Impembelelo Enyamezelayo: Indlela Impembelelo Yezopolitiko Eyiyo Imibutho YaseJapan Yezobupolitika

Ulwalamano phakathi kwezilangazelelo zoshishino kunye namandla ezobupolitika eJapan asiyonto iphambili ekhoyo — luyintsika yolawulo lwelizwe. Kangangamashumi eminyaka, oku kudityaniswa kwemida yezoqoqosho kumisele indlela, iziphumo zonyulo lwesizwe, kunye nokuhamba kwemigaqo yedemokhrasi. Ngeli lixa utshintsho luye lwazisa amanyathelo okubonisa umphandle, unxulumano olusisiseko phakathi kwamagumbi okusebenza kwequmrhu kunye nekomkhulu leqela lamaqela luhlala luqinile. Ukuqonda ukuba le mpembelelo ibalulekile kumntu ofuna ukuqonda indlela enyani esebenzayo ngayo umatshini wezoburhulumente.

Isiseko somanyano lweBhwebi ePhostwar Japan

Ukunyanzeleka kwale mihla kwezoshishino nezobupolitika eJapan kulandelela ngqo kwixesha lokwakhiwa kwakhona kwemfazwe yehlabathi II. Emva kwemfazwe, amagunya omsebenzi wase-United States aqala achitha i-zaibatsu — izihlanganisi ezinkulu zezemizi - mveliso ezazidibanise umatshini wemfazwe waseJapan. Noko ke, njengoko imfazwe yomlomo yaya ikhula, inkqubo yamaMelika yatshintshela ekwakheni kwakhona iJapan njengenqaba yomkhosi wecapitalistrist e-Asia. Oku kwakhokelela ekuhlaziyweni kwakhona kwala maqela oshishino kubahambisela phambili [FLT]]: uqhagamshelwano oluthe tyaba lwemibutho edityaniswe yi-acrer, i-partet, i-adiantrite, kunye nobudlelwane boshishino.

Iqela Ledemokhrasi Neziko Leenqanawa Zokulwa

Ukusekwa kweLiberal Democratic Party (LDP) ngo-1955 yayingumzuzu oshenxiswayo. ILDP yadalwa ngokudibanisa amaqela amabini abambelele kwisithethe, kwaye ukususela ekusungulweni kwayo yaxhomekeka kakhulu kwinkxaso yenkampani. Iinkampani ezinkulu kunye namaqumrhu amaziko oshishino ajonge iLDP njengesixhobo esizinzileyo soshishino — i-anti-communist, ipro-prometic, i-pro-style, kunye nenkxaso yenkqubo yezoshishino. Ngokubuya, i-LDP iqinisekisa ukuba izakhiwo ezingundoqo zokuxhasa inkampani, ukusuka kwibhanki nasekwakheni ukuya kwintsimbi nakwizithuthi. Olu lwalamano lwe-symbian lwaziko lwaziwa ngokuba "igracle" kwezopolitiko-amashishini, i-bhulokhwe, kunye neenkomkhulu lezoshishino.

Iincoko Zeevenkile Ezinamandla Zezobupolitika

Inkqubo ye-keiretsu yanwenwela ngaphaya kwempembelelo yezoqoqosho ngqo. Iinethwekhi ezifana noMitsubishi, Mitsui, kunye noSumitomo zalungelelanisa iminikelo yazo yezopolitiki ngemigangatho yezoshishino ngokubanzi njenge Japhanian Business Federation ( Keidan). De kwangoo 1990, iKeidan yasebenzisa inkqubo ephakathi yokuqokelela nokuhambisa iminikelo yenkampani kwi-LDP yoognomenti. Eli lungiselelo lavumela amaqela eshishini ukuba asebenzise uxinzelelo lwemithetho ejoni, aqinisekise ukuba imithetho enxulumene nerhafu, urhwebo, kunye nomthetho yempatho elungele izilangazelelo zemisebenzi ethile. Iinkampani ezithile zalenza ulwalamano lobuqu lwe-LDP, i-FMvoluntsworling kwimist transports.

Indima Ka - Amabudari

Umyinge obalulekileyo kodwa ongabonakaliyo ngu umakulayiti (ngokwenyani "ehlayo ukusuka ezulwini"), umkhwa wabaphathi abakhulu abathatha indawo eziphezulu kwimigangatho yeenkampani zabucala. Aba balawuli badala bazisa ulwazi ngaphakathi kunye nee-intanethi zobuqu kwiinkampani abazidibanisayo, ngelixesha iinkampani zifumana umgca othe ngqo kwimpembelelo yezobupolitika. Ngokujika, abasebenzi abafuna ukuthatha izithuba ze-past-retiretrabless eziphezulu kwimimiselo yedrafti elungileyo kubaqeshi babo bexesha elizayo. Oku kuguqula iminyango izenze bhabhabhabha phakathi kwenkonzo kawonke kunye nenzuzo yabucala, ngempembelelo yenkampani ye-equator.

Ukutshintsha Kwezinto Ngexesha Lotshintsho

Ngonyaka wama-1990, ulwalamano olusenyongweni phakathi kweshishini nezobupolitika lwaqalisa ukutsala ukugxekwa okunzulu. Uthotho lwezihlazo zorhwaphilizo — kuquka ihlazo leRecruit (1988) kunye nehlazo leSagawa Kyubin elibi (1992) — lwatyhila ukufunyaniseka kokunyoba nokuphembelela. Ungquzulwano lukawonke wonke lwabangela ulwandiso. INgxokelelwano yePhondo yoLawulo lwePhondo lokuLawula yalungiswa kwezenziwa ngokucokisekileyo, kwaye ukuvalwa kokunikezelwa kwemirhumo yemali enkampani kwaqwalaselwe ngoo 1990, nangona ingakhange isetyenziswe ngokupheleleyo. Ngo19949, umqulu wezolawulo lwezopolitiko wazisa izibonelelo zezobupolitiko kwimali yabucala.

INgxowa-mali yeNkxaso yePhondo yasemva: Imingxunya yeseti yeeNdlela

Ngaphandle kwezi nguqulelo, imali yenkampani ayikhange iphele — iye yasuka yangangqalanga. Endaweni yokubhala i-checking ngqo kwezobupolitika, amashishini ngoku anegalelo kwimibutho yezezimali zezobupolitika (njenge-LDP' [[FLT: 0]] kamin Kyokai, okanye i- National Association). Baxhasa ingeniso yemali yamaqela eqokelelayo, ukuthenga amatikiti abiza imali eninzi kwiziganeko zezobupolitika, kunye ne-fectors imali ngemibutho yezoshishino. Ingxelo e-2020 ye-Oficity of Internal Affaiaiairs kunye ne-P ibonise ukuba amashishini namashishini angaphezulu kwe-30% yengeniso e-LDP exeliweyo. Enyanisweni, umlinganiselo uninzi xa ithengangezwangangeni kwingxelo okanye ingeniso ethambileyo.

Amatyala Emali Ezobupolitika Ayi - 2024 Nemiphumo Yawo

Ingxaki yakutshanje yaqhambuka ekupheleni konyaka wama-2023, xa abatshutshisi bafumanisa ukuba amaqela amaninzi e-LDP aye abika amashumi ezigidi ze-yen ngokucwangcisiweyo ekunikeni intlawulo aqhubekeka kwisithuba seminyaka emihlanu. Eli qhalo lanyanzela uMphathi-mikhosi uFumio Kusida ukuba anciphe amagxa amaqela amaninzi eLDP akhokelela ekugwetyweni kwabenzi bomthetho abaphambili. Esi siganeko sabonisa ukuba namashumi eminyaka emva kwemigudu yotshintsho, uqhagamshelwano phakathi kwemali nempembelelo luyaqhubeka lunengxaki enkulu.

Indlela Impembelelo Yenkqubo Echaphazelekayo Echaphazelekayo

Impembelelo ecacileyo yamaqhina enkcubeko eshishini iyabonakala kwiinkqubo ezininzi. Indlela yeJapan yokuhlaziya izoqoqosho, inkqubo yamandla, kunye nokulungisa umsebenzi konke kubonisa ubunzima obuqhubekayo bokuphembelela inkampani.

Inkqubo yemizi - mveliso kunye ne-"Japan Inc" imodeli

Icebo lezoqoqosho eJapan lidala lixhasa abarhwebi abarhwebi abakhulu kunye nophuhliso lwemizi-mveliso. Qwalasela i Abenomics ixesha phantsi koMphathi-mikhosi oMkhulu uShinzo Abe (2020). Iintolo ezintathu — ukudamba kwemali enzima, ukukhupha ukhuthazo, kunye notshintsho lokwakha — zenziwe ngokunxibelelana ngokusondeleyo [FLT: 2] Keann[ kunye neNKCrive yeMacam yezo kunye ne-Interst. Isiphumo saba yingeniso ecacileyo yeyen, eyanyusa inzuzo yoToya, uSonta, kunye nezinye izibonelelo zomhlaba, kodwa zavelisa intlawulo olucacileyo lwabasebenzi bezezezezemali. Abagxekiiiiiii zelizwe babenee.

Amandla enyukliya Nokusetyenziswa Kwamandla

Akukho ndawo apho intsebenziswano yezoqoqosho ithe tyekele kakhulu kunakwinkqubo yamandla enyukliya yaseJapan. Emva konyaka ka-2020 Fukushima, uluvo lukawonke-wonke lwajika ngokulula nxamnye namandla enyukliya. Kodwa ngo-2023, urhulumente we-LDP owenziweyo wavuma ukuba kuqaliswe kwakhona izixhobo ezininzi zokusebenza kwezixhobo ze-atmosfera kwaye wanyanzeleka ukuba kwandiswe uhlahlolo lwezityalo olusebenzayo. Olu tshintsho lwaqhutywa ngokuphenjelelwa ngamandla amakhulu kushishino lwamandla ombane — izikhundla zengini eziphambili zezopoliti yezobupolitika kwi-LDPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPgetters (icelice ingcali ye-N Nunyustrimedial Regivelvices Authoriver, enziwe ngo-2012 2012 ukuqinisekisa ukuzimela, ukubekwa kwemicinenobuzwe, ukubekwa kweminyelelwa kwemingeni, njengoko amagosa abaphathi bayo abaninzi besebenzo besebe.

Ulawulo lwezorhwebo lomsebenzi kunye neqhinga lokuhamba phambili

Amaqela amashishini aye asoloko efuna ukhuseleko olungekho mthethweni ukuze anciphise iindleko kunye nolwandiso. Phantsi kwebhanile "yokukhula kwendlela," i-LDP iye yamisela imithetho eyandisa ukusetyenziswa kwezivumelwano zomsebenzi ezisemthethweni ([[FLT: 0]]]] i-yu somdoloō)) kwaye ivumela iinkampani ukuba zikhulula abasebenzi belanga ukuba bahlawule imali eninzi ukuba bafumana imali engaphaya komqobo othile. Le mithetho ixhaswe ngokugqwalazayo [[FLT:] Keidan [[FLT:] [3] kwaye ichaswa ngumsebenzi owenziwa ngamaqumrhu. Iziphumo zikhula phakathi kweemeko ezintle zomsebenzi kwimibutho elikhulu nakweminye ephezulu.

Unyulo, Inyaniso Yamaqela, Nexabiso Lephulo

Amaphulo ezobupolitika eJapan abiza kakhulu. Nangona kukho inkxaso kawonke-wonke, abatshayeli baxhomekeke kakhulu ekuxhaseni imali evela kwimithombo yezoshishino ukuquka yonke into ukusuka kwizibhengezo zikamabonwakude ezibiza imali eninzi ukuya kwixabiso lokuqesha izithuthi zephulo kunye nabaqeshi. I-LDP's 's Kochikai[ i-'i-piontion] — ngaphambili eyayinkulu, de yafa ngo-2024 — yayixhomekeke ngokukhethekile kwiminikelo evela kulwakhiwo nakushishino lwezazo zokwenene.

Iminikelo esetyenziswayo nayo ilungisa ulungelelwano lwamandla phakathi kwamaqela. Iimeko ezitsala izixhaso eziphambili zemali exhaswe kakhulu kunyulo lwangaphakathi lomongameli weqela (nangoku ke umphathi omkhulu). Oku kudala isiqinisekiso sokunika ingxelo: abezobupolitika abaxhasa iinkqubo zeprojekthi yepropati batsala iminikelo engakumbi, evumela ukuba banyuke kwizikhundla zokhokelo, apho banokuqhubekeka nophuhliso lwezilangazelelo zeshishini. UNIPVON].com uhlalutyo lwenkxaso yemali yezopolitiki [[ lubonisa ukuba oomongameli beLDP abanyanzela ukukhuthulwa kolawulo oluphezulu lwemibutho bafumana imiqulu yoncedo kwimbutho kumashishini.

Ukuchaswa Kwale Nto Kumaziko Omsebenzi

Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba iLDP asilolungu lodwa elinamaqhina entlangano. Iqela lezomGaqo-siseko le-Democratic yeJapan (CDP) lifumana inkxaso eninzi kwimibutho yabasebenzi, ingakumbi iJaphani Trade Union Confederation (] Rekhongo). Ngelixesha iminikelo isemthethweni, yenza uhlobo olulinganayo lwenzala yeqela. Noko ke, inkxaso yemali incinane kakhulu kumlinganiselo odityanisiweyo kunemibutho eliphethe iJapan. Kunyulo jikelele lama-201, i-LDPPP i-out CDP ngefect ngefekta yesithathu, kwaye uninzi lwelo sithuba esigcwaliswe yimali yemali.

Imilinganiselo Yokwakha: ulawulo-melo kunye nolawulo-mthetho

Xa iphulo elinye lonyulo lingabiza umnyulo ongaphezu kwezigidi ezingama-93100 — malunga nama-R140 000, kwaye ngaphezulu kwimimandla yasezidolophini ekhuphisanayo — imfuneko yabaxhasi abanzulu abanobuchule iyafumaneka. Oku kumelana nentelekelelo yalowo unikela ngemali. 2023 Times yaseJapan uphando lwabalaselisa ukuba amaphandle e-LDP, amele ama-contitue eences akwimibutho ewile, axhomekeke kakhulu kwimibutho yokwakha neminikelo yezolimo, etshintsha ukuchasana kwawo kwicandelo asezantsi.

Ngaphezu koko, ukulawulwa kwemali exhaswayo encedisayo kudiza ukuvela kwamaqela amathathu. Iqela elitsha lezobupolitika, njengeQela lokuKhusela Abantu kwiNHK okanye iReiwa Shinsengumi, lisoloko lingenalunxibelelwano lwezoshishino lokufumana imijelo efanayo yemali. UVertout eJapan umilise phantse kuma-50-60% kunyulo lwesizwe — phakathi kweyona iphantsi kwehlabathi eliphucukileyo — enabemi abaninzi abavakalelwa kukuba ivoti yabo ayinakukhuphisana nempembelelo yabani abaninzi abanikela ngemali efanayo.

Imigudu Yokwaphula Umsindo

Intsebenziswano eziliqela zotshintsho ziye zazama ukuphelisa okanye ubuncinane ukuphelisa uqhagamshelwano lwezoshishino. Utshintsho lonyulo lonyaka ka 1990 luthathe indawo yesithili esinamalungu amaninzi ngokuxuba kwesithili esinye nomelo olulungelelanisiweyo, ngokubhekiselele ekucutheni ixabiso lokukhutshwa kwephulo kunye nemfuneko yokusetyenziswa kwemali-yoluntu. Oku kuphucule ukunyuka kwexabiso lokuqhuba kwingingqi enye yelungu elinye kuba abatshatezi kufuneka babhenele kunyuso olubanzi.

Ngo-2024, ngokulandela isiphako semali ebhankini, i-LDP yacebisa ukuba kumiselwe ingqokelela yemithetho emitsha equka ukuvalwa kwemibutho eqokelela imali equkiwe ngamaqela, imfuneko yokunikwa kwemali ngamanani kuzo zonke iiminikelo zezobupolitika ezingaphezulu kwe-18, kunye nezigwebo ezomeleleyo zokungathotyelwa kwemali. Noko ke, umthetho uyeka ngokucacileyo ukuvalwa okanye ukuvalwa kwemiqathango yeminikelo yenkampani ngokwayo. Ngenxa yoko, [i-Reuters] inikela ngempahla yohlaziyo bayichaza ngokuthi "anele ukubuyisela ukuthemba uluntu lonke" amaqela eentshayenziwa kwemibutho.

Ummi Oyindawo Yokulawula Nendima Yamajelo Opolishi

I-Grassroots imibutho efana ne- isiSimin no-Koe (Ilizwi le-Citen) kunye ne- Japan Federation of Bar Associations isoloko ipapasha amanqaku angemali yenkxaso yezopolitiko. Zibhala ukuzingisa kwengeniso engachazwanga kunye neengenelo zesakhiwo ezinanditshwa yi-LDP. Amajelo eendaba akwadlala indima yokugada — i-Ahistogn ne-Tokyo Shimbuku isoloko iphengulula imilinganiso yomnikelo — kodwa inkumbulo kawonke ngenxa yehlazo imfihlo, kwaye igoso ngalinye lilandelwa ngokukhawuleza yi-endlelo yokuphepha entsha.

Isiphelo: Imiphumo Ebangelwa Yimpembelelo

Ukudibana kwezoshishino nezobupolitika eJapan asilolungiselelo lokwexeshana okanye elizenzekelayo — lilungu elingundoqo lenkqubo yezobupolitika. Ukusukela kwinkqubo yemfazwe yasemva kwemfazwe ukuya kwimibutho yale mihla yezemali, izilangazelelo zenkampani ziye zasoloko zibumba olawulayo nendlela alawula ngayo. Utshintsho luye lwenziwa, kodwa luye lwathetha ngemiqondiso kunokuba luchazwe ngengcambu: ukuxhomekeka kwamaqela ezobupolitika ngemali yangasese. Ukude oko kuphulwe — okanye kwalungelelaniswe noko ngempumelelo kwemali kawonke-wonke kunye nokubonakala okunamandla — ukhetho lwemigaqo yeJapan luza kuqhubeka lujonge kwigumbi lokusebenza ngaphandle kwebhoti kunokuba kuququke ibhokisi yebhoti.

Kubahlalutyi, intatheli, kunye nabemi abatshatileyo, ukuqonda olu lwalamano akuyonto ibalulekileyo. Kubalulekile ukuchaza indlela esetyenziswayo eJapan xa inani labantu liwohloka, imozulu iguquka, ukungalingani kwemisebenzi, nokungalingani kwezoqoqosho. Impilo yedemokhrasi yaseJapan ixhomekeke ekubeni ilizwe linokuqhawula amaqhina adibanisa iinkokeli zalo zezobupolitika nabaxhasi beenkampani — okanye noko yenza loo maqhina abonakale ngokwaneleyo ukuba abavoti bazigwebe.