqonga eqela, kodwa lunganciphisa ukusabela kwimibandela yasekuhlaleni. Iipolitiki zorhwebo zinganika iingenelo ezijolisekileyo kwaye ziphucule ukumeleka kwenkqubo, kodwa lunganciphisa ukuphembelela ulawulo lwenkqubo kunye nokurhwaphiliza. Umlinganiselo phakathi kwezi ndlela zokhuphiswano lwezobupolitika ubonakalisa zombini izisusa zolawulo kunye noothunywa bobume obubanzi.

Ukunyamezela Ngokuchasene Neziphakamiso

Imicimbi ivumelanisa ukugxininiswa kwengxelo yayo nemithetho engqongqo, ikhetha phakathi kwemiba yesikhundla (apho amaqela athatha izimo ezahlukeneyo kwimibuzo ephikisanayo) kunye nemibandela yokungavumelani (apho amaqela avumelanayo kwiinjongo kodwa akhuphisana ngobuchule kunye nomsebenzi). Iinkqubo zoobhishophu ezikwindawo edibeneyo zisoloko zigxininisa ukhuphiswano lwezikhundla, namaqela abalaselisa ubuchule bawo bolawulo, iimpawu zokhokelo, kunye nobuchule bokudlulisela iziphumo ezinqwenelekayo ezifana nokwanda kwezoqoqosho, ukhuseleko, kunye nolawulo olunempumelelo.

Iinkqubo zePropotical ezinamaqela amaninzi kunye nomahluko wendlela yokwahlula iinkalo ezicacileyo zidla ngokuveza ukhuphiswano lwezikhundla ezithe kratya, njengoko amangenelo ekwahluleni kwiimeko zempikiswano ukuqokelela abaxhasi bawo abasemgangathweni kwaye bazithelekise nabakhuphi. Uninzi lohlobo lwenkqubo yePR lunceda amaqela ukuba athathe iindawo ezicacileyo ngaphandle kokuba kufuneke ukuba abavoti abangaphandle, njengoko benokuphumelela ngokukhuthaza ii-contitues ezithile kunokuba bakhe imibutho ebanzi.

Ulungelelwano phakathi kokwahlula-hlula kunye nokhuphiswano lwesikhundla luchaphazela ubunjani bobuchule bolawulo-lwazi kunye nokuphendula. Ukhuphiswano lwezikhundla lucacisa ukwahlukahlukana kweqela kwaye lunceda abavoti ukuba bakhethe ngokusekelwe kwimigaqo ethandwayo, kodwa lusenokubonisa ukuthamba kunye nongquzulwano. Ukhuphiswano lwe-Valence lunganciphisa ukwahlukana kolawulo, kodwa lungafihla umahluko onentsingiselo yenkqubo kwaye lunciphise ukuqulukelwa kwengxoxo yezopolitiko.

Ukuphakamisa ubunini nokugxininisa okubalulekileyo

Izabelo ezikwinkqubo zonke zisukela uphakamiso lwendlela zobumnini, zizama ukuseka ukuthembeka nobuchule kwiinkqubo ezithile ezizincedayo. Amaqela asekhohlo agxininisa kwintlalo-ntle yoluntu, amalungelo emisebenzi, kunye nokulingana kwezoqoqosho, ngoxa amaqela alungileyo ejolise kwirhafu, ulawulo lwezoshishino, kunye nemigangatho yesithethe. Amaqela endalo ajolise imibandela yendalo kwiimeko zendalo, ngoxa amaqela agxininisa ukufuduka nolawulo lwesizwe. Le migaqo-nkqubo yokuziqulungela ibonakalisa zombini inkcitho kunye nemigaqo elungelelanayo ngenzuzo ekhethekileyo.

Iinkqubo ze-Electoral ziphembelela iindlela zobunikazi ngeziphumo zazo kwisixokelelwano sokwahlulwa kwamaqela. Kwinkqubo zokulungelelanisa namaqela amaninzi, amaqela endawo angaphumelela ngokulawula imimandla ethile edibeneyo nokuqokelela izinto ezikhethekayo phakathi kwee-constituenics ezincinci. Oku kwenza ukuba kuvele amaqela akwindawo enye akhuselwe ukhuseleko lobunikazi bawo kukhuphiswano olukhethekileyo. Kwinkqubo ezinkulu, uxinzelelo kukhuphiswano olufuna amaqela akhuphisanayo kunqamle iintso, kwenza ukuba abe nenkupho epheleleyo ibe nzima kakhulu ukuyigcina.

Ugxininiso olukhethiweyo lumela isixhobo esingundoqo sezixhobo ezingundoqo kumaqela ahambayo. Ngokugxininisa imiba apho banandipha khona iingenelo kunye nemibandela ecuthayo apho bajongana nezithintelo, amaqela angabumba ucwangciso lwabanyuli ukuze axhase amathemba awo. Olu khetho lwezibonelelo lubaluleke kakhulu kwiinkqubo ezingundoqo apho amaqela kufuneka abhenele kwimibutho eyahlukeneyo, njengoko yenza ukuba amaqela agcine intsebenziswano ngaphakathi ngexa ekhuphisanayo. Ubuchule bokulawula umbano lwezinyuso ngokusebenzisa iphulo, impempepho ye-wiso-wiso-mthetho engundoqo.

Ulungelelwano nolungiso

Iqondo lobubhetye-bhetye bemibutho linokugcina iinguqu ngeendawo ezikhoyo. Iinkqubo zombutho ezinengqeqesho eqinileyo kunye nokhuphiswano olunamandla lwenkqubo zidala iingcinezelo zokungaguquguquki kwengqiqo, njengoko amaqela kufuneka agcine ukuthembeka nabaxhasi kunye namaqabane asebenzisanayo. Iinkqubo ezingaqhelekanga okanye ukubekwa kwakhona kwengqiqo kungaphazamisa ugcino-lwazi lweqela kunye nolwaluvo olululo, ukulinganisela umlinganiselo wokuziqhelanisa. Noko ke, amaqela kwiinkqubo zePR angaguqula ngokuthe ngcembe ukutshintsha ukuma kwawo ekuphenduleni iimeko ngexanduva oko kuququkelelwa kwenkqubo.

