Table of Contents
Isiseko sokuphinda kuqhutywe ubukumkani: amandla kunye nophuhliso kwilitye
Amabhotwe obukumkani amandulo e-Mesopotamiya ade abe ziindawo zokuhlala. Ziziimpawu ezintsonkothileyo, iimpawu ezigqunyiweyo zamandla, ubutyebi, inkcubeko, kunye nolwalamano olumanyeneyo phakathi komlawuli nommandla wakhe. Ukusuka kumabhotwe odaka amandulo e-Mesopotamia akwindawo ebanzi, izakhiwo ezidibeneyo zookumkani bale mihla, ezi zibumba iziko lezakhiwo ezinolwazi oluchuliweyo ezithetha ngemvelaphi yempucuko yabantu ngokwayo. Ukuhlolisisa imbali yemizikomkhulu yobukumkani kunika iwindow engenakuthelekiswa nanto kwizakhiwo zentlalo, iimfuno zezobupolitika, kunye namandla obugcisa emihlabalwayo ezahlukahlukeneyo. Zazingezo zindlu zookumkani noookumkani abalawuli abakhoyo kodwa kwaneengcangcangca, iziko zemicukuthu zemibhiyo, izigaba zemibhiyo, kunye nezinganiso eziphezulu zolawulo lolawulo lolawulo lolawulo lwesizwe. Oku kuza kungenisa intsingiselo engqinweni ezintle, ezikhoyo zemali ephambili, ziqhubekekade zihambe phambili, kwaye zihambe phambili kwimi.
Imvelaphi yeeNqanawa zobukumkani: Iibhotwe Zokuqala
Ingcamango yesakhiwo sobukhosi isuka kwimpucuko yokuqala. Njengoko amaqumrhu ayesuka kwizizwe ezizulazulayo ukuya kuhlala kwiindawo zokulima, izikhulu zaza zaqinisa amandla. Izindlu zobukhosi zamandulo zazingezona izindlu ezinkulu; zazidityaniswe ngemiba elungele ukumisa igunya, aphathele ubuncwane, adibana nomlawuli nezobuthixo. EYiputa yamandulo, ibhotwe likaFaro laligqalwa njengemibhobhobho yendalo, indawo engcwele apho uthixo olawulayo wayehlala khona. Ezi zakhiwo, zazidla ngokwakhiwa kwemibhobhobho eninzi yamatyeni aqinileyo kuphela, yaye zaziyinxalenye yobutyebi obukhulu bezindlu zetempile nezoburhulumente yoluntu, njengoko imfuthombo wafunyanwa eMes neTerbe. Ibhotwe leMino eKrete, ingundos ekwakukho imodelini eyahlukeneyo: i-prinethi, izakhiwo ezishushu nezinkulu zombuso zelizwe, kunye nezixhonti zoomi, imikhosi yamanzi, kunye nezonganye imikhosi yamanzi, imikhosi yamanzi yasebukhosi yamazwe amazwe amandulo, ngokufanayo, kunye nezobu
I-Evolution Yomyili Wophawu
Ukutyhubela iminyaka emininzi, indlela abahlala ngayo abantu basebukhosini yaguquka ngendlela emangalisayo, yatshintshatshintsha kwiimfazwe, kwezobugcisa, kwintanda - bulumko nakwezo zintle.
Inqaba Eqinisiweyo: Ukhuselo Nolawulo (Ixesha Lamaxesha Aphakathi)
Ukuwa koBukhosi baseRoma kwangenisa ixesha lokwahlukana kwezobupolitika nokunganqabiseki eYurophu, nto leyo eyakhokelela ekuphuhlisweni kwenqaba. Indawo yokuhlala yasebukhosini yamaxesha aphakathi yaba yeyona iphambili neyona inqaba. Isakhiwo sokwakha samiselwa yimfuneko yokuzikhusela: iindonga eziqinileyo zamatye, iifestile ezimxinwa (iiinkwenkwezi), imiqamelo yeentaka, imibhobhobho yeentalo yokumisa izixhobo, imibhobhobho yokunqa, imibhobho yokuthintela ii-ivini, imijelo yokukhusela ii-injini, kwaye ibekwe njengendawo yokuzimela ephezulu yokukhusela. Nangona imfazwe inqaba yaqala, le nqaba yayiyimibhosholo yayizindlu eziphezulu. Inqaba yaseLondon, yaqalwa ngumzekelo ophambili, kunye noomhlophe isebenza njengomqondiso wokulawula abantu baseSaxon. Noko ke, njengoko ithe yatshintsha imfazwe yatshintsha iinkomkhulu, yaqala ukufuduswa ngokuzinziswa kwezakhiwo eziphezulu, iindlu zokuhlala eziphezulu, kunye neeporhorhorhobo eziphezulu, ziqala iifestile zendlu zakhe, kunye neenkamela
Ibhotwe Leenguquko: Imvisiswano, Uluntu Nesidima
IRenaiment yazisa utshintsho olukhulu kwintanda-bulumko yokwakha. Ukuphinda kufumaneke kwemigaqo yamandulo yamaRoma neyamaGrike kwagxininisa i-symmetrie, umlinganiselo, igeomet, kunye nolwalamano olulungeleleneyo phakathi kwesakhiwo nendawo engqongileyo. Indlu yasebukhosini yaguqulwa ukusuka kumqondiso wemikhosi ingaba ngumqondiso wenkcubeko, ukufunda, kunye namandla asulungekileyo. iPalace of Verles[FLT] [[FLT]] ingumzekelo obalulekileyo wemathelo lexesha. Yakhelwa nguLouis XIV, yayingeyiyo nje indlu kodwa umatshini wezobupolitika ocelelwe ukuba ube lizwe lasesiphakathi. Isikali sayo, isikali esikhulu, isidawundi se-Miyelo ebanzi, kunye neentlobo zezimo ze-edefish, naziphi naziphi naziphi naziphi naziphi na iimpawu (eden, awe impawu ze-edechchchs, ezithenjiswe ngukumkani zelizwe lase-Rhavish, i-Rhavian, kunye ne
Ukwanda Kwebharoque Neroco
Ukwakhiwa kweBharoque ngeNguquko, ixesha leBroque lathatha ubunewunewu obutsha, lijolise ubukhulu obubalaseleyo kunye nempembelelo yemvakalelo kwigophe elingqindilili, ukuhombisa, kunye nohlobo olukhulu lomfanekiso oqingqiweyo. IRoyal Palace of Madrid kunye neZinger eDresden yimizekelo emangalisayo yale misebenzi, isimbo seqonga. Emva kweBaroque, isitayela seRococo, savela njengekhaphuphayo, i-sondlo, kunye nomahluko onzulu, ingakumbi izakhiwo ezithandwayo eFransi naseJamani. Izindlu ezifana neSanssouci Palace ePotsdam (Fredededed of the Great’eting) kunye neAmmarkingsboard eMunich, i-sccowccooctics, kunye neziyilo ezintle ezikhoyo ezikhoyo ezingekho mgangatho, kunye nezinga ezithe zisuka kwiminzi ezithe ngezazo eziphakathi.
ISikolo EsineeNtlobano Zokuvuselelwa
Ukukhanyiselwa kunye neenguqu ezalandelayo zazisa utshintsho kunyuko olungapheliyo lobutyebi bookumkani abapheleleyo. Iqela leqela leminyaka elinobungangamsha, nemigca yalo ecocekileyo, igeometry, kunye nokuphefumlelwa yirepublic ecacileyo yamaGrike neRoma, yaba yinkathi yokwakha enengqondo nenoluntu. Brickham Palace Britem], njengoko yenziwe nguJohn Nash, kunye nobuchule obucacileyo bePetit Trion eVerlescium, ibonisa le ngxaki. Ngokungako, inkathi yeRoma ikhuthaza ukuvuselelwa kwendlela yembali, ingakumbi iRevivalval. Ilizwe laseBritane, elifuna ukunxibelelana noomatikade noomatila bamandulo, iBritane baseBritane, iPlainssssssss, kunye neNd Houegney esetyenziswa njengeegnetic Goriginetic, ink ink isebenzisa imbali efana nenkcusto
Ukubaluleka Kokwakha: Akuyokhaya Nje
Izakhiwo zokwakha zasebukhosini azinakuthelekiswa nanto nezo zintle, kodwa zibaluleke kakhulu ekusebenziseni ubugcisa bokwakha, ukwakhiwa kwezakhiwo, ukwakhiwa kwezakhiwo nezinto zokwakha.
Uthutho
Iinkundla zasebukhosini zazingowona mxhasi wobugcisa nokwakhiwa. Basebenzisa ezona zigcisa zigcisa, iinjineli, kunye neengcibi zexesha labo. Ucelomngeni lokwakha izakhiwo ezinkulu nezintsonkothileyo zatyhalela imida yobunjineli. Uphuhliso lwezakhiwo ezinkulu, ezicacileyo eziphezulu zeeholo njengePalais Garnier (nakuba asiyondawo yokuhlala, ifuna iingxube zobuchule obufanayo zokwakha i-ethos). Ukwakhiwa kwamanzi amaninzi nemithombo e-Verlesting kwayikisa inkqubela ephambili kubunjiyela obuphezulu. Ukufakwa komgangatho, ukuqhubela phambili kokufudula, umgangatho wobushushu, kunye nombane kwizindlu zolawulo zangaphambili ezifana [[FLT:] ezithengwayo [FLT] kuboniswa isakhiwo seWLCreast neswooced syst kuboniswa ukuthoba kwempumzelo. Ezi zinto ezidla ngokufunyaniswe kwizakhiwo eziphezulu kunye nobugcisa.
Ukumisela utyekelo lwenkcubeko nolokuyila
Kangangeenkulungwane, isimbo senkundla yasebukhosini sabeka umgangatho wesikhundla solawulo oluphezulu kwaye, ekugqibeleni, ifashoni entsha e-Paris yayiza kukhutshelwa ngokukhawuleza eLondon, eVienna, nase St. Petersburg. Ukusetyenziswa kwezinto ezithile, njenge Sèvres porcelain okanye iGobelis metries exhaswe sisithsi, yaba yimifuziselo ephezulu yesiFrentshi. Imiyezo yeKorrame, enemiboniso yayo eqingqiweyo, kunye nemigangatho yayo ehlala ihleli (i- étoile), yajika yaba yisikhokelo soyilo lodabiso lomhlaba ngaphaya kweYurophu. Ngokufanayo, [[FLT.FLT: 0] i-izeromes, ethandwayobubukumkani kwiibhotwe le-17, kunye neempumatheli ze-18, zadalwa ngohlobo lwe-empumast Royalflues.
Ukubonakalisa Iinjongo Zezobupolitika Nezentlalo
Kuyo yonke iprojekthi yokwakha kwindlu yasebukhosini yayiyintetho yezopolitiko. Isicwangciso somgangatho ovulekileyo, ofikelelekayo webhotwe leMvukelo sabonisa intsingiselo yegosa elijikelezayo kunye nokufumaneka kwenkosana engabantu. Iinfiladedesi yamagumbi e-Versailles enyanzelelwe ukuba iindwendwe ziqhubeke ngokulandelelana okumiselweyo, zifuzisela ulawulo lokumkani ngokufikelela nokusebenza kwendlu yakhe. Ngokungafaniyo, ukwenziwa kwendlu yebhotwe, ukusondelelana, okanye [[FLY:] [FLT]] [[FLT] [FLT] kwibho eRococo-centurvelths [ie] ibonakalisa umdla wobuqu nobuchule bokubonisa ulwamdlalo lobuqu kunye nentetho yobuqu. Ukuguqulwa kwendlu yenkosi, njengo-Loulvremsley, kwane, kwanelwa ngamandla onamandla okhoyo kuluntu lonke uluntu.[Fomet]
Iziganeko ezinokuphawulwa zobukumkani: Izifundo zetyala kuMandla noyilo
Ngoxa iindawo ezininzi zokuhlala zasebukhosini zidumile, ezimbalwa zibalasele njengezifundo ezikhethekileyo zokwakhiwa kwazo, nganye yazo ichaza intsingiselo yexesha nendawo yayo.
Isixeko Esiya Kuthintelwa EBeijing, eTshayina
Ubuchule bokwakhiwa kwezakhiwo zolawulo lwamaTshayina, iForbin City yasebenza njengekhaya labalawuli abangama-24 iminyaka emalunga nama-500. Lisakhiwo esikhulu esimalunga newaka, esiyalelwe ngokungqongqo ngokwemigaqo yeConfucius yemigangatho yabefundisi, i-symtry, kunye ne-geometancy ([[FL:0]]ifeng shuing[FLD][FULD]]]).
IPalace yaseTopkapi, eIstanbul, eTurkey
ITopkapi Palace ingumfanekiso wokwakhiwa kwamandla oBukhosi base-Ottoman kunye nobukho bayo bezizwe ngezizwe. Ngokungafaniyo nendlela esesikweni, i-axico yebhotwe laseYurophu, iTopkapi yindawo engaqhelekanga, isakhiwo esintsonkothileyo, esakhiwe kwipromonhostry ejongene neBosphorus. Isakhiwo sayo sikwindawo ebanzi, ihamba ukusuka kuwonke-wonke, iintendelezo ezingaphandle, izakhiwo ezifikeleleka kumagosa angaphandle, akwindawo efihlakeleyo yobungcwele bendlu yangasese yenkosi, i-injini ye-palm kunye nezindlu zangasese. IBharbaiam ingul- projectivesssss, iveyinting entle, iKidosk, isikhanyisomoya esihonjiweyo, ibonakalisa ukuthonga kwe-efamastiat. Ibhini-eths, kunye ne-eth ebanzi.
IHampton Court Palace, eNgilani
IHampton Court Palace luxwebhu olukhethekileyo lwembali yokwakha yamaNgesi, inikela ingxelo ephathekayo yophahla lweTudor kunye nolo mbusi uStuart. Ekuqaleni yakhelwa uKhadinali Wolsey, yafunyanwa nguHenry VIII, owayiguqula yaba libhotwe elikhulu leTudor. Ibhotwe elibomvu, iinxenye zendlu zokwakha, nezakhiwo zayo ezinkulu, neHolo enkulu, neHarn-yam yayo enkulu, nendlu yayo enkulu, neyasesandle, neyangasese, ibonise ulawulo lobuqu kunye nenkundla yemidlalo ebonakalisa iTudor. Ibhotwe lizele zizithuba ezisebenzayo ezenziwe zendlu yokumkani enkulu, ejikelezayo. Kamva, uSir Christopher Wren wen wren wandisa iphiware entle yophahla lwayosa William nolwano II. Eli bhalo lilo lilo lilo liyindiwe line iNkugcuba elintle, elipheleleyo lelizwe lobutwe likaTropo ephakathi lamandulo langoku liphela, elimhlophe, elijikeleza elihamba phambili kwilizwe leNku
IPalace yaseTopkapi, eIstanbul, eTurkey
ITopkapi Palace ingumfanekiso wokwakhiwa kwamandla oBukhosi base-Ottoman kunye nobukho bayo bezizwe ngezizwe. Ngokungafaniyo nendlela esesikweni, i-axico yebhotwe laseYurophu, iTopkapi yindawo engaqhelekanga, isakhiwo esintsonkothileyo, esakhiwe kwipromonhostry ejongene neBosphorus. Isakhiwo sayo sikwindawo ebanzi, ihamba ukusuka kuwonke-wonke, iintendelezo ezingaphandle, izakhiwo ezifikeleleka kumagosa angaphandle, akwindawo efihlakeleyo yobungcwele bendlu yangasese yenkosi, i-injini ye-palm kunye nezindlu zangasese. IBharbaiam ingul- projectivesssss, iveyinting entle, iKidosk, isikhanyisomoya esihonjiweyo, ibonakalisa ukuthonga kwe-efamastiat. Ibhini-eths, kunye ne-eth ebanzi.
Ukulondolozwa Nokuthotywa Kwale Mihla: Ukusuka Kwikhaya Labucala Ukuya Kwilifa Likawonke
Iinkulungwane ezingama-20 nezingama-21 ziye zabona utshintsho olusisiseko kwindima yokuhlala kokumkani. Njenge-Imperence eTokyo okanye eBuckingham Palace, ezininzi zihlala zisetyenziswa ngokukhutheleyo njengamakhaya asemthethweni ookumkani abalawulayo. Noko ke, ziye zasebenzisa igunya lazo lezobupolitika ukuba zinyulwe ngokwedemokhrasi, zibe yimikhosi, izakhiwo zelizwe, kunye nemfuzaliso yelifa. Ngokuninzi kweendawo zobukumkani zamandulo ngoku zivulekele uluntu njengemibhoshongo, zivelisa ingeniso ephambili yokufuduka nokusebenza njengeziququmrhu lesizwe. Izinhlangano ezifana [[FLT: 0] [istoric] izikumkani [[FLD:1] ezikhoyo kunye nezixhobo zelizwe elikhoyo, ezikhoyo kunye nezibonelelwa phantsi kwelizwe, eziziiiiiiiindawo ezilingana neNkuMbuko yephondo, i-Hamplade, zikho ingcuwa, zikhokelele ingeniso yemfundo yemfundo, ingeniso yemfundo kawonke-ogcuwa, izakhiwo zikawonke-ograph, kwaye zisebenza ngokuvava
Isiphelo
Amabhotwe angookumkani neekumkanikazi angaphezulu kakhulu kunezindlu ezikhulu zanamhlanje. Zizincwadi zembali ezinzulu, ezakhiwe ngocoselelo ukubonakalisa iimfuno zobupolitika, izithethe, kunye nobuchule bobugcisa bexesha labo. Ukusuka kwinqaba zokhuselo zamaXesha Aphakathi ukuya kumabhotwe aphezulu ookumkani abaphezulu kunye neemyuziyam zikawonke-wonke zanamhlanje, ezi zakhiwo ziqhubeke zitshintsha, zishiya uphawu olungenakucimeka kwimbali yokwakha. Izakhiwo zazo ezinkulu kunye neengingqi ezintsonkothile ziyingxoxo engqalileyo nenkqayiyo nentlani engaphambili, ezibonisa ulwalamano oluntsonkothile phakathi komlawuli nabantu babo. Ukuhlolisisa ukubaluleka kwazo kokwakha kunika isimbo esikhethekileyo nesinyanzelayo esiqonda ukukhukulisela imbali. Ezi zakhiwo aziyifuni nje imbali; zimisa, zime ngokuzolile, zithe shushu, zithe zivuke, zivuke, zivuke ulawulo lobungangazo lobungangamfo, nobuhle, zivukelo, zivune, zivune, zivune, zivune, zivune, zivune,