Impembelelo yohlobo lwenkqubo ekuhlaziyweni kolawulo lwengingqi

Impembelelo yohlobo lwenkqubo ekuhlaziyweni kolawulo lwengingqi

Ukuthotywa kwemithetho kunye nolawulo lwasekuhlaleni kumela imilinganiselo esisiseko yentlangano yezobupolitika elawula indlela amandla ahamba ngayo kwimibutho yabantu nendlela abemi abasebenzisana ngayo noorhulumente babo. Isakhiwo senkqubo yezopolitiko yesizwe sibalulekile ekuqondeni indlela amazwe ahlukeneyo azilungelelanisa ngayo ngokwezobupolitika, urhulumente, okanye alungelelanisa ngayo kunye nendlela ezi zinyuko zentlangano ezichaphazela ngayo ukuthatyathwa-nxaxheba kwe-demokhrasi, inkqubela-mali, intlalo-ntle yoqoqosho, kunye nokusebenza kakuhle komsebenzi kawonke-wonke. Ukuqonda olu nxulumano kuyimfuneko ekuqondeni indlela amazwe alungelelanisa ngayo amazwe ahlukeneyo nendlela ezi zinto zihambelana ngayo intlalo-mdlalo-mdlalo-mthetho, inkqubela yezoqoqosho, kunye nentlalo-ntlalo-ntle.

Ukuhlaziywa kolawulo-moya oluzizizo kwaye kumela ukuncitshiswa okumandla oorhulumente besizwe kwiinkqubo zezoqoqosho. Kwiminyaka engamashumi amathathu edluleyo ihlabathi elisakhasa liye labona ukunyuka kokuwohloka kwamandla ezobupolitika nezoqoqosho koorhulumente basekuhlaleni. Oku kuphuhliswa kwehlabathi jikelele kubonisa ukuqwalaselwa okukhulayo kokuthi izakhiwo zolawulo olusemgangathweni zidla ngokuzama ukuhlangabezana neemfuno ezahlukeneyo zoluntu zasekuhlaleni ngokunempumelelo.

Ukuqonda Iintlobo Zenkqubo Yezobupolitika

Iinkqubo zezobupolitika zinokucaciswa zibe ziintlobo ezintathu ezisisiseko ezisekelwe kwindlela ezabela ngayo igunya phakathi koorhulumente besizwe nabezizwe ngezizwe. Inkqubo nganye ibonisa iimeko ezahlukahlukeneyo zembali, inkcubeko, neentanda-bulumko zezobupolitika ezimalunga nolungelelwano olusemgangathweni phakathi kwegunya elisembindini nenkululeko yasekuhlaleni.

Inkqubo yoManyano: IGunya eliPhakathiweyo

Kwinkqubo yomanyano oluphela komgangatho karhulumente ngaphandle kombindi ngurhulumente wasekuhlaleni okanye kamasipala. Nangona oorhulumente bengingqi benokunandipha ukuzilawula okuninzi, amandla abo awanikwanga bume bomGaqo-siseko; urhulumente osembindini umisela ukuba ziziphi izigqibo eziya "ukudalwa" kumgangatho wasekuhlaleni kwaye usenokuphelisa oorhulumente basekuhlaleni ukuba bakhetha. Olu phawu lungundoqo lokwahlula iinkqubo zomanyano kumaqela abo besizwe.

Uninzi lwamazwe ehlabathini (87%) lunenkqubo yomanyano yoorhulumente, enamazwe ali-170 kwi-195 alawulayo alungelelaniswe ngale ndlela. Imizekelo iquka iFransi, iUnited Kingdom, iJapan, iTshayina, namanye amazwe amaninzi kuwo onke amazwekazi. Kwiindawo ezifana neYiputa, iFransi, neJapan, apho iimvakalelo zobuzwe zomeleleyo, kwaye ukuzaziwa kobuzwe jikelele kwamkeleke kakhulu ngabemi, urhulumente womanyano jikelele.

Iinkqubo zeli lizwe ezimanyeneyo zisebenza ngokuqhelekileyo apho kungekho bachasi bomeleleyo kulawulo olusembindini, kwaye izidwangube zezobupolitika kwisixeko esilikomkhulu zisoloko zikhupha igunya phezu kwelizwe lonke. Kwinkqubo ye-oyile, urhulumente osembindini ubambe uninzi lwamandla, urhulumente wengingqi okanye wasekuhlaleni ufumana igunya kurhulumente ophakathi kwaye unakho ukudalwa okanye ukuchithwa, kwaye imithetho nemigaqo jikelele ifana ngaphaya kwelizwe, ivumela ukuba kubekho ulawulo oluzinzileyo.

Iingenelo zeenkqubo zomanyano ziquka ukuphumelela nokulula. Oorhulumente bamacandelo asebenza kakuhle babonisa ukuphumelela okungakumbi ekubeni kungekho migangatho mininzi karhulumente omele adlule xa kufikelelwa ekwenzeni izigqibo nasekuthabatheni imigaqo-nkqubo. Iinkqubo zomanyano zidla ngokungabi nzima kangako ukuba abemi baziqonde, ekubeni kungekho zinkqubo zahlukeneyo ezenzekayo kurhulumente nakurhulumente.

Noko ke, iinkqubo zomanyano azikho zinye kwindlela ezifikelela ngayo kulawulo lwasekuhlaleni. Amandla aye athotyelwa ngokuthe ngcembe ngenkqubo yokukhutshwa kwenguquko, nto leyo ekhokelela ekudalweni koorhulumente bengingqi eSkotlani, eWales, naseMntla Ireland kunye nothunyelo lweembopheleleko ezithile kuwo. Amanye amazwe olawulo-mpukane anenkqubo zedemokhrasi, njengeFransi, iJapan, neSweden, aye alandela indlela efanayo yokuthomalalisa isidima.

Iinkqubo zomanyano: Ulongamo olwabelanayo

Umanyano luyinkqubo karhulumente edala amanqanaba amabini karhulumente azimeleyo ngokuthelekisayo, ngalinye elinegunya elinikwe wona ngumgaqo-siseko wesizwe. Owona mahluko ubalulekileyo phakathi kwenkqubo yeyunithi kunye norhulumente ngowokuba amaphondo okanye amaphondo karhulumente akhuselwe ngokomgaqo-siseko. Kwinkqubo karhulumente, amagunya ephondo anandipha ubume bomgaqo-siseko; amandla awo azalwa ngelifa kunokuba anikwe.

Kwinkqubo karhulumente karhulumente okanye oorhulumente bamaphondo bayabelana ngolawulo norhulumente ophakathi kwaye banegunya lokugqibela kwimimandla emininzi yezomgaqo-nkqubo. Olu khuselo lomgaqo-siseko luthetha ukuba urhulumente osemzimbeni akanakuwaphelisa okanye aguqule ngokusisiseko amagunya oorhulumente bengingqi ngaphandle kokulandela iinkqubo zokulungisa umGaqo-siseko, ezidla ngokufuna ukuvumelana okubanzi.

Iinkqubo zomanyano zisoloko zivela ngokwemo-bume. Amazwe aqulathe ubuninzi beempawu zesizwe, okanye ulawulo lwesizwe oluphucukileyo, asenokuba asebenzisa uhlobo lorhulumente loburhulumente apho amandla ombuso asasazwa khona ngokwemo yelizwe phakathi kweminye yamazwe. Amacandelo asenokusebenza kakuhle xa ilizwe lineendidi ezininzi okanye likwizizwe ezininzi kwindalo, kwaye kunokuba ahlule ilizwe libe ngamazwe ahlukeneyo, ukhokelo lwelizwe lunganika ngalinye lobuhlanga okanye umlinganiselo othile wezopolitiko, livumele amaqela esizwe ukuba athethe ulwimi lwawo okanye afundise unqulo lwawo kwizifundo zasekuhlaleni.

Imizekelo yeenkqubo zikarhulumente iquka iUnited States, iJamani, iKhanada, iBrazil, i-Mexico neNigeria. Amazwe asekwa ngomanyano lwamazwe awayezimele adla ngokuhlala ephakathi namagunya amaninzi alawulayo (njengaseUnited States, eArgentina naseSwitzerland). Ngalinye kula mazwe liye lavelisa amalungiselelo akhethekileyo abonisa iimeko zalo ezingokwembali neemfuno zobupolitika.

Urhulumente ongumzekelo wesizwe uphawulwa ngobukho, kumgangatho wesizwe, womgaqo-siseko obhaliweyo, ongqongqo oqinisekisa oorhulumente abaliqela abaphakathi hayi kuphela ukuba bahlala ngonaphakade kwaye bazimele kodwa kwanawo onke amagunya owiso-mthetho, olawulo oluphezulu, nowokugweba. Umgaqo-siseko wesizwe ubala amagunya anikwe urhulumente ombindi; amagunya aseleyo agcinelwe oorhulumente abaphakathi kumgangatho wephondo okanye wephondo.

Unxulumano:

Kwisivumelwano, igunya libekelwe isidima, kwaye amandla karhulumente ombindini okuthatha amanyathelo axhomekeke ekuvumeni koorhulumente bezizwe ngezizwe. Izivumelwano zimela olona hlobo lufanelekileyo lwentlangano yezobupolitika, namazwe agcina onke amandla olawulo oluphezulu nawabela igunya elilinganiselweyo kuphela kwisiqu esisembindini esingunolungelelwaniso.

Imizekelo yembali yembutho iquka i-United States phantsi kweZihlomelo zeConfederation (1781-1789) kunye neSizwe samaZwe aseMerika (1861-1865). Phantsi kweMiba yeNkxaso yeNkqubano, amazwe ayenegunya kwaye enamandla ngexesha urhulumente wesizwe wayengaphantsi kwaye ebuthathaka, kwaye ngenxa yokuba amazwana ayemathidala ukunikezela naliphi na igunya lawo, urhulumente wesizwe wayengenalo igunya kwiimeko ezifana nokuphelisa ityala lemfazwe, ukuphelisa iimpikiswano phakathi kwamazwe, ukuqhubana kwezivumelwano zorhwebo namanye amazwe, kunye nokuthetha ngemvukelo eziqhelekileyo.

Njengokuba amava amafutshane aseMerika okuhlanganisa abonisa ngokucacileyo, eyona nto iphambili ephazamisayo nale nkqubo karhulumente kukuba inyusa ulawulo lwengingqi ngokulahlekelwa lulawulo lwesizwe olusebenzayo. Oku kubuthathaka okungokwemvelo kuchaza isizathu sokuba ukwenziwa komanyano olugqibeleleyo kunqabile kwihlabathi langoku, nangona eminye imibutho yezizwe ngezizwe njengeEuropean Union ibonakalisa iimpawu ezibonakalisa iimpawu ezibububunyani.

Inkqubo ye-semifederal kunye ne-Hybrid

Iinkqubo zomanyano kunye neyunithi ziluhlobo olufanelekileyo, ezimela isiphelo sesiphelo se-application, kwaye amazwe amaninzi awela ndaweni ithile phakathi kwemiqathango emibini ``imimandla ephakamileyo''. Amazwe abizwa ngokuba "azimeleyo" ahlala kudidi oluphakathi, aneqondo eliphakathi likarhulumente ongenazo izikhuseli ezifanayo zolawulo ezinanditshwa ngamazwe okanye amaphondo amazwe orhulumente orhulumente.

Amagunya eSemifederal asekelwe, njengomthetho, kumgaqo-siseko ongqongqo onika amandla athile alinganiselweyo owiso-mthetho nawolawulo (nangona kunqabileyo) koorhulumente abaphakathi okanye bemimandla, kodwa ngenxa yokuba oorhulumente bengingqi abakwimimandla engalinganiyo banegunya kuphela kwimicimbi edweliswe (kwaye nalapha baphantsi ngokwenxalenye kumagunya alawulayo amagunya asembindini), indima yabo nempembelelo yezobupolitika kwinkqubo exhomekeke kakhulu kutyekelo lukarhulumente osembindini kwiimeko ezithile okanye ekubekeni imiqathango yawo.

ISpeyin ne-Itali zinika imizekelo yamalungiselelo angephi. Amazwe aye asungula umgangatho ophakathi njengolungiso lokhetho lwawo lwangaphambili lwemigangatho emibini qha qha, njengokuba i-Itali yenzayo kumgaqo-siseko wayo ka-1948 kunye neSpeyin kumgaqo-siseko wayo ka-1978. La mazwe aye adala oorhulumente bengingqi ngamagunya abalulekileyo ngeli xesha egcina ulawulo olupheleleyo kumgangatho wesizwe.

Imilinganiselo Yokuzimela Phantsi

Ukuhlaziywa kohlobo akuyongcinga enye, edityanisiweyo kodwa kubandakanya imilinganiso emininzi enokusetyenziswa ngokwayo okanye ngokudityaniswa. Ukuqonda ezi ndlela ezahlukeneyo kunceda kucacise indlela udidi lwenkqubo oluphembelela ngayo ukusasazwa kwamandla kunye noxanduva.

Ukupheliswa Kwezobupolitika

Ukudluliselwa komgaqo-nkqubo ofanelekileyo kwezobupolitika kunye namagunya owiso-mthetho ukusuka kurhulumente osembindini ukuya kwiindibano ezikwimigangatho ephantsi, namabhunga asekuhlaleni anyulwe ngokwedemokhrasi ngeenkonzo zawo. Olu hlobo lokuthoba lusisiseko kulawulo lwedemokhrasi, njengoko luvumela abemi ukuba babe nenxaxheba ngqo kwizigqibo ezichaphazela uluntu lwabo.

Phakathi kwamazwe akhethelwe ukuphanda, urhulumente wasekuhlaleni unelungelo elisemthethweni eliqashelwa kwinkoliso yemithetho-siseko, yaye amabhunga asekuhlaleni neentloko zawo anyulwa ngokuqhelekileyo ngevoti ethandwayo. Noko ke, umlinganiselo wegunya lokwenene elisetyenziswa ngamaqumrhu anyuliweyo uyahluka ngokuphawulekayo kuxhomekeke kwinkqubo yezopolitiko ebanzi.

Kwinkqubo zikarhulumente, ukuhlaziywa kwezobupolitika kuqinisekiswe ngokwemigaqo-siseko, oorhulumente bengingqi abanamagunya owiso-mthetho angokwemvelo. Kwinkqubo yomanyano, ukuthotyelwa kwezobupolitika kuxhomekeke ekuzimiseleni kukarhulumente osembindini ukuphelisa igunya, kwaye le nguquko isenokutshintshwa ngokuthetha ukuba ingenziwa ngomthetho oqhelekileyo.

Ukwenziwa kolawulo

Ukubekwa ngokufanelekileyo kolawulo kubandakanya ukufudusa uxanduva lokuceba, ukuxhasa imali, nokuphatha imisebenzi kawonke-wonke ukusuka kurhulumente osembindini ukuya kumaqela azweni jikelele. Oku kunokuthatha iindlela ezininzi, kuquka ukurhoxiswa (ukutshintshelwa emsebenzini kwii-ofisi zengingqi zombindi wenkonzo), abathunywa (ukususa iimbopheleleko ezithile kwimibutho encinci ezimeleyo), kunye nokususa utshintsho (ukuvelisa oorhulumente belizwe elizimeleyo abanegunya elicacileyo elisemthethweni).

Umlinganiselo wokuzinziswa kolawulo ngokufuthi ubonisa inkqubo yezopolitiko engaphantsi. Iinkqubo zoManyano zibonakalisa ukuthotyelwa kwemithetho ephakamileyo, noorhulumente bephondo okanye boorhulumente bamaphondo begcina oorhulumente babo, iinkqubo zenkonzo yoluntu, kunye neenkqubo zolawulo. Iinkqubo zomanyano zinokufikelela ubuchule bokulawula ngokuhlaziywa kolawulo ngeli xesha zigcina ulawulo olusembindini phezu kwemigaqo kunye nemigangatho.

Ukwenziwa kwemigca

Ukuhlaziywa kwemali okufanelekileyo kubandakanya ukwabiwa kwamandla okunika ingeniso kunye neembopheleleko zenkcitho phakathi kwemigangatho eyahlukeneyo karhulumente. Olu sukelo luphunyezwe ngeenkqubo zezobupolitika, zolawulo kunye nolawulo olufanelekileyo, ukuqinisekisa amandla noovimba abangakumbi kumgangatho karhulumente ophakathi nowasekuhlaleni kwaye ngaloo ndlela kunyusa ukuzimela ngaphezu kwemiba yobulungiseleli basekuhlaleni nobengi bengingqi.

Ukudluliswa kwesebe kuhlala kubalulekile nakwezo nkqubo zihamba kakuhle, kwaye ezi zithutho zingathatha iintlobo ezahlukeneyo ```ezingenazimo'') ezixhasa uqingqo-mali lwendawo jikelele, oluxhomekeke kwimiqathango inika inkxaso kwiinjongo ezithile, okanye ukufuduswa ngokulinganayo okucetyelwe ukunciphisa umahluko phakathi kwemimandla yezityebi namahlwempu, kunye nesitshixo sokuyila iinkqubo zokudlulisela ezixhasa ukuzimela kwendalo kunokuba zenze ukuxhomekeka kwimiba esembindini.

Iinkqubo zomanyano ngokuqhelekileyo zinika oorhulumente bezizwe ngezizwe ukuzilawula okungakumbi, kuquka amagunya azimeleyo erhafu kunye nokulawula iinxalenye ezibalulekileyo zenkcitho karhulumente. Ngokomzekelo, eUnited States, urhulumente kunye noorhulumente basekuhlaleni baphendula ngokwabo bonke ukuba bafumane imali epheleleyo karhulumente kwaye banegunya elizimeleyo lokuhlawula iirhafu ezahlukeneyo. Iinkqubo zamaQumrhu anikela ingqalelo kwigunya eliphambili kwimibango, nangona benokwabela oorhulumente basekuhlaleni imali ngemirhumo nangemirhumo.

Urhulumente wasekuhlaleni onegunya elinamandla kwezobupolitika kodwa akukho mithombo yemali eza kuzama ukudlulisela ugunyaziso lwayo. Oku kuqwalasela kubonakalisa ukubaluleka kokudibanisa imilinganiso eyahlukeneyo yokuthotyelwa. Ulawulo olunempumelelo lwasekuhlaleni lufuna kungekuphela nje ubuchule bezobupolitika kunye nolawulo kodwa kwanobuncwane obusezimalini obaneleyo ukuzalisekisa iimbopheleleko.

Indlela Olubunjwa Ngayo Ulungiso Lwenkqubo

Unxulumano phakathi kohlobo lwenkqubo yezobupolitika kunye nokuthotyelwa kwesidima luntsonkothileyo kwaye luneentlobo ezininzi. Ngoxa inkqubo imisela inkqubo yomgaqo-siseko yokusasaza amandla, iqondo lokwenza intsebenziswano lixhomekeke kwizinto ezininzi eziquka izithethe zezobupolitika, izithethe zembali, iimeko zezoqoqosho, kunye nokukhethwa kwezikhulu zezobupolitika.

Ukhuseleko lomGaqo-siseko nokusasazwa kwamandla

Owona mahluko usisiseko phakathi kwenkqubo yorhulumente neyomanyano uxhomekeke kukhuseleko lomgaqo-siseko kurhulumente wamazwe ngamazwe. Umahluko obalulekileyo ngowokuba amandla anikwe kumazwe ngamazwe ukuya kwimibutho yesizwe kwi-ofice ye-oficeary kwi-politiki. Oku kufunyanwa kudala amandla ahlukeneyo ngokusisiseko kwindlela oorhulumente abasebenzisana ngayo.

Kwinkqubo yorhulumente, umgaqo-siseko usebenza njengesivumelwano esisisibophelelo phakathi kwemigangatho karhulumente. Iimpikiswano ngemibandela yephondo lorhulumente zidla ngokuba ngumbandela wokulawula kwiinkundla okanye kwiinkundla zomGaqo-siseko okanye iingqungquthela ezibandakanya iintloko zoorhulumente abasembindini nabezizwe ngezizwe.

Iinkqubo ezimanyeneyo azinazo ezi zikhuselo zomGaqo-siseko zokuzilawula. Ngeli xesha amazwe amaninzi alungelelanisiweyo ephumeze iinguqu ezifanelekileyo, ezi nguqu zihlala ziphantsi kokuguqulwa kwiinkqubo zowiso-mthetho eziqhelekileyo. Urhulumente osembindini ugcina igunya elipheleleyo lokuphinda kulungiswe, ukukhuthazwa, okanye kwanelokupheliswa koorhulumente basekuhlaleni ukuba ukhetha ukwenjenjalo.

Ukuthamba Nokungagungqi

Umanyano luvumela abakhi benkqubo ukuba babhetyebhetye ngakumbi kunenkqubo karhulumente enyanzelwe ngomgaqo-siseko, kwaye ukuba kukho nayiphi na ingqiqo kwinkqubo yokwenza izigqibo zedemokhrasi, kufuneka bavelise iziphumo ezisebenza kakuhle kakhulu izihlandlo ezininzi ngakumbi kunaphantsi kolawulo lorhulumente. Oku kubhetyebhetye kunokuba yingenelo xa iimeko zitshintsha okanye xa uvavanyo ngamalungiselelo olawulo olwahlukileyo lunqwenelekayo.

Noko ke, obu bubhetyebhetye bubakho ngexabiso lozinzo kunye nokuxelwa kwangaphambili koorhulumente bengingqi. Kwinkqubo zomanyano, amagunya asekuhlaleni asenokungaqiniseki ngamandla awo exesha elizayo kunye neembopheleleko zawo, ezinokwenza kube nzima ukuceba ixesha elide nokwenza utyalo-mali. Iinkqubo zomanyano lunika uzinzo oluninzi kodwa lungazama ukuqhelanisa ngokukhawuleza nokutshintsha kweemeko okanye ukuzalisekisa utshintsho kwilizwe lonke xa oorhulumente bengingqi bechasa.

Ukufana Kwabantu Nxamnye Neendidi

Iinkqubo zomanyano zidla ngokukhuthaza ukulingana kwemigaqo-nkqubo kulo lonke ilizwe. Kwinkqubo zomanyano, urhulumente osembindini ugcina uninzi lwamandla, oorhulumente basekuhlaleni abasebenza ngokuyintloko ukuzalisekisa iinkqubo zesizwe, ezinokukhokelela ekulawuleni ngokunempumelelo ngakumbi kodwa zisenokuphumela ekungasabeli kakuhle kwiimfuno zasekuhlaleni. Oku kufana kunokuqinisekisa ukuphathwa kwabemi ngokufanayo kungakhathaliseki indawo yabo nokuqhelaniswa kwesizwe.

Ngokuphikisanayo, iinkqubo zomanyano, zokuhlalisa kunye nokukhuthaza iinguqu zenkqubo. Iinkqubo zoManyano zisoloko zixhotyiswe bhetele ukucombulula imicimbi yasekuhlaleni ngenxa yenkululeko enikwa oorhulumente bengingqi. Zingakhuthaza uhlaziyo ngokuvumela amazwe azame imigaqo-nkqubo. Olu vavanyo lungasebenza njengelebhu yedemokhrasi, nemigaqo yempumelelo kulawulo olunye olunokumkelwa ngabanye.

Ukuthelekisa phakathi kokudibana nokuhluka-hlukeneyo kuphakamisa imibuzo enzulu malunga nokuzichaza kwesizwe kunye nokumanyana kwentlalo. Ngenxa yokuba iTshayina ingummandla omkhulu kubalulekile ukuba urhulumente wayo akhuthaze ingqiqo yomanyano kwimimandla yayo yonke, ngelinye icala, iMexico iyahluka kwingingqi yabemi norhulumente ihlala kule ntswelo.

Impembelelo kumgangatho wolawulo lwasekuhlaleni

Ubunjani kunye nokusebenza kolawulo lwasekuhlaleni akuxhomekekanga kuphela kwinkqubo yezopolitiko kodwa kwakhona kwindlela esisebenza ngayo nesinye isibonelelo sezopolitiko, sezobupolitika, nesentlalo. Iinkqubo zorhulumente nezomanyano zingaxhasa ulawulo lwengingqi olunempumelelo, kodwa zikwenza oko ngenkqubo eyahlukeneyo kwaye zijongene nocelomngeni olwahlukileyo.

Ukuphendula nokuziphendulela

Inkqubo yolawulo lwasekuhlaleni olunempumelelo noluquka ulawulo lwasekuhlaleni inika abantu enye yezona ndlela zibalulekileyo `kuquka amahlwempu, amabhinqa kunye neqela elincinane-ukuthatha inxaxheba ekuphuhlisweni kwemimandla yabo nokuphembelela izigqibo zikawonke-wonke ezinxulumene ngokuthe ngqo nobomi babo. Umlinganiselo abanokuthi oorhulumente baphumeze ngawo le ndima uxhomekeke ngokuphawulekayo kwilungelo labo lokukhululeka negunya.

Kwinkqubo zikarhulumente, ubume bomGaqo-siseko boorhulumente bengingqi bubangela imigca ecacileyo yokuziphendulela. Ingingqi zingagcina iphondo okanye oorhulumente bephondo bazo benoxanduva olungqalileyo lweziphumo zenkqubo kwiindawo eziphantsi kolawulo lwabo. Oku kucacile kunokunyusa ukubekwa ityala kwedemokhrasi, nangona kusenokukhokelela ekubekeni ityala phakathi komgangatho karhulumente xa imigaqo-nkqubo ingaphumeleli.

Iinkqubo zomanyano zisenokujamelana nocelomngeni lokuziphendulela xa oorhulumente bengingqi besebenza njengabameli bolawulo borhulumente ophakathi. Iinkqubo zomanyano zisenokungabi nakusabela, njengoko oorhulumente bengingqi benamandla alinganiselweyo okuzalisekisa iinguqu ngaphandle kwemvume ephambili. Ingingqi zisenokuzama ukuqonda ukuba liliphi iqondo likarhulumente elijongene neenkonzo ezithile okanye imigaqo-siseko, nto leyo enokuthi ibangele ukuthomalalisa ukulawulwa kwedemokhrasi.

Ukuthunyelwa nokuhlaziywa kwenkonzo

Ukunikezelwa kwemfundo esisiseko nokulinganayo, iinkonzo zonyango lwasekuhlaleni, kunye neenkonzo zikawonke-wonke ezifanayo zibalulekile ekufikeleleni imigaqo-nkqubo yesizwe nenjongo yophuhliso lwehlabathi, kwaye ukunikezelwa kwezi nkonzo zikawonke-wonke kukwindawo ebanzi. Indlela iinkqubo zezobupolitika ezilungelelanisa ngayo uxanduva lwale misebenzi ichaphazela ubunjani nokufikeleleka kwazo.

Iinkqubo zomanyano zinika oorhulumente bengingqi iimbopheleleko ezingundoqo zokuhambisa iinkonzo, ezinokuvumela iinkqubo zivumelane neemfuno kunye nezinto ezikhethwayo. Oku kuhlaziywa kommandla kunokuphucula ubunjani benkonzo ngokuqinisekisa ukuba zilungelene ngakumbi neempawu zoluntu. Noko ke, zisenokukhokelela kwiiyantlukwano ezibalulekileyo kwinkonzo kumgangatho wenkonzo phakathi kwemimandla etyebileyo nehlwempuzekileyo.

Inkqubo ezimanyeneyo zingaqinisekisa ukuba imigangatho encinane yomsebenzi kuzweni lonke kwaye zinokuphumelela uqoqosho lomlinganiselo ekulungiselelweni kwenkonzo. Noko ke, iindlela ezifanelekileyo zingangathethi ngokufanelekileyo ngeemfuno, izinto ezikhethwayo, okanye iimeko zasekuhlaleni. Ucelomngeni lweenkqubo zomanyano kukulinganisela imigangatho yesizwe ngokulungelelanisa ulwahluko olwaneleyo lwendawo ukuze kuhlalise iinguqu.

Ikhono kunye noovimba

Impumelelo yecandelo likawonke-wonke kulawulo lwemigangatho emininzi ifuna ukuba imilinganiso yezopolitiko, yolawulo, neyokwandiswa kwemilinganiso yomgangatho ophantsi ilungelelaniswe kakuhle ngaphakathi kwaye ilungelelaniswe nenye. Ubuchule bolawulo buthetha okuncinane ngaphandle kogunyaziso lwezopolitiko oluvela kumelo lwedemokhrasi.

Iinkqubo zomanyano zisoloko zinika oorhulumente bengingqi oovimba abanobuchule obuninzi kunye nobuchule bokufeza iimbopheleleko zabo. Urhulumente okanye oorhulumente bamaphondo kwiinkqubo zephondo basebenzisa amanani amakhulu abasebenzi belizwe, basebenze iinkqubo zolawulo ezibanzi, kwaye balawule uqingqo-mali olubalulekileyo. Lo msebenzi ubenza bakwazi ukwenza amanyathelo angundoqo enkqubo nokunikela iinkonzo entsonkothileyo.

Oorhulumente basekuhlaleni abakwinkqubo yomanyano basenokuba nobuchule obulinganiselweyo, ingakumbi kulawulo oluncinane. Basoloko bexhomekeke kurhulumente oyintloko ukuze bafumane ubuchule bobugcisa, oovimba bemali, kunye nenkxaso yolawulo. Ngoxa oku kuxhomekeka kunokwenza impumelelo ngobuchule obusembindini, kwakhona kungamisela umda inyathelo lokuqala nokusabela kwasekuhlaleni.

Iingenelo Neengenelo Zendlela Ezahlukeneyo Zokufikelela

Udidi ngalunye lunika iingenelo ezikhethekileyo kwaye lujongene nocelomngeni oluthile ekukhuthazeni ukuhambela phambili nokulawula okunempumelelo. Ukuqonda ezi ndawo zorhwebo kunceda kucacisa isizathu sokuba amazwe ahlukeneyo athathe iindlela ezahlukeneyo kwaye kutheni kungekho mzekelo unye olawulayo emhlabeni wonke.

Iingenelo Zokungathabathi Ngoyaba

Intsingiselo yokuzinziswa okufanelekileyo kukuba icandelo likawonke-wonke elinamanqanaba amaninzi lingafumana iziphumo ezingcono, ezisabela ngakumbi, kunye nezinempumelelo kunecandelo likawonke-wonke elisembindini.

• Ukusondeza izigqibo kufutshane nabemi ngokuthabatha inxaxheba
• Ukuphucula ukuphendula nokubonisa ingqwalasela ekulawuleni
• Ukusetyenziswa koovimba abalinganiselweyo ngempumelelo nangendlela ekhethekileyo
• Ubuchule obunyusiweyo bokubonelela ngeenkonzo zomgangatho wasekuhlaleni ezihlangabezana neemfuno zabemi
• Ukuqinisa abami ekungeneni kwesigqibo sasekuhlaleni

Ezi nzuzo zingafunyanwa kwinkqubo zorhulumente nezomanyano, nangona inkqubo yomanyano yahlukile. Iinkqubo zomanyano zifumana ezi nzuzo ngeziqinisekiso zomGaqo-siseko zokuzilawula kwengingqi, ngoxa iinkqubo zomanyano kufuneka zixhomekeke kwimbopheleleko yezopolitiko ekuzibopheleleni ngokwezopolitiko nasekulawuleni okuxhasa ingqiqo yasekuhlaleni.

Iingxaki Zokuzingca

Ukuhlaziywa komgaqo-nkqubo kukwanika iingxaki ezibalulekileyo ezimele ziphethwe nakanjani na

• Ukuphulukana nolawulo: Ukuzinziswa okugqithisileyo kunganciphisa ulawulo lolawulo oluphezulu, nto leyo ekhokelela ekudidekeni komntu ophetheyo
• Amathuba angakumbi okusebenzisa igunya ngendlela engafanelekanga anokukhokelela ekuqhekekeni komsebenzi
• Ucelomngeni lokulungelelanisa: ulawulo oluphezulu lusenokuzama ukulungelelanisa imisebenzi ngenxa yokukhuphisana kweenjongo neenjongo zeebhodi neekomiti ezahlukeneyo eziphumeza iziphumo zokungabi naluvo

Iinkqubo zomanyano ngamanye amaxesha zingaba namava okungalawuleki ngenxa yokungenana kweembopheleleko kunye neteyipu ezibomvu ezibulweyo. Imigangatho emininzi karhulumente onegunya eligqithisiweyo ingenza udideko malunga noxanduva, ukuphinda-phinda iindleko zolawulo, kunye nokuphunyezwa kwenkqubo okunzima.

Iinkqubo zomanyano zijongene nocelomngeni olwahlukileyo. Ngoxa zisenokuphepha iingxaki ezithile zokulungelelanisa imigaqo-nkqubo ngoorhulumente abasemambini, zinokuba sengozini yokungasabeli kwiimfuno zasekuhlaleni nokucinezela amanyathelo asekuhlaleni. Ucelomngeni kukugcina ulawulo olusemgangathweni olwaneleyo ukuqinisekisa umanyano lwesizwe ngeli xesha zivumela ubuchule basekuhlaleni ukuhlangabezana neemeko ezahlukahlukeneyo.

Iintshukumisa Zokuphembelela Utshintsho

Amazwe azabalazela ukuthotyelwa kwesidima ngenxa yezizathu ezahlukahlukeneyo, yaye ezi njongo zidla ngokubonakalisa intsingiselo ebanzi yezobupolitika, yezoqoqosho neyoluntu.

Usukelo Olulawulwa Yidemokhrasi Nolunenxaxheba

Ukususela ekupheleni kowe-1980 nasekuqaleni kweminyaka yee-1990, ingcamango yokuzinzisa nokulawula kwezendawo iye yafaneleka ngakumbi kulo mmandla ngenxa yotshintsho oluye lwaphunyezwa ukwenza iinkqubo zikawonke-wonke zibe luncedo, ziphucule ilungiselelo lenkonzo yentlalo, zihlanganise abemi kunye namagunya abo asekuhlaleni, zandise inxaxheba kwebutho labantu ekwenzeni izigqibo, kwaye zinciphise iindleko.

Amazwe amaninzi aye azabalazela ukuthotyelwa ngokwesidima njengenxalenye yemigudu yokulawula ulawulo-bume. Ngokudala oorhulumente basekuhlaleni abanyuliweyo abanegunya lokwenene, amazwe azimisele ukunyusa inxaxheba yedemokhrasi, azise urhulumente kufutshane nabemi, kwaye adala amathuba amatsha okubophelelana kwezobupolitika. Le njongo iye yabaluleka ngokukhethekileyo kumazwe aguqukela kulawulo lobuzwilakhe ukuya kulawulo-demokhrasi.

Ukwanelisa Nokuthwala Inkonzo

Utshintsho oluthe ngqo nolomeleza urhulumente wasekuhlaleni lukwasabela kwimfuneko yokuphucula ulawulo nobuchule bokusabela koorhulumente ngenxa yeemfuno ezinyukayo zentlalo nezezoqoqosho ezivela kwimimandla eyahlukeneyo yabemi. Iingxoxo zezoqoqosho zokuhlaziywa komgangatho ofanelekileyo zigxininisa amandla okuphuculwa kwempumelelo ngokuthelekiswa kweenkonzo ezingcono kwizinto ezikhethwayo kunye neemeko zasekuhlaleni.

Umgaqo wokuthoba uxhomekeke kwintelekelelo yokuba amanqanaba karhulumente alungelelanisiweyo aneraison yawo d'etre kumphako wempahla neenkonzo ezisetyenziswa ngokusikelwe umda kulawulo lwawo. Lo mgaqo wokuzimela ucebisa ukuba izigqibo zinokwenziwa kumgangatho osezantsi karhulumente onako ukuwaphendula ngokunempumelelo.

Ukulawula Iintlobo Ngeentlobo Nengxabano

Kumazwe amaninzi, ingxubevange yokuguqula izinto yayiqhutywa ziimfazwe zobuhlanga nezeziqithi kunye neengxaki zemali. Ukulawulwa komgangatho wesizwe, welwimi, okanye wemimandla ngokwahluka-hlukeneyo ngokunika amaqela amancinane azimeleyo kwimicimbi ethile exhalabisayo. Le ndlela inokubanceda ekulondolozeni umanyano lwesizwe ngoxa kusekho ukwahlukahlukana.

Noko ke, kukho ubungqina bokuba isigqibo sokuthoba isidima sinokuba nento eninzi enxulumene noqwalaselo lwexesha elifutshane lwezopolitiko kuneengenelo eziziixesha elide zokuthotyelwa ngokwesidima. EPeru nasePakistan, ukuthatha izithuba zakutshanje ezifanelekileyo zavela kwimigudu yolawulo olunamandla ukuya kwicala elisecaleni okanye zenza buthathaka inkcaso. Le mizekelo ibonisa ukuba utshintsho olufanelekileyo lungafeza iinjongo ezahlukeneyo zezobupolitika ngaphaya kweenjongo zazo ezichaziweyo.

Amava Athelekisayo Nokwehla

Ukuhlolisisa indlela amazwe ahlukene ngayo asebenzisa ukwenziwa okufanelekileyo kwiintlobo ezahlukeneyo zenkqubo kunika uluvo olubalulekileyo kulwalamano phakathi kwesakhiwo somGaqo-siseko kunye neziphumo zolawulo. Amazwe aye alandela iindlela ezahlukeneyo ukuze aphucule indlela, ngomlinganiselo ohlukeneyo wempumelelo.

Ukwenziwa kweliso kuMasipala kwiiNkqubo

Iinkqubo zomanyano zibandakanya ukuhlaziywa okubalulekileyo, kodwa iqondo kunye nohlobo lwale mithetho yokuziphatha kuyahluka ngokuphawulekayo. I-United States ibonakalisa inkqubo karhulumente apho amazwe agcina amandla aqilima kunemfundo, ulwaphulo-mthetho, iinkonzo zentlalo, nezinye iindawo ezininzi zemigaqo-nkqubo. Urhulumente usebenza njengemibutho encinane elawulayo, enabaphathi-mthetho abanyuliweyo, kunye neenkqubo zokulawula.

IJamani imela umzekelo owahlukileyo worhulumente, onentsebenziswano eqinileyo. I-Jamani Länder (amaphondo) inegunya elibalulekileyo, ingakumbi kwimicimbi yemfundo nenkcubeko, kodwa isebenza ngokusondeleyo norhulumente wesizwe ekuzalisekiseni imigaqo emininzi. Le mithetho-siseko yentsebenziswano ibandakanya ukuqhubana kwemigaqo ephakathi korhulumente.

Amanye amazwe abona ukugqabhuka okungakaze kubonwe "ugqabhuko-gqabhuko-gqabhuko-gqabhuko-bhedu" luguqulo lwezopolitiko olubanzi nokwezoqoqosho: iBolivia ngo1995 kunye ne-Indonesia emva kokuwa kweSuharto ngo-1998, ngelixa iBrazil neIndiya zazithotyelwe ngokwesidima ngendlela engahambelaniyo kwaye ngendlela ethe chu. La mashishini ahlukeneyo abonisa iimeko ezahlukeneyo zezobupolitika kunye nooooomatiloshe.

Ukwanda okuphakathi kwinkqubo yomanyano

Iinkqubo zomanyano zikwaphumele utshintsho olubalulekileyo lokuzinza, nangona kunezicwangciso ezahlukeneyo zomGaqo-siseko. EYurophu, eFransi naseSwitzerland ziye zaphuhlisa intsebenziswano phakathi kwekhomputha, iFransi ineentlobo ezintathu zamaziko entsebenziswano phakathi kwekhompuma, ezithi: uluntu lwasedolophini, ukuhlaziywa kwabantu kunye noluntu oluzimeleyo, oludibanisa ukwakhiwa komphakathi wokuqala ophakathi, isebe kunye nolwesivumelwano, kwaye luqwalaselwa ngokusemthethweni luze lunikwe iimbopheleleko kunye namandla kunye nenkxaso eyahlukeneyo kwezo zamalungu.

I-United Kingdom inikela imeko ebangel ’ umdla yokuhlaziywa ngokufanelekileyo kwisakhiwo esingumanyano. Ngenkqubo ebizwa ngokuba yi-devondaletion apho igunya linikwe oorhulumente bengingqi ngomthetho wesizwe, kwiminyaka yakutshanje i-UK ivumele oorhulumente bengingqi ukuba bakwazi ukwenza izigqibo eziphathelelene nemfundo. iSkotlani, iWales, kunye neNorthern Ireland ngoku ineepalamente okanye iindibano zabo ezinamaqondo ahlukeneyo olawulo, nangona ulongamo lwesizwe lusaqhubeka nePalamente ye-UK.

Kwamanye amazwe (njengePakistan), utshintsho lwamela isixhobo sokuqinisa igunya lorhulumente wesizwe ongengowedemokhrasi. ETshayina, oorhulumente basekuhlaleni banikwa amandla amaninzi ezoqoqosho kodwa amancinane kwezobupolitika. Le mizekelo ibonisa ukuba ukuthotywa kwesidima kunokuthatha iintlobo ezininzi kwaye kuphumeze iinjongo ezahlukeneyo, okungalo lonke olukhuthaza ulawulo-demokhrasi.

Iingxaki Zokusebenza

Ngokungalusebenzisi uhlobo lwenkqubo, ukuzalisekisa isidima esisebenzayo kujongene nocelomngeni oluninzi olusebenzisekayo. Inkqubo yokuzinzisa isidima ayikhange ifumane ingqalelo efanelwe yiyo njengoko izicwangciso ezifanelekileyo ezibekiweyo zingasilela ngenxa yokuzalisekisa ubunzima. Impumelelo ifuna ingqalelo kumlinganiselo omninzi ngexesha elinye nakulawulo olunenkathalo lwenkqubo yotshintsho.

Isakhiwo esikwisikhundla esiphezulu

Urhulumente wasekuhlaleni usoloko engenawo amandla obugcisa, abaqeqeshi, kunye neenkqubo zolawulo ezifunekayo ukuze kusetyenziswe iimbopheleleko ezintsha ngokunempumelelo. Ukuzinziswa kwempumelelo kufuna utyalo-mali olufanelekileyo ekwakheni amandla, kuquka iinkqubo zokuqeqesha amagosa asekuhlaleni, uphuhliso lwenkqubo yolawulo, nokusekwa kweenkqubo zokuphendula.

Kukho ukuvunywa ngokubanzi kokuba oorhulumente abasemgangathweni abanyanzelekanga ukusingatha yonke le miba. Noko ke, ukuyiqonda imiqathango yolawulo olusembindini akuzivelisi ngokuzenzekelayo izakhiwo ezifanelekileyo zasekuhlaleni. Ukwakha ulawulo olunempumelelo lwasekuhlaleni kufuna umgudu oqhubekayo nobuncwane obungaphezulu.

Ukuzinziswa kwenqanawa

Ukuxhasa inkxaso-mali eyaneleyo nenokulondolozwa koorhulumente basekuhlaleni kumela ucelomngeni oluzingisileyo. Oorhulumente basekuhlaleni bafuna ubuncwane obaneleyo ukuze bafezekise iimbopheleleko zabo, kodwa kufuneka babe nazo izixhobo zokuzibophelela nokusebenza kakuhle. Ukuyila iinkqubo zemali ezilungelelanisa ezi njongo ngeli xesha kubhekisa kwiimeko ezingafaniyo zengingqi kufuneka unikele ingqalelo enonophelo, iinkcitho, kunye neenkqubo zokudlulisa.

Iinkqubo zomanyano zinika oorhulumente bengingqi inkululeko engakumbi, kodwa oku kunokukhokelela kwizinto eziphawulekayo ezichaseneyo phakathi kwemimandla etyebileyo nehlwempuzekileyo. Iinkqubo zomanyano zingasasaza lula ngakumbi izinto ukuhlangabezana nokungalingani kwengingqi kodwa zisenokudala ulwalamano olulula olunciphisa inyathelo nokuziphendulela.

Ukulungelelaniswa noNkxaso

Ukugcina inkqubo kunye nokusebenzisana okusebenzayo kumgangatho omninzi karhulumente kunika iingxaki eziqhubekayo. Iinkqubo ezinamasuntswana anxulumeneyo zibandakanya uninzi lolwalamano oluthe nkqo oluphakamisa ucelomngeni lokusebenzisana phakathi komgangatho owahlukeneyo karhulumente. Amazwe kufuneka aphuhlise ubuchule bokulungelelanisa urhulumente, ukwenziwa kwengxoxo kunye nokwenziwa kwenkqubo encedisanayo.

Iinkqubo zomanyano zijongene nocelomngeni oluthile ekulungelelaniseni iinkqubo kwiimeko ezingaphaya kolawulo kunye nokuqinisekisa ukuba imigangatho encinci yesizwe iyalungelelaniswa. Iinkqubo zomanyano zisenokufumana umanyano olulula ngegunya lolawulo oluphezulu kodwa kufuneka zilungelelanise indlela esembindini nobubhetyebhetye bengingqi. Zombini ezi ndlela zifuna ubuchule bokulungelelanisa incoko, ingxoxo, kunye nengxaki edityanisiweyo phakathi kwemigangatho karhulumente.

Indima Yezithethe Nemibandela Yezobupolitika

Nangona isiseko somGaqo-siseko sichaphazela ngokuphawulekayo ukuhlaziywa kolawulo lwezopolitiko, izithethe zembali, nemibandela engokwembali nemeko zikwanendima ebalulekileyo. Amalungiselelo afanayo angokwesithethe anokuvelisa iziphumo ezahlukeneyo ngokwemiqathango eyahlukeneyo.

Awufanele ucinge ukuba abaxhasi besizwe (nabanikeli bezonyango xa befanelekile) bayavumelana ngemfuneko nangezizathu zokuthoba isidima, njengoko kukho iinguqu ezininzi, iinkcazelo, iintshukumisa kunye nezizathu kubaxhasi besizwe kunye nabanikeli ukuba bakhuthaze okanye baxhase ukuthomalalisa. Amandla ezobupolitika, ulwalamano lwamandla, kunye nokukhuphisana kophuhliso ngendlela ezicetywe ngayo nezichatshazelwa ngayo.

Inkqubo yeyunithi kwi-UK ivumela ukususwa kojiko kunye namandla asekuhlaleni, ngeli xesha iRashiya/a Federalist System (* ingqongqo ngokuthelekisa nangakumbi nangona ifuna ukunika urhulumente wasekuhlaleni inkululeko engakumbi. Oku kugxininisa ukuba isiseko somGaqo-siseko asiyigqibi imiphumo. ukuthanda kwezobupolitika, inkcubeko, kunye nendlela yokuziphatha yabadlali bezopolitiko ngokwemiqathango imibandela elingana nemithetho ecwangcisiweyo.

Ukusebenza kwayo nayiphi na inkqubo kuxhomekeke kwimeko - ngqo yelizwe, kuquka ubukhulu balo, iinguqu, imeko engokwembali, neemfuno ezikhethekileyo zabemi balo, namanye amazwe engenelwa kumanyano lwenkqubo elungelelanisiweyo, ngoxa amanye efumanisa ukuba ubugocigoci bolawulo buhlalisana ngakumbi nezilangazelelo zawo ezahlukahlukeneyo.

Ulwalathiso Nemikhwa Eza Kuvela Kwixesha Elizayo

Ukupheliswa kwenqanawa kunye nolawulo lwasekuhlaleni kuyaqhubeka kuguquka xa kuguquka iimeko, iingxaki ezintsha namathuba amatsha. Iziphumo eziliqela ziguqula ikamva lolu lwalamano kwiintlobo ezahlukeneyo zenkqubo.

Ulawulo lwezibonelelo zezoshishino nolokusebenza

Ukukhawuleza ukusetyenziswa kwedolophu ehlabathini lonke kudala imingeni emitsha yolawulo lwasekuhlaleni. Iingingqi ezinkulu zedolophu zidla ngokunqumla ulawulo oluninzi lukarhulumente wasekuhlaleni, zidala iingxaki zokulungelelanisa izinto kwaye zikwenza kube nzima ukusingatha iingxaki zommandla ngokubanzi ezifana nezothutho, ukhuseleko lwemekobume, kunye nenkqubela-phambili yezoqoqosho. Zombini iinkqubo zolawulo lwezibonelelo zedolophu ezisemgangathweni zizama iindlela ezintsha zokucombulula le mingeni.

Amanye amazwe adala amagunya akhethekileyo aseziko-dolophuni anamandla phezu kwemisebenzi ethile. Amanye akhuthaza intsebenziswano yokuzithandela phakathi koorhulumente basekuhlaleni. Kwamanye ahlanganisa imimandla emincinane ibe mikhulu. Oku kusungulwa kweminye imigudu eqhubekayo yokulungisa izakhiwo zokulawula ukuze kutshintshwe ubuzwe kunye nezoqoqosho.

Ubuxhakaxhaka bamanani kunye nokhutshelo lweGoverna

Ubugcisa bamanani buguqula amathuba okuba ulawulo lwasekuhlaleni kunye nabami abathabatha inxaxheba. Iqonga le-E-avence lingakhulisa ukubonakala, liphucule ukudityaniswa kwabemi, lize liphucule nokunikezelwa kweenkonzo. Ezi tekilknoloji zinokwenza ukuba kubekho iindlela ezintsha zokuzinza ngokukwenza kube lula koorhulumente basekuhlaleni ukufikelela ulwazi, ukunxibelelana namanye amazwe, nokunxulumana nabemi.

Noko ke, ubugcisa bemichiza buphakamisa imibuzo malunga nokuzimela kogcino-lwazi, ulwahlulo lwamanani, kunye nolungelelwaniso olufanelekileyo phakathi kwempumelelo kunye nonxulumano lwabantu kwiinkonzo zikarhulumente. Iinkqubo zorhulumente kunye nomanyano kufuneka zibambene nendlela yokusebenzisa ubugcisa xa zisingatha iingozi kunye nezithintelo zazo.

Ukutshintsha Kwemozulu Nolawulo Lokusingqongileyo

Ukutshintsha kwemozulu kubangela ucelomngeni lokuba kudlule imida elawulayo kwaye kufuneke ulungelelwano phakathi komgangatho ohlukeneyo karhulumente. Oorhulumente basekuhlaleni benza indima ebalulekileyo ekulungiseni imozulu nokungalingani, kodwa kufuneka baxhaswe kwaye basebenzisane ukusuka kumgangatho ophezulu karhulumente. Iinkqubo zomanyano kunye nowomanyano ziphuhlisa iindlela ezahlukeneyo ukuya kulawulo lwemozulu olukumgangatho ophakamileyo, ngempumelelo eyahlukahlukeneyo.

Ezinye iinkqubo zezentlalo zilwa nomanyano xa amazwe ahlukeneyo emkela imigaqo-nkqubo engqubanayo. Ezinye iinkqubo zeyunithi zingasebenzisa iindlela ezidityanisiweyo zesizwe kodwa zisenokungathengi kunye nokuqhelaniswa kweemeko zasekuhlaleni. Ulawulo lwemozulu olunempumelelo lufuna ukudibanisa umanyano lwesizwe nezenzo zasekuhlaleni, kungakhathaliseki ukuba luluphi umgaqo-siseko.

Izifundo Zomgaqo - siseko Nezoqheliselo

Uhlalutyo oluthelekisayo lokuthotyelwa kweliso elifanelekileyo nolawulo lwasekuhlaleni kwiintlobo ezahlukeneyo zenkqubo lunika izifundo eziliqela ezibalulekileyo kubenzi benkqubo, oogqirha nakubemi abaxhalabele ukuphucula ulawulo.

Okokuqala, uhlalutyo lothelekiso lunganceda ukuphendula umbuzo wokuba ngaba isidima sidla ngokuthatha inyathelo ngendlela elungeleleneyo (nenkqubela phambili kwinkqubela-phambili eyenzekayo kwimilinganiso eyahlukeneyo ngexesha elinye), okanye nokuba iinkqubo zolawulo zasekuhlaleni zidla ngokubhenela kwindlela engalungelelananga, nezinye iinkalo zenkqubo yolawulo lwasekuhlaleni zilungelelaniswa kakhulu kunezinye. Ubungqina bubonisa ukuba ukulungelelaniswa okulungeleleneyo kokunqamleza kwezobupolitika, ulawulo, kunye nemilinganiselo yemilinganiso ivelisa iziphumo ezingcono kuneendleko okanye iinguqu-inguqu ezingalungelelanisiweyo.

Okwesibini, umongo umba obaluleke kakhulu. Akukho ndlela ilungileyo jikelele okanye iqondo lokuzinzisa. Oku kuxhomekeke kubungakanani belizwe, iinguqu, izithethe zembali, ubuchule bokulungelelanisa, kunye nenkcubeko yezobupolitika. Utshintsho oluphumelelayo kufuneka luxoxwe kwiimeko ezithile kunokuba lungeniswe ngaphandle kobunikazi obusuka kwezinye iimeko.

Okwesithathu, ukuzalisekisa kufuna ingqalelo eqhubekayo kunye nobuncwane obuzinzileyo. Uninzi lweencwadi ezinika isidima zithetha ngemibandela eqhelekileyo ephathelele isabelo sobutyala phakathi kwemigangatho eyahlukeneyo karhulumente kunye nendlela yokuthunyelwa kwemali. Nangona le mibuzo yoyilo ibalulekile, ukuthotyelwa kwesidima okunempumelelo kudinga ukuqwalaselwa kolwakhiwo, ukuphuhliswa kwezakhiwo, kunye nolawulo lwezopolitiko lwenkqubo yenguquko.

Okwesine, ngokukhuthaza imeko-bume elungeleleneyo, equkayo, nesebenzisanayo, imibutho ingaqinisa ulawulo lwasekuhlaleni nokuphuhlisa ukunikezelwa kweenkonzo, idala icandelo likawonke-wonke elinomonde nelinempumelelo. Ulawulo olunemigangatho emininzi alufuni nje kuphela isabelo esicacileyo kodwa lufuna iindlela zokusebenzisana, ukuncedisana, kunye nokuxhasana phakathi kwamanqanaba karhulumente.

Isiphelo

Impembelelo yenkqubo ekuzinzisweni kakuhle kwemithetho kunye nolawulo lwasekuhlaleni inzulu kodwa ayithinteli imipu. Iinkqubo zomanyano zinika ukhuseleko lomgaqo-siseko kwinkululeko yengingqi kwaye zidla ngokubonakalisa ukuhambelana okugqithisileyo kunenkqubo zomanyano. Noko ke, iinkqubo zomanyano zinokufumana impumelelo ephawulekayo ngokuzibophelela kwezobupolitika kunye notshintsho lolawulo, ngelixa ezinye iinkqubo zezolawulo zihlala zisembindini ekusetyenzweni kwazo.

Unxulumano phakathi kohlobo lwenkqubo kunye nolawulo luxhomekeke kwiziphumo ezininzi ezingaphaya kwesakhiwo somGaqo-siseko. Inkcubeko yezobupolitika, ubuchule bokuyila, ubuncwane obungalinganiyo, nobunjani bolawulo lwezopolitiko konke kuphembelela indlela ukuthomalalisa okunempumelelo ngayo ukukhuthaza ukusabela, ukuphendula, kunye nokulawula okunempumelelo. Iinkqubo zorhulumente kunye nomanyano zingakuxhasa ukulawulwa okunempumelelo kwasekuhlaleni xa zenziwe ngokufanelekileyo kwaye zisetyenziswa.

Njengokuba amazwe eqhubeka ezama ukumelana nocelomngeni lolawulo kwihlabathi elintsonkothileyo nelidibeneyo, imibuzo emalunga nolwabelo olufanelekileyo lwamandla phakathi koorhulumente isengundoqo kwingxoxo yezopolitiko. Ukuqonda indlela eyahlukileyo inkqubo ebumba ngayo isidima kunye nolawulo lwasekuhlaleni kunika ubuchule obufunekayo kwiingxoxo eziqhubekayo kunye nemigudu yokomeleza ulawulo-demokhrasi ehlabathini lonke.

Ukuhlola okubhekele phaya kwale miba, abafundi bangakhangela izibonelelo kwimibutho efana nenkqubo yeBhanki yehlabathi yoLawulo, iUnited Nations Democratic Programme Democratic Democratic jogiement's umsebenzi we-, kunye namaziko emfundo adibanisa imicimbi yezobupolitiko kunye nolawulo lukawonke-wonke. Le mithombo inikeza uphando olwandiweyo, iimkhakhakhakha, iim, kunye nokhokelo olusebenzayo kwi-democralitial kunye notshintsho lolawulo lwasekuhlaleni.