Inkqubo zoomatiloshe zisenokuvumela ukuba bhetyebhetye kakhulu kwengqiqo, ingakumbi kumo wokongeza umxhelo apho abezobupolitika ngabanye benokuzihlukanisa ngokwezikhundla zeqela. Ukwenziwa kwamaqela ahlukeneyo kwiinkqubo ezimbini kuwenza akwazi ukutshintsha iinguqu zangaphakathi kunye nobuchule obuthe ngcembe njengoko amaqela ahlukeneyo efumana impembelelo. Noko ke, oku kutshintsha-tshintsha kungenza ungquzulwano phakathi kokugcina ubunye beqela nokuziqhelanisa neengcinezelo zokhetho, njengoko amaqela amaqela ahlukeneyo enokuthi axhathise ukutshintsha kwengqiqo esongela impembelelo okanye imigaqo yawo.

Ukwanda kwamaqela akwimibutho eyahlukeneyo elungele ukudibana kwemibutho elungelelanisiweyo kubonisa ukuba amaqela angaluvavanya ngempumelelo ulungiso lwezimvo xa iimeko zivuma. Intshukumo zepopulist zisoloko zidibanisa iindawo ukusuka ngaphaya kwebala lasekhohlo eliqhelekileyo, zitsala iimvakalelo ezichasene nokumiswa kwamaqela kunye namaxhala enkcubeko ngeli xesha zikhuthaza iheterodox yenkqubo. Impumelelo yamaqela anjalo icebisa ukuba ukunqandwa kwemiqathango yeqela kusenokuba buthathaka kuneengcamango zesithethe ezithelekelelwayo, ingakumbi ngexesha lokuphazamiseka kwezobupolitika kunye nezobugcisa.

Iingxaki Namathuba Avela Kumaqela

Inkqubo yokuzivumelanisa neengxaki zoorhulumente inika ucelomngeni kunye namathuba amaqela ezobupolitika. Ngoxa utshintsho olunempumelelo lunceda amaqela ukuba akhuphisane ngokufezekileyo aze aphumeze iinjongo zawo, inkqubo yokuziqhelanisa ngokwayo ingenza iingxwabangxwaba, ukurhwebelana, neziphumo ezingalindelekilenga. Ukuqonda ezi ngxaki kunye namathuba kunika ukuqonda kwimpembelelo yenkqubela yeqela kunye nempilo ebanzi yenkqubo yedemokhrasi.

Ukulungelelanisa Impumelelo Yoomatshini Nengqibelelo Yocwangciso

Olunye ucelomngeni olusisiseko olujongene namaqela lubandakanya ukulungelelanisa unyulo olunyanzelekileyo nomnqweno wokugcina ingqibelelo yenkqubo kunye nokungaguquguquki kwengqiqo. Iinkqubo ze-Electoral zidala uxinzelelo lwamaqela ukuya kwizikhundla ezifanelekileyo, zibumba imibutho namaqabane akude ngokweengcamango, okanye zilalanisa kwimigaqo engundoqo ukuze zifumane impumelelo ekhethekileyo. Ezi ngcinezelo zingadala ingxabano yangaphakathi phakathi kwabalawuli abajolise ekuphumeleleni isikhundla kunye nabaququzeleli beenkqubo.

Ukurhweba phakathi kwempumelelo yokhetho kunye nempumelelo yenkqubo yokuthembeka kubonakalisa ngokwahlukileyo kwiinkqubo. Kwinkqubo zoorhulumente, uxinzelelo kumphathi wabavoti banganyanzela amaqela ukuba ashiye iindawo ezahlukeneyo kwaye adibane phakathi, abaxhasi besiseko abaphambukayo kunye nokuncitshiswa kokukhetha okunentsingiselo kwabavoti. Kwinkqubo zokulungelelanisa, imfuneko yolwakhiwo lombutho ingafuna amaqela alalanisa kwiinkqubo ezingundoqo kunye namandla kunye namaqabane abawagxekayo ebudeni bemibhiyo, bedala ucelomngeni lokuphendula kunye nokrwano olunokwenzeka phakathi kwabaxhasi.

Amaqela asebenzisa iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokulawula olu xinezeleko, kuquka ukungacacanga kwimibandela ephikisanayo, ukugxininisa ekukhuphiseni endaweni yokhuphiswano lwesikhundla, kunye nokuthelekisa ngaphakathi ukuhlalisa amaqela ahlukeneyo. Amaqela aphumelele kakhulu asoloko ephuhlisa izithethe zentlangano kunye neenkqubo zokwenza izigqibo eziwanceda akwazi ukuqhelanisa nezobuchule bolawulo lolwamkelo olwaneleyo ukuze alondoloze ubukho bawo kunye nabaxhasi abaquququzeleli. Noko ke, olu lungelelwano luhlala lusengozini, kwaye amaqela angakwazi ukuyilawula ngokunempumelelo anokuba yingozi ekukhetheni okanye ukulahlekelwa kwegama labo lahlukileyo.

Ukulawula Iintlobo Zabantu Nezenzo Zabo

Ukuqhelaniswa kweqela kwizithintelo zombutho kusoloko kufuna ukulawulwa kokwahluka-hluka kwangaphakathi kunye nokungaguquguquki kwemigaqo-nkqubo. Amaqela aphambili kwiinkqubo zoorhulumente kufuneka ahlalise utyekelo lweengcamango ezahlukeneyo kunye namaqela anomdla kwizakhiwo ezihlukeneyo zentlangano enye, edala imingeni eqhubekayo yokhokelo lweqela. Iimfazwe zeFotral malunga neemeko zenkqubo, ukukhethwa komntu oza kuthabatha inxaxheba, kunye nolwalathiso olufanelekileyo zinokwenza amaqela angakwazi ukwenza kakuhle oko kunokwenzeka, ukuba anokuphumelela.

Iinkqubo zepropotical zizisa ucelomngeni olwahlukileyo olunxulumene nokuhluka-hluka kwangaphakathi. Ngelixesha icandelo lohlobo lwePR lwezixokelelwano livumela ukuhlukahluka kwendlela yengqondo ukuba kufumane ukubonakaliswa ngamaqela amaninzi kunaphakathi kwemibutho enye, amaqela kwiinkqubo zePR ajongene noxanduva lwangaphakathi phakathi kwamaphiko namaqela ahlukeneyo. Imfuneko yokugcina ubunye beqela kuxolelwano olunxulumene nokuthelekisa ulawulo-demokhrasi olunokubangela uxinzelelo lwengxubevange-mthetho olunokuphelisa ukungavumelani nokuncitshiswa kwedemo-demokhrasi.

Ulawulo olunempumelelo lweenguqu zangaphakathi lufuna ubuchule bokulungiselela ukucombulula iingxabano, iinkqubo zokwenza izigqibo eziquka ukongezelela ubuchule bokhokelo ekwakheni imvisiswaneni. Imikhosi ephumelelayo ethumela ingxubevange yangaphakathi kwingxoxo enika impumelelo kunye nokuqhela ityekele ekubeni ikwazi ukumelana nokungavumelani okanye amaqela avumela ubukho bobuzwe ukuba buphazamise ukwenza izigqibo. Ubuchule bokulungelelanisa iinguqu zangaphakathi bumele umqobo wempumelelo yeqela ngaphaya kwemeko ezahlukeneyo zolawulo.

Ukusabela Kubundlobongela Nolungelelwano

Ulawulo-melo lwangexesha luye lwafumana ulwandiso oluphezulu lwabakhethi kunye nolwabalawuli, njengoko amaqela ahlala ehlala abantu ebuthathaka kwaye abavoti bekulungele ukuguqula ugcino-lwazi lwamaqela. Le -SANCO idala imingeni yokutshintsha kweqela, njengoko amaqela kufuneka aphendule kwiimeko ezitshintsha ngokukhawuleza ezitshintshayo ngexesha egcina ukuzinza kwentlangano kunye nozinzo lwenkqubo. Ukuthoba kweqela elizinzileyo lokuzimela kwidemokhrasi ezininzi kwenza iziphumo zokhetho ezithe ngqo nezinyuse ukubaluleka kweziphumo zephulo elifutshane.

I-Electoral DECPU ichaphazela amaqela ngokwahlukileyo ngaphaya komongo wolawulo. Kwinkqubo ezingundoqo, i-TIMPI ingenza ujikelezo lwesihlalo esibalaseleyo kwanangokuba namatshintshi afanelekileyo okuvota, ukwenza itheko-okanye i-famine ezinamandla apho amaqela atshintshana phakathi korhulumente nenkcaso. Oku kungazitshintshanga kunokwenza kube nzima ukuceba ixesha elide kwaye kukhuthaze ukwenziwa kwexesha elifutshane. Kwinkqubo zokulungelelanisa, i-DENU ingenza utshintsho oluthe ngcembe ngakumbi kumathuba amaqela kodwa ingenza ukwenziwa kombutho wombutho womanyano kuze kubangele ukungaqiniseki malunga nokwenziwa korhulumente.

Amajelo athe asabela kunyuko lwe-CNC ngotshintsho olwahlukeneyo, kuquka ukuhlaziywa okuntsonkothileyo kunye nogcino-lwazi, ukugxininiswa okungaphezulu kwephulo lobuchule, kunye nolwandiso oluphezulu kubuchule bonxibelelwano nonxibelelwano. Noko ke, ezi mpendulo zobuchule zisenokungathethi ngezizathu ezingundoqo zolwaphulo-mthetho, ezibonisa iinguqu ezinzulu ezingokwentlalo kuquka ukuncipha kwamalungu entlangano, ukudodobala kweqela, kunye nokuguquka kwendlela yonxibelelwano lwezobupolitika. Ukuchaphazeleka kwi-CHPH kusenokufuna ukuba amaqela anxibelelane nentlobo ezintsha zonxulumano nabemi ngaphaya kwemibutho yamalungu esithethe.

Ukuhambela Phambili Kotshintsho Lweziko

Ngamanye amaxesha iinkqubo ze-Electoral kunye nezopolitiko zitshintsha, zifuna amaqela alungelelanise neengxaki ezintsha zolawulo. Utshintsho olusuka kwimithetho engundoqo ukuya kwimiqathango yolungelelwaniso, utshintsho kubukhulu besithili, okanye ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo ezidityanisiweyo ngokusisiseko kuyayitshintsha imekobume elungeleleneyo kwaye kunganceda okanye kungabi nabungozi amaqela ahlukeneyo. Ngoko ke amaqela kufuneka aqhube kungekuphela nje izithintelo ezikhoyo kodwa kwanepolitiki zotshintsho lwamaziko ngokwawo.

Izikhundla zolwakhiwo kutshintsho lomthetho kunye nobalo olunemigaqo. Iziqu ezithe tye zixhotyiswa ziinkqubo ezikhoyo zisoloko zixhasa utshintsho, ngeli xesha abaxhamli bemo yokuma kokuxhathisa ukumelana notshintsho. Noko ke, ulwalamano phakathi kwezilangazelelo zeqela kunye neendawo zotshintsho luntsonkothile, njengoko amaqela kufuneka aqwalasele kungekuphela nje indawo yawo akhoyo kodwa kwanethuba lawo elide kunye nokufaneleka kwenkqubo yezobupolitika. Iingxoxo zotshintsho zeElector zibandakanya zombini iingxoxo eziqhelekileyo malunga nemigaqo yedemokhrasi kunye nemigaqo yesiseko elungelelangenelweyo eqeshwa ngamaqela afuna uncedo lwamaqela.

Amashumi eminyaka akutshanje aye abona utshintsho olubalulekileyo kulawulo-melo lwedemokhrasi oluninzi, kuquka ukuguqulwa kweNew Zealand ukusuka kumphathi-mikhosi ukuya kwinkqubo edityanisiweyo, ukwamkela kweJapan inkqubo exubeneyo, kunye notshintsho oluninzi kulawulo-melo lwasemva kwekhompyutha. Olu tshintsho luye lwafuna amaqela ukuba aphuhlise iindlela ezintsha kunye nezibonelelo zentlangano, kunye namaqondo ahlukeneyo empumelelo. Amava otshintsho oluhambayo lwamaqela anika uluvo olubalulekileyo kwinkqubo yolwamjikelezo kunye nonxulumano phakathi kwamaqela kunye nokuziphatha.

Amathuba Okuhlaziya Nokubuyiselwa

Ngeli xesha izithintelo ezisemthethweni zidala ucelomngeni kumatheko, zikwaveza amathuba okuhlaziya nokuhlaziya. Amaqela amatsha angasebenzisa ukunganeliseki ngamaqela amisiweyo ngokunika ubulumko obutsha nobucekna ubulumko obuqhelekileyo obungenzekiyo ngokwezobupolitika. Impumelelo yamaqela amatsha njenge-Emmanuel Macrogen's La République En Marche eFransi, i-Five Star Movement e-Itali, okanye amaqela ahlukahlukeneyo eGreenland abonisa ukuba inkciso yenkqubo yemibutho ayigqibi ngokupheleleyo yenkqubo yemibutho.

Utshintsho lobugcisa luye lwavelisa amathuba amatsha okusungula intlalo, ingakumbi kunxibelelwano, ukuqokelela, kunye nokulungelelanisa. Amaqonga amanani enza ukuba amaqela akwazi ukufikelela abavoti ngokungqalileyo ngaphandle kokuthembela kubagcini besango lempukane, okunokwenzeka ukucutha imiqobo yokungena kumaqela amatsha. Izixhobo zezentlalo-ntle zinceda amaqela ukuba afumane inkxaso ngokukhawuleza. Ugcino-lwazi lweziphene luvumela amaqela ukuba ajolise imiyalezo kwaye anike oovimba bezixhobo ngendlela elungileyo. Ezi zixhobo zobugcisa zinokuba luncedo ngokukhethekileyo kumaqela afuna ukuvavanyanisa abacuphisi bemiciko ezikhoyo.

Inkqubo yotshintsho ngokwayo ingawomeleza amatheko ngokuwanyanzela ukuba acacise iinjongo zawo, aphuhlise amandla amatsha, kwaye adibane neendidi ezitshintshayo. Izithintelo eziphumelelayo zokusebenzisa iziko zisoloko zivela zinamandla kwaye ziphumelela kakhulu kunangaphambili. Ucelomngeni lwamaqela kukufumana utshintsho njengethuba lokufumana utshintsho kunokuba ayijonge njengenqikelelo ekufuneka inyamezele. La maqela aphuhlisa izithethe zentlangano ezigxininisa ulwazi, ulwakhiwo, kunye nokusabela kungcono afumana indawo engcono yokuphumelela ukunqumla imibandela eyahlukeneyo.

Ingqikelelo-magama ethelekiso kunye nemilinganiselo yomhlaba wonke

Ukuhlolisisa utshintsho lwamaqela kumazwe namazwe awahlukeneyo kutyhila indlela eqhelekileyo kunye neenguqu ezibalulekileyo kwindlela amaqela asabela ngayo kwiimeko ezithintelweyo. Uhlalutyo oluthelekisa iinguqu ezisetyenziswa kwindalo yonke kwiimeko ezithile zecawa kwaye ezibonisa iinkalo ezithile zesizwe, izithethe zezobupolitika, okanye izithethe zembali. Ukuqonda ezi mizekelo yehlabathi jikelele kukhulisa amandla ethu okuxela kwangaphambili isimilo seqela nokuqwalasela iziphumo zokhetho lweziko.

Umahluko wengingqi kwiinkqubo zeQela

Iinkqubo zamaqela zahluka-hlukene ngokulandelelana kwimimandla, zibonakalisa zombini ukwahluka kwemibutho kunye noonobangela ababanzi. Idemokhrasi yeNtshona Yurophu ubukhulu becala isebenzisa umelo olulungelelanisiweyo kunye neenkqubo ezininzi zokhuphiswano olunamandla kunye nolawulo olulungelelanisiweyo. Ezi nkqubo zibonelele ngokwembali iinkqubo zamaqela azimeleyo ezisekelwe kwimibutho yentlalo, nangona kumashumi eminyaka akutshanje aye abona ukwanda kwe-CMERICA kunye nokuvela kwamaqela amatsha avavanyayo avavanyiweyo.

Idemokhrasi ye-Anglo-American isebenzisa iinkqubo zokhetho ezingundoqo kwaye ijonge kukhuphiswano olunezahlulo ezimbini, nangona ineendidi ezibalulekileyo. I-United States ineempawu ezithe ngqo ezisembindini wezobupolitika ezithe zanengxengelelene kakhulu ngengqeqesho ebuthathaka, ngelixa i-United Kingdom igcina imibutho eyomelele ngakumbi nangona imigaqo efanayo. IKhanada ne-Australia ibonisa ukuba iinkqubo zolawulo lwamaqumrhu zingaxhasa amaqela angaphezulu amabini xa i-clevages okanye iinkqubo zokuvota ezikhethela ziguqula ingqiqo engundoqo.

Inkqubo zamaqela aseMzantsi Merika zibonisa iinguqu ezinkulu, zibonisa ulwahlulo lwamalungiselelo ahlukeneyo kunye neembali zobupolitika. Iinkqubo zoomongameli zidityaniswe nomelo olulungelelanisiweyo lokhuphiswano lwemithetho elawulayo, ngokufuthi zivelisa amaqela obuqu akhiwe kumaqela eenkokeli ezithile kunokuba adweliswe yimibutho yenkqubo. Ubuthathaka bokubekwa kwemibutho kumazwe amaninzi aseLatin America bubonakalisa zombini izindululo zombutho kunye nocelomngeni olubanzi lokumanyana kwedemokhrasi kunye nobuchule borhulumente.

Idemokhrasi ye-post-communist kwi-mbindi neMpuma Yurophu iphuhlise iinkqubo zeqela phantsi kweemeko zotshintsho olukhawulezileyo lwezibonelelo kunye notshintsho lwentlalo. Iinkqubo ezininzi zolwamkelo lolwamkelo oluye lwavelisa iinkqubo zolwahlulo-manani ezihlukeneyo ezineecandelo elineemeko ezithelekisayo kunye nee-etheminali eziphezulu. Ucelomngeni lokwakha iinkqubo ezizinzileyo zamaqela ngexesha elinye ekwakheni amaziko edemokhrasi kunye noqoqosho lwezoshishino lwezoshishino luye lwadala iipaftimente ephu ephu ephundlo-ocenenti ephakathi kunye ne-mntluntlulo-oceni.

Indima Yezithethe Zezobupolitika Nemithetho Yembali

Nangona imiqathango ethintelwe kakhulu yemibutho inempembelelo ephawulekayo kwimpembelelo yeqela, inkcubeko yezobupolitika kunye nemikhosi yezopolitiko yembali nayo ibumba indlela yokuziphatha kweqela ngendlela ebalulekileyo. Amazwe anezithethe ezinamandla zezopolitiko kunye nobulungu bombutho adla ngokuzigcina ezi ndlela naxa izihlomelo zisenokucebisa ngenye indlela. Ngokuchasene noko, amazwe anezithethe ezingoosomashishini anokubonakalisa imigaqo ehlukeneyo, nto leyo ebonisa ukuba oothunywashe benkcubeko banokuyitshintsha okanye iziphumo zolawulo.

Imikhosi yenkqubo yeqela engokwembali yenkqubela yenkqubo yeqela idala indlela ephembelela utshintsho lweqela elikhoyo. Iinkqubo zeqela eziphuhliswa ngexesha lokuzilungiselela kobuninzi boluntu zisoloko zigcina izakhiwo zombutho zomeleleyo zombutho kunye neenkqubo ezicacileyo zeqela leenkqubo zenkqubo kuneenkqubo ezivele kutshanje okanye phantsi kweemeko ezahlukeneyo. Ixesha lokunikezelwa kwedefayifatho, ukulandelelana kwenkqubela-phambili, kunye nobume benkxwaleko embali konke kushiya iziphumo ezihlala zihleli kwiinkqubo zeqela ezinokuguquka kwemeko.

Unxulumano phakathi kwamaziko nenkcubeko lumela indawo ebalulekileyo yokuqhelanisa amaqela. Iziko azisebenzi kwimiba yenkcubeko kodwa kunoko zisebenzisana nezithethe ezikhoyo, izenzo, kunye nolindelo. Uyilo olunempumelelo lufuna ingqalelo kumongo wenkcubeko kunye nokuqonda ukuba amaziko afanayo anokuvelisa iziphumo ezahlukeneyo kwizicwangciso ezahlukeneyo. Ngokufanayo, ubuchule bokutshintsha imigaqo-nkqubo yebutho kufuneka buphendule kwiimeko zenkcubeko eziphembelela abavo, ukunokwenzeka kwentlangano, kunye nokufaneleka komthetho wemikhwa eyahlukene yezobupolitika.

Oko Sikufundayo Kwizi ngxubusho Eziphumelelayo Nezingaphumelelanga

Uhlalutyo lwentelekelelo lutyhila izifundo ezibalulekileyo malunga nokuphumelela nokungafezeki kweqela. Iintlanganiso eziziqhelanisa ngempumelelo nezithintelo zequmrhu zibonakalisa iimpawu eziliqela eziqhelekileyo: ukulungelelaniswa kwentlangano okunceda uhlengahlengiso olucwangcisiweyo ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa bumnini, ukhokelo olukwaziyo ukulawula iinguqu zangaphakathi kunye nokuvumelana, unxibelelwano olucacileyo ngeenjongo namaxabiso, nokusabela ekutshintsheni izikhethelo zovoti ngexesha ugcina imigaqo-nkqubo.

Utshintsho olungaphumeleliyo lusoloko lubangelwa kukuqina kwentlangano, ukuma kobukhomanisi ngaphakathi okuphazamisa ukwenza izigqibo, ukulahlekelwa kophawu olukhethekileyo ngokulungelelanisa okugqithisileyo, okanye ukungakwazi ukudibanisa nabanyuli abatshintshayo. Imikhosi engaphumeleliyo ukuqhelanisa nokungalawuleki komngcipheko wokhuseleko, ukuwohloka kwentlangano, okanye ukuwohloka okupheleleyo. Isiphelo sobukomanisi besithethe kunye namaqela akwindawo yentlalo-ntle yeYurophu ibonisa indlela ekungahambisi ngayo kulungelelaniso olutsha lweziko kunye neemeko zentlalo ezahlukahlukeneyo enokuthi ikhokelele ekutshintsheni inkqubo yeqela.

Amava otshintsho lwamaqela ahambayo anika ubuchule obubalulekileyo. Ukuguqukela kweNew Zealand kumelo oludityanisiweyo lwelungu lolwahlulo ngo1996 kufuneke ukuba amaqela asungulwe amaqhinga amatsha ngexa kusenziwa amathuba amatsha amaqela amatsha. Amaqela eLabour kunye neSizwe alungelelaniswe ngokutshintsha iindlela zawo zephulo kunye neendlela zokungena ezidibeneyo, ngeli lixa amaqela amatsha njenge New Zealand Kuqala kunye ne-Alliance eventia avela ukuxhakamfula amathuba adalwa yinkqubo entsha. Lo mzekelo ubonakalisa zombini ucelomngeni kunye namathuba okutshintsha kwesakhiwo sidala amaqela.

Ikamva Leqela Elilungelelanisiweyo

Amaqela ezobupolitika ajongene nocelomngeni olungazange lubonwe kwixesha langoku, njengoko utshintsho lwezobugcisa, iinguqulelo zentlalo, kunye nokuguqula ulawulo lwezopolitiko kudala iingcinezelo ezintsha ukuze alungelelanise. Ukuqonda indlela amaqela aza kulawula ngayo le mingeni kufuna ulwamkelo yokuvela nokuqwalasela indlela imigaqo yomanyano enxulumene ngayo nemikhosi ebanzi yedemokhrasi. Ikamva lokuziqhelanisa kweqela liya kuchaphazela ngokuphawulekayo ubunjani nozinzo lolawulo lwedemokhrasi ehlabathini lonke.

Utshintsho Lwamanani Nokubuyiselwa Kwekampeni

Utshintsho lwamanani luye lwaguqula uthungelwano lwezopolitiko, lwadala amathuba kunye nocelomngeni lokuqhelanisa amaqumrhu. Amaqonga eenkqubo zoluntu enza ukuba amaqela akwazi ukunxibelelana ngqo nabavoti, agqithe abagcini-sango bezinto zemveli kwaye anciphise iingenelo zamaqela asungulweyo anxulumene nolwalamano oluqinileyo nonxibelelwano logcino-lwazi. Ukulungiselela izixhobo zamanani kunceda ukulungiselela ngokukhawuleza nokuvumela amaqela afumaneke ngokunempumelelo kuneengca eziqhelekileyo. Ugcino-lwazi lweziphene nento encinane evumela amaqela ukuba afumane amaqela athile amaqela ovoti afake imiyalezo elungisiwe.

Noko ke, utshintsho lwamanani lubangela ucelomngeni kumatheko. Ukwahlulwa kwezinto ezisingqongileyo ze-media kwenza kube nzima kakhulu kumaqela ukuba afikelele abaphulaphuli abaphangaleleyo ngemiyalezo edibeneyo. Ukusasazeka kwenkcazelo ephosakeleyo kunye nokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo zentlalo ngabadlali bangaphandle kunye nabaxhathisi abangoovimba bothungelwano. Ulawulo lweqonga lwedemokhrasi ludala i-93 kunye nobuchule bobugcisa beqela lamaqela axhomekeke kula majelo onxibelelwano. Ukuhamba ngempumelelo kutshintshwa kwamanani kufuna amaqela ukuba ahlakulele amandla amatsha ngoxa egcina unxulumano nobuchule boluntu kunye namandla ombutho obungameli abaye babaxhasa ngokwembali.

Ukusabela Kwizinto Ezithandwayo Nokuphakanyiswa Kwezobupolitika

Ukunyuka kwemibutho ekhuthaza ukunqongophala kwezobupolitika nokukhula kwemimandla yedemokhrasi kwimimandla emininzi elawulayo kuzisa ucelomngeni olubalulekileyo kumaqela amisiweyo. Amaqela ePopulist asoloko echasa izithintelo zesithethe kwaye avavanya ukufaneleka kwezithethe zomthetho-siseko, ebangela ingcinezelo yamaqela asemathekweni ukuba aphendule. Amanye amaqela asunguliweyo aye amkela intetho okanye izikhundla zokukhuphisana ngabavoti abachaphazelekayo, lo gama amanye eye agcina iindlela ezingokwesithethe aza agxininisa iingozi zobupopuli.

Ukwenziwa kwemimandla engaphandle kwephondo kwezobupolitika kudala imingeni yokuziqhelanisa kweqela ukutyhubela iimeko ezahlukeneyo zolawulo. Kwinkqubo ezingundoqo, ukwenziwa kwemimandla engaphandle kungaphazamisa ukwakhiwa komanyano kunye novoti bamajelo eendaba, okubonisa ukuba ngokwesithethe kukhuphiswano olumanyeneyo. Kwinkqubo zokulungelelanisa, ukwenziwa kwemimandla engaphandle kungenza ukwenziwa komanyano kwaye kube nzima ngakumbi ukulawula. Ukusabela okufanelekileyo kwindawo ehlala iphikiswa, kunye nokuxambulisana ngamaqela okugcina izikhundla zentengiselwano kunye nabanye abacebisi ukuba anikele iindlela ezicacileyo zokukhuthaza abaxhasi kunye nezibheno zobupolishi.

Idilesi Yolawulo - melo Nemida Yomelo

Amaqela ajongene nenkxalabo ekhulayo ngenkxalabo yedemokhrasi kunye nezithuba zokumela, njengoko imibutho yesithethe izama ukunxibelelana namalungu ahlukeneyo nangabantu abakhetha abantu ngabanye. Ukuncipha kwamalungu eqela nokudodobala kwezithethe zentlalo kuye kwanciphisa ukudityaniswa kwamatheko kwibutho labantu, okunokwenzeka ukuba kubangele ukuba imisebenzi yabo yokumela ingasebenzi ingabikho. Iintlanganiso kufuneka ziveke iindlela ezintsha zokunxulumana nabemi nokuqinisekisa ukuba amaqela ahlukeneyo aviwa kwisigqibo sezobupolitika.

Izindululo zedemokhrasi yokuzifunela ngokwahlukana, kuquka ii-asethi, iindibano, kunye neeplatfomu zokuhlola ikhompyutha, zimela izixhobo ezinokusetyenziswa ngamaqela ukunyusa ubuchule bawo bokumela. Amanye amaqela aye azama iinkqubo ezivulekileyo neziququzelelayo zokwenza izigqibo, kuquka i-intanethi engaphakathi kunye nezivotelo zamalungu kwizikhundla zenkqubo. Ezi zintshayelelo zibonisa imigudu yokulungisa izakhiwo zeqela kwiinjongo zale mihla zokuthabatha inxaxheba nokubonisa ukuba mhlophe ngoxa ubuchule bombutho wentlangano bufuneka kukhuphikiswano lwezopolitiko olusebenzayo.

Izithuba ezinxulumene nobufanasini, ubuhlanga, ubudala, kunye nezinye iinkalo ezizintlobo-ntlobo eziqhubekayo ezikhoyo kumaqela ngapha nangapha kwemeko. Iinkqubo ze-Electoral ziphembelela ukubonakala kobuchule bolwakhiwo olwahlukileyo lokuchaza, kunye neenkqubo zokulungelelanisa ezidla ngokudibanisa ulwahluka-hluka-hluka oluninzi kwiinkqubo ezifana nomlinganiselo wesini esikwiqela. Noko ke, ukufumana umelo olunentsingiselo kufuna okungaphezulu kunezicombululo zomatshini ezikhoyo.

Ukutshintsha Kwemozulu Neenguqu Zezobupolitika Ezitsha

Ukutshintsha kwemozulu kunye nezobupolitika zemekobume kumela ukhuphiswano olutshintshayo lweqela labantu kunye nokwenza ucelomngeni olutsha lokutshintsha. Amaqela aluhlaza aphumelele kwiinkqubo ezininzi ezilungelelanisa imekobume ngokukhuthaza imicimbi yemekobume, ngokunyanzelisa amaqela amiselwe ukuba angenelele ngemigaqo yawo yemekobume. Ukukhuphiswana kwemeko yezulu kubangele ukhuphiswano olutsha lwezopolitiko olunqanda iinkqubo zesizwe ezikwimekobume, ezikwazi ukutshintsha iinkqubo zezobucala zelizwe ezikhoyo kwiipolitiki.

Ukudityaniswa kwemiba yemekobume kukhuphiswano lwamaqela ahlukeneyo kwiimeko zombutho. Kwinkqubo zolwahlulo olulungelelanisiweyo, amaqela akwindawo entle angakhuphisana ngokunempumelelo ngokuqwalasela kwimibandela yemekobume ngeli xesha amaqela asunguliweyo ebandakanya inkxalabo yemeko-bume kwiqonga elibanzi. Kwinkqubo ezingundoqo, ezopolitiko-bume kufuneka zidityaniswe kwiqonga elikhulu lamaqela amakhulu, okungadala ingxwanguqunge yangaphakathi phakathi kwabaxhasi bemekobume kunye namanye amaqela.

Ngaphandle kokungaguquguquki kwemekobume, ezinye iimbambano ezikhulayo eziquka utshintsho lobugcisa, ubuchule bokuyila, ubugcisa bebhayoloji, kunye nokutshintsha kweendlela zokusebenza kungenza amacandelo amatsha ezobupolitika aphinda akhuphiswane. Imikhosi ejongene ngokunempumelelo nezi zinto zilandelayo iza kumiselwa bhetele ukuze iqhubeke kwiimeko zezobupolitika ezitshintshayo. Ubuchule bokubonelela kwangaphambili nokuziqhelanisa nemibandela emitsha bumele umqobo obalulekileyo wempumelelo yeqela lexesha elide ngaphaya komongowamaqumrhu.

Isiphelo: Ukubaluleka Okuhlala Kukho Kokuzivumelanisa Neqela

Amaqela ezobupolitika ahlala ephambili kulawulo-demokhrasi, esebenza njengamajelo abalulekileyo phakathi kwabemi norhulumente, elungiselela ukhuphiswano lwezobupolitika, kwaye enza ukuba kubekho intlukwano yeqela ukuze kutshintshwe inkqubo ethile. Ubuchule bamaqela ukuqhelanisa nemilinganiselo eyahlukeneyo yolawulo-mthetho buphembelela ukuphumelela kwawo ekwenzeni le misebenzi kwaye buguqule ubunjani bolawulo-demokhrasi. Ngoko ke ukuqonda ukutshintsha amaqela kubalulekile ekuqondeni indlela esebenza ngayo idemokhrasi nendlela enokuphuculwa ngayo.

Ulwalamano phakathi kwemiqathango yequmrhu kunye nesimilo seqela luntsonkothileyo kwaye luneentlobo ezininzi. Iinkqubo zoburhulumente, izakhiwo zomgaqo-siseko, nezinye izinto eziququzelelwayo zidala izikhuthazo ezinamandla ezibangela ukuba iindlela zokubumba iqela, imibutho, kunye neendawo zokulawula. Noko ke, amaziko awayigqibi ngokupheleleyo indlela yokuziphatha kweqela /imeko yezobupolitika, izithethe zembali, ulawulo, ulawulo, kunye neziganeko ezixhomekeke kuzo zonke impembelelo ngendlela amaqela asebenzisa ngayo iziko lomgaqo-siseko. Amaqela aphumelelayo adibanisa ubuchule obulungelelanisa nezikhundla logcino-mvo olukhethekileyo kunye nezibophelelo zenkqubo eziwanika injongo engaphaya kokufuna nje isikhundla.

Uhlalutyo lwentelekiso lutyhila zombini imo-bume kunye notshintsho olubalulekileyo kutshintsho lweqela kulwahlulo olwahlukileyo. Ngelixesha iimpendulo ezithile kwimiqathango yeqhinga zibonakala ngokungaguquki kuwo onke amazwe . Njengesiqhelo kukhuphiswano olunezahlulo ezimbini ezikwindlela ezizintlu-mbini okanye ukwanda kolawulo olulungelelanisiweyo kwiinkqubo zolungelelwaniso.

Imingeni ejongene namaqela akhoyo ngezantsi .Njengokuba utshintsho lwamanani, ukwenziwa kwezobupolitika, izithuba zomelo, kunye nokuvela kwemiba efana nokutshintsha kwemozulu, kwaye iqhubeke itshintsha. Iindawo eziphuhlisa izithethe zentlangano ezigxininisa imfundo, ukulungelelanisa, kunye nokusabela ziya kubekwa kwindawo engcono yokusebenzisa ezi ngxaki ngempumelelo. Noko ke, utshintsho kufuneka lulungelelaniswe ngokugcinwa kwamandla entlangano kunye nezibophelelo zenkqubo ezinika amaqela amandla awo akhethekileyo kwaye ziwancede akwazi ukwenza imisebenzi yawo yedemokhrasi ngokunelisayo.

Kubemi, ukuqhelaniswa neqela eliqondayo kuphucula ubuchule bethu bokujonga ukusebenza kweqela elithile nokukhetha imicimbi yezobupolitika. Ukuqonda indlela ukuziphatha kweqela elikwimiqathango yequmrhu elilawulayo kusinceda sihlole ukuba ngaba amaqela asabela ngokufanelekileyo kusini na kwimeko-bume ajongene nayo okanye enoba ayasilela ukuqhelanisa ngokuphumelelayo. Oku kusenokuzisa iingxoxo ngokuphuculwa kwemibutho, kusinceda siqwalasele indlela iinkqubo zokhetho ezahlukeneyo namalungiselelo omgaqo-siseko okuvelisa ngayo imigaqo eyahlukileyo yokhuphiswano nomelo lwamaqela.

Kubenzi benkqubo nabayili beziko, uphando lokutshintsha kweqela lunika ingqiqo ebalulekileyo kwiziphumo zokhetho lwamaqela ahlukeneyo. Injongo kufuneka ibe kukwenza iprojekthi yenkqubo yezobugcisa, isiseko somgaqo-siseko, kunye nemimiselo yeqela ekhuthaza zonke impembelelo kwindlela eqinisekisiweyo, nangona ineenguqu ezibalulekileyo kwiimeko ezikhoyo. Uyilo olusebenzayo lufuna uhlalutyo lobuchule bokuyila imigaqo eyahlukeneyo kunye nendlela eya kuba nempembelelo yokhuphiswano. Injongo kufuneka kube kukudala izicwangciso zezakhiwo ezikhuthaza amaqela ukuba akhuphisane ngomgangatho wedemokhrasi, akhuthaze ukulawulwa ngokunempumelelo, nokuqinisekisa ukubonakaliswa okuziinko ezahlukeneyo.

Ukukhangela phambili, amandla aqhubekayo enkqubo yedemokhrasi axhomekeke ngokuphawulekayo kubuchule bamaqela ezobupolitika bokuzivumelanisa neemeko ezitshintshayo ngoxa egcina imisebenzi yawo ebalulekileyo. Amadabi kufuneka avelise iindlela ezintsha zokunxulumana nabemi, iindlela ezintsha zokukhuphisana kwimekobume yamanani, kunye neendlela ezintsha zokulungisa iingxaki ezivelayo. Isiseko solawulo apho amaqela asebenza kuso siya kuqhubeka sibumba ezi nkqubo zihambelana notshintsho, kodwa iziphumo ezingqalileyo ziya kuxhomekeka kukhetho lweqela, amalungu, kunye nabaxhasi abalwenzayo malunga nendlela yokuqhubana neengxaki kunye namathuba ajamelana nawo.

Uphando ngendlela amaqela ezobupolitika aqhela ngayo kwimiqathango yenkqubo eyahlukeneyo lusasoloko lungummandla obalulekileyo wokufuna ukuqonda i-demokhrasi. Ngokuhlolisisa utshintsho olucwangcisiweyo, lombutho, kunye nenkqubo amaqela azenzayo ngokuphendula izihlomelo zolawulo-lwazi, sifumana uluvo olubalulekileyo ekusebenzeni kwenkqubo yedemokhrasi kunye namathuba okuyiphucula. Njengoko ulawulo-modemokhrasi luqhubeka luziguqula luze lujongene neengxaki ezintsha, amandla amaqela okuziqhelanisa ngokune ngokuphumelelayo nempumelelo ahlala ebalulekile kwimpilo kunye nokuxhaswa ngulawulo-demokhrasi ehlabathini lonke.

Ukufumana okubhekele phaya iinkqubo zokhetho kunye neziphumo zazo kukhuphiswano lwezopolitiko, [FLT][1] International of Worldwilt Institute for Democracy kunye ne Electoral helpation inikezela izibonelelo ezibanzi kwisixokelelwano socococo loco kunye nohlalutyo. Ngokubhekelel' [[FLT:] [[FLT]] [[FLT]] inika ulwazi olupheleleyo malunga nemisebenzi yeqela kunye nenkqubela-nkqubela-phambili. Abo banomdla kwimingeni-nye abajongenezolwazi banokufumana ukuqonda okubalulekileyo kwiinkqubo zemfundo kunye nophando olufana nolwezobugqhinga [FLT][9][FLT][5][5][5][5] Iindlela ezilawula uxolo lwezizwe ngezizwe: [FFT] kunye neprojectives projectives sydiansmes sydiages syntial symplikets